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Before 1914 heroin could be bought
from grocery stores
1.3 %
of population was
addicted to drugs
2
The Many Faces of Jack Cole
1964
1970
3
1970
Percent of population addicted
1.3 %
4
Deaths as result of drug culture
1970 = Less likely than
Falling down stairs
Choking on food
5
Drug Problem?
1970 = Soft Drugs
Hard Drugs virtually
unheard of…
6
DEA Briefing Book 2001
$6.00
1970
$3.90
1.5 %
3.6%
$0.80
38 %
7
US Drug Users According to DEA
Two percent of that
1965population
= 4 million
46
percent
of
2003 = 112 million
that population
8
Money spent fighting the Drug War
1970 = $100 million
2003 = $70 billion
9
Drug seizures for local or
state police in 1970
One ounce of Cocaine
One quarter ounce of Heroin
10
Drug seizures by 2002
Ten tons of Heroin
Twenty tons of
Cocaine
11
Wholesale Cocaine Costs
60 %
LESS
12
Wholesale Heroin Costs
70 %
LESS
13
Heroin Overdose Rate
per 100,000 users
1979 = 28 Deaths
2000 = 141 Deaths
14
Drug Arrests Quadrupled
Marijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the US
Year
Marijuana
Total
Drug
Total Marijuana Trafficking/Sale
Marijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the US
Arrests
Arrests
Arrests
87,286
684,319
88
%
734,497
88,455
646,042
1,532,200
704,812
84,271
620,541
1998
1,559,100
682,885
84,191
598,694
1997
1,583,600
695,201
88,682
606,519
1996
1,506,200
641,642
94,891
546,751
1995
1,476,100
588,964
85,614
503,350
1990
1,089,500
326,850
66,460
260,390
1980
½ 580,900
Million
401,982
63,318
338,664
1970
415,600
180,000
2005
1.91,865,712
million
2000
1,579,566
1999
771,605
774,605
Marijuana
Possession
Arrests
15
US Tax Dollars Spent
Prosecuting the War on Drugs
One
Trillion
16
US Cumulative Arrests for Nonviolent Drug Offenses
1970 to 2006 in Millions
Cumulative U.S. Drug Arrests 1970 to 2005
39
39 Million
Arrests
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
0
Adults
Juveniles
Total
17
2002
Percent of population addicted
18
Percent of population addicted
--Nothing has changed--
1.3 % When drugs legal
1.3 % When drugs illegal
1.3 % After 38 year war
19
Clearance Rates for Violent and Property Crimes
Unsolved
40% of murders
60% of rapes & arsons
75% of robberies
46% of Assaults
83% of property Crimes
20
1963 Police Credited
With solving
91 % of Murders
Today
55 % of Murders
21
36Chasing
Percent
nonviolent
Drug
Fewer Solved
Users
Murders
22
Protect us from
VIOLENT
Predators
23
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
“THIS
SURVEY
confirms
that
Monitoring the Future 2002
our drug-prevention efforts are
An
ongoing
study
of
the
behaviors,
working and that when we work
attitudes, and values of American
together
and
push
back,
the
drug
secondary school students, college students,
problem gets
smaller.”
and young
adults
US Drug Czar John Walters
24
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
Between 1991 and 2002
marijuana use among
students in all school
grades increased.
25
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
30 % increase
for
12th graders
26
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
65 % increase
for
10th graders
27
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
88 % increase
for
8th graders
28
How Has Prohibition Changed
Drug Use in US Schools?
School children report it
is easier to buy illegal
drugs than it is to buy
beer or cigarettes
29
International Trade in
Illicit Drugs
Annually generates:
$500 billion
30
This is a mere $255 million
$500 billion
would cover a room
2,000 times this size
31
Alternative Policy Solution
Remove the
profit motive
continuously enhanced for 30 years by the
United States policy of a
WAR ON DRUGS
32
End Prohibition
1. Legalize Drugs
33
Won’t legalization cause
everyone to use drugs?
10th graders in
Holland who have
tried marijuana:
28 %
34
Won’t legalization cause
everyone to use drugs?
th
10
graders in the
U.S. who have
tried marijuana:
35
Drug and Violence Indicators
- US and the Netherlands -
Marijuana
Use
Homicide
rate
Heroin Use
Lifetime
prevalence
per 100,000 population
Lifetime prevalence
37%
17%
5.6
1.5
1.4%
USA
USA
USA
0.4%
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
36
Incarceration Rates in
Western European Nations
At or below
150
Per 100,000 population
37
Incarceration Rates in the
United States
By March 2008
1,009
Per 100,000 population
38
Percentage Increase of Federal Prisoners from 1970 - 2005
Federal Drug Imprisonments
2700%
+2,558%
2400%
1800%
1500%
1200%
900%
600%
300%
3,384
+294%
17,302
Drug Offender
Non Drug Offender
20
04
20
02
20
00
19
98
19
96
19
94
19
92
19
90
19
88
19
86
19
84
19
82
19
80
19
78
19
76
19
74
-300%
19
72
0%
19
70
Cumulative Increase
2100%
39
Who Uses and Sells Drugs?
Blacks constitute
Whites
13.5%
alldrug
drug
72% ofofall
users in the US
40
Who Gets Arrested?
37% of those
arrested for drug
violations are Black
41
Who Goes to Prison?
81%
of
federal
60% of those in
state
for drug
drugprisons
offenders
felonies are Black
are black
42
Who Goes to Prison?
Blacks are now serving
an average of six years,
while whites are serving
only four years.
43
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Disenfranchisement
Nine in 10 prisoners
Black
male
born
today
Of
convicted
defendants
serving mandatory sentences
has
a
one-in-three
33%
of
whites
forIn
drug
offenses
in
New
York
51%
Blacks
31%men
of
14%Texas
of
black
State
prisons
are
chance
of
serving
received
a
prison
received
prison
black
men
lost
lost
right
to
vote
black
or
Latino
time
in
prison
sentence
sentences
right
to vote
44
Incarceration Rates in the
United States
White Males
943
Per 100,000 population
45
Incarceration Rate of Black Males
Per 100,000 population
South Africa - 1993
Under Apartheid
851
United States - 2008
Under Prohibition
6,667
46
Outcomes of
Legalization
1.9 million less people
arrested each year
70 Billion Dollars saved
each year
47
End Prohibition
1. Legalize Drugs
2. Have the federal
government produce
those drugs
48
Outcomes of
Government Production
1. Quality controlled
production for consistency
2. Standardized
measurement and potency
End of overdoses
49
1. Legalize
Drugs
2. Government production
3. Sell drugs to adults
from state package
stores and Tax the sales
50
1. Legalize
Drugs
2. Government production
3. Distribute free
maintenance doses of
drugs to any adult
requesting them
51
Results of treating heroin
addiction with heroin
Switzerland
Netherlands
Germany
Denmark
52
Results of treating heroin
addiction with heroin
AIDS
82 %
DECLINE
Not
one
Crime
was
cut
HEPATITIS
IN NEW
Overdose
Death
by
60%
dropped
to
the
lowest
of
HEROIN
USERS!
since
1994
any countries in Europe
and
53
1. Legalize Drugs
2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses
4. Redirect money saved to
programs that offer people
hope for the future
54
Programs offering hope
Guaranteed Minimums
Education - Job Training
Health Care - Employment
Housing - Livable Wages
55
Programs offering hope
Rehabilitation
Centers
56
Results of offering people
hope for the future
Less need to use drugs
Less drug addicts
57
1. Legalize Drugs
2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses
4. Create hope for the future
5. Redirect money saved
to programs that offer true
education about drugs
58
Does Education Work?
1985
2003
42%
Only 21%
United States
United
States
smoked tobacco
smoked tobacco
59
1. Legalize
Drugs
2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses
4. Create hope for the future
5. Educate users and public
60
Albert Einstein on Prohibition
The prestige of government has
undoubtedly
been
lowered
considerably by the Prohibition
law. For nothing is more
destructive of respect for the
government and the law of the
land than passing laws which
cannot be enforced. It is an open
secret that the dangerous
increase of crime in this country
is closely connected with this.
Albert Einstein
61
Prohibition - When will we learn?
Members of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform pose for
a photograph in 1932 (courtesy of the Hagly Museum and Library, Wilmington,
Delaware). We are having to relearn the same lesson today that they learned 69
years ago.
62
Prohibition - When will we learn?
Stamp Save our Children
Out
Prohibition
Membersof
Members
ofthe
theWomen's
Women'sOrganization
Organization
forfor
National
National
Prohibition
Prohibition
Reform
Reform
pose for
a photograph in 1932 (courtesy of the Hagly Museum and Library, Wilmington,
Delaware). We are having to relearn the same lesson today that they learned 69
years ago.
63
Save our Children
Stamp Out
Prohibition
64
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65
Alcohol Prohibition Didn’t Work Either
15,000 saloons
32,000
Speakeasys
66
Methamphetamine use decreased
Since 1999
30-Day Prevalence of Use of Methamphetamine
1999 to 2007
8th Grade
10th Grade
12th Grade
th
8
21%
-45% for
Graders
th
-78% for 10 Graders
th
-65% for 12 Graders
18%
15%
12%
9%
6%
3%
1999
67
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Inmates there for crimes to
get money to buy drugs
State Prisons = 17%
Jails = 13%
Federal Inmates = 18%
68
Crimes and Imprisonment per capita
Crimes per 1,000 population
0
100
Denmark:
93
United Kingdom:
86
United States:
80
Netherlands:
80
Germany:
76
Norway:
72
France:
62
200
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
67
147
1009
128
International
Prisoner
93
Comparison
per Countries
100,000indicated in Green
75
have initiated some type of
85
Populatio
decriminalization of illicit drugs.
156
Hungary:
45
Estonia:
43
Czech Republic:
38
Italy:
38
67
Switzerland:
36
79
Portugal:
34
333
186
What does imprisoning
people for Non-Violent
drug violations have to do
with reducing crime?
120
Poland: 33
236
Lithuania: 23
235
Spain: 23
147
Latvia: 22
292
Russia: 21
628
Bulgaria: 20
148
Romania: 16
150
Slovakia: 16
155
Belarus: 13
426
Ukraine: 12
345
Greece: 10
91
Turkey: 4
112
Armenia: 4
104
Georgia: 3
Azerbaijan: 2
300
Imprisonment per 100,000 population
401
202
69
From DEA Presentation
Prevelance of Use of Any Illicit Drug in Last Month
8th Grade
10th Grade
12th Grade
Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug (2001 – 2007)
27
25
23
21
Percent
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
70
Prevelance of Use of Any Illicit Drug in Last Month
Grade
10th Grade
12th
Prevalence of8thUse
of Any Illicit
Drug (2001
– Grade
2007)
27
25
23
21
17
15
13
11
9
7
07
20
06
20
05
20
04
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
5
19
Percent
19
71
Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug
in the Last Month
Monitoring the Future
2007 Prevalence of Use of
illicit Drugs
8th
Grade
DEA presentation
(2001-2007)
-37%
-26% -15%
LEAP presentation
(1991-2007)
30%
46%
10th
Grade
12th
Grade
34%
72
Increased Prevalence of
Monthly Marijuana Use
(1990 – 2005)
Age
12-17
Age
18-24
Age
25-34
Age
35+
68%
48% -10% 103% 43%
Total
73
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health; National Household Survey on Drug Abuse