Medical Laboratory
Instrumentation
2011-2012
Third Year
Dr Fadhl Alakwa
www.Fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com
UST-Yemen
Biomedical Department
Course Description: ‫توصيف المقرر‬
• This course provides an introduction to the
fundamental principles of chemical
measurement used in medical diagnosis,
quality assurance and control, and research
studies. We will focus on understanding the
fundamental principles underlying
instrumental methods and their realization
in modern instrumentation for analysis.
Purpose: ‫الغاية (الهدف) من هذا المقرر‬
• The purpose of this course is to expand the
student’s knowledge with new instrumental
analysis technology, advantage,
disadvantage, troubleshooting and the future
technologies.
TOPICS COVERED: ‫المواضيع المغطاة‬
•
•
•
•
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UV/visible and infrared spectrophotometry
Flame atomic spectrometry
Colorimeter
Blood gas analyzer
Cell counter
Pulse Oximeter
Chromatograph
PCR
Electrophoresis
STUDENT LEARNING
OBJECTIVES ‫أهداف المقرر‬
• FIRST WHAT IS THE PROGRAM
OUTCOMES: SEE THE PAPER
INFRONT OF YOU.
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
‫أهداف المقرر‬
1. Appreciate the connectivity between math,
physics, chemistry, and biology in this course.
(Program Outcome a).
2. Demonstrate mathematical and basic computer
skills, and discover the impact of science and
technology. (Program Outcome a, k, h).
3. Understand the proper use and importance of
measurement statistics. (Program Outcome b).
4. Understand the theory and design of the
instrumental instruments. (Program Outcome c).
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
‫أهداف المقرر‬
5. Understand how the instrument actually makes the
measurement. (Program Outcome c).
6. Work with his group in any clinical laboratory to
complete the project.(Program Outcome d)
7. Uses ethical conduct in communication (using
citations, acknowledging sources of info).
(Program Outcome f).
8. Conveys information effectively in written and
oral presentations. (Program Outcome g).
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
‫أهداف المقرر‬
9. Understand and appreciate the role of instruments
in solving problems in the physical, chemical and
biological sources. (Program Outcome h).
10. Search pertinent, professional literature, use
other information resources and evaluate how
sources contribute to knowledge. (Program
Outcome i)
11.Understand the chemical and/or physical
principles exploited during the measurement.
(Program Outcome j).
12. Understand the theoretical concepts behind each
instrument. (Program Outcome j).
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
‫أهداف المقرر‬
13. Operate, manipulate, and generate data for each
instrument. (Program Outcome j).
14. Solve chemical problems quantitatively and
qualitatively by making appropriate choices
among the various instruments. (Program
Outcome k).
15. Appreciate the complexity of each instrument, its
strength, and its limitation. (Program Outcome k).
16. Explore the use of Internet (Netscape) as an
educational source in instrumentation. (Program
Outcome k).
17. Develop an understanding of the analytical capabilities of a number of
instrumental methods. (Program Outcome k).
OUTCOMES COURSE MATRIX [ ‫كيف يمكن للمقرر‬
‫]إن يخدم المخرجات األصلية للبرنامج‬
d
e
f
g
h
k
l
m
BME302
L
M
H
H
x
M
H
H M H M
x
x
H : 50% contribution to the outcome.
M: 25-50% contribution to the outcome.
L: 10-25% contribution to the outcome.
Project REPORT
Project
Exams+ Project
Lab
Homework
Activity to
achieve the
outcome
i
j
Project + Lab
c
Project REPORT
Project
b
Project
a
Project presentation
Course/Outco
mes
‫‪COURSE POLICIES‬‬
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‫•‬
‫سياسة حضور الفصل ‪Class Attendance:‬‬
‫حاالت التأخير ‪Tardy:‬‬
‫االمتحانات ‪Exams‬‬
‫السياسات المتبعة في حاالت الغياب عن االمتحان‬
‫التكاليف والمشاريع ‪Assignments & Projects:‬‬
‫السياسات المتبعة في حاالت تأخير تسليم التكاليف‬
‫والمشاريع ومتى يجب أن تسلم إلى األستاذ‬
‫‪• The PROJECT is due on 01/03/2012.‬‬
COURSE POLICIES
• Exam Attendance/Punctuality: ‫االنتظام‬
‫وحضور االمتحان‬
• ‫توصيف السياسة المتبعة في حاالت تأخر الطالب عن‬
‫االمتحان‬
• Plagiarism: ‫االنتحال‬
• ‫يحدد تعريف االنتحال وحاالته واإلجراءات المتبعة في‬
.‫حالة حدوثه‬
• Plagiarism is defined as “copying or stealing someone
else’s words or ideas and claiming or presenting them as if
they were your own.”
GRADING SYSTEM‫نظام التقييم‬
•
•
•
•
•
Term Exam: 60 points
Midterm Exam: 15 Points
Homework assignments: 5 Points
Project: 15 Points
Other (quizzes, class participation etc.): 5
points
Project
• Students will be organized into teams of
four and each team search for the principle
of operation of instruments which exist in
the clinical laboratory. The format of the
project is like below:
Paramete Disease Instrume Principle Example
Distribut
r
nt
of
or
operation commerciall
y
In Yemen
or
KSA
Project Evaluation
• Oral Presentation Grading:
Criteria
Points
Organization
2
Clarity of presentation 2
Effectiveness
2
Technical Accuracy & grasp of the
subject
2
Engineering versus biology
content
2
Total
10
RESOURCES: ‫المراجع‬
• Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th
Edition, Douglas A. Skoog, Brooks Cole,
1998
• Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Sixth
Edition, James W. Robinson CRC Press,
2004
http://fadhl-alakwa.weebly.com/
Blood (Purpose and components)
• Blood is the fluid that circulates
trough the heart, arteries, veins
and capillaries carrying
nourishment, electrolytes,
hormones, vitamins, antibodies,
heat and oxygen to body tissues
and taken a way waste matter
and carbon dioxide.
• Blood is composed of cells and
plasma.
Blood cell Portion
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
Red blood cells
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Disc-shaped cells
Contain no nucleus
Live 120 days
Number 4.5 to 5.5 million cells/mm3
Each RBC contains 4 iron atoms in a
structure known as the hemoglobin
White blood cells
•
•
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Amoeba like cells
Contain a nucleus
Live 20 days
Number 6 to 10 thousands cells/mm3
They are present in the lymph fluid and
engulf invading bacteria and foreign
substances to destroy the invaders’ effect.
Platelets
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They are cell fragments
Contain no nucleus
Number 200 to 800 thousands cells/mm3
Blood coagulation and clotting
Blood plasma
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Plasma proteins
Plasma nutrients-energy-storing
Regulatory and protective substances
Plasma electrolytes
Metabolic waste substances
Plasma proteins
• Albumins
• Fibrinogen and prothrombin
• Globulin
Plasma nutrients-energy-storing
• Glucose (blood sugar)
• Lipids (fats)
• Amino acids (Proteins for tissue growth)
Regulatory and protective substances
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
Plasma electrolytes-acid-base
• Na+
• K+
• Cl-
Metabolic waste substances
• Urea
• Uric
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_common_blood_tests
Purpose of M. L. I.
The purpose of medical laboratory
instrumentation is to provide a means of
measuring required substances and
metabolic waste products in urine and
blood.
Instrumental Analysis is the Base for All the
Modern Sciences
Instrumental Analysis will give quick answers on (1) what species is a
certain system (qualitative) and (2) How many of them (quantitative).
Analytical chemistry is critical to our understanding of
biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, geochemistry, environmental
science, atmospheric chemistry, materials science, metallurgy,
biology, pharmacology, agricultural science, food science,
geology, and other fields.
Qualitative analysis
• Qualitative analysis is the branch of
analytical chemistry that is concerned with
questions
• such as “What makes this water smell
bad?”, “Is there gold in this rock sample?”,
“Is this sparkling stone a diamond or cubic
zirconia?”, “Is this plastic item made of
polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or
polycarbonate?”, or “What is this white
powder?”
Quantitative Analysis
• When qualitative analysis is completed, the
next question is often “How much of each
or any component is present?” or “Exactly
how much gold is this rock?” or “How
much of the organochlorine pesticide
dieldrin is in this drinking water?”
• The determination of how much is
quantitative analysis.
undergraduate instrumental analysis page 9,10,11,12
Basics of Instrumental Analysis
Stimulus
Energy Source
Input transducer
Response
Analytical Information
Sample
Data domain of
Transduced
information
Information
processor
Readout
Basics of Instrumental Analysis
• All instruments measure some chemical or
physical characteristic of the sample, such as how
much light is absorbed by the sample at a given
wavelength, the mass-to charge ratio of an ion
produced from the sample, or the change in
conductivity of a wire as the sample passes over it.
A detector of some type makes the measurement
and the detector response is converted to an
electrical signal. The electrical signal should be
directly related to the chemical or physical
property being measured and that should be
related to the amount of analyte present.
Selecting Analytical Instruments
In order to select an analytical method intelligently, it is essential
to define clearly the nature of the analytical problem. Such a
definition requires answers to the following questions:
1. What accuracy is required?
2. How much sample is available?
3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?
4. What components of the sample will cause interference?
5. What are the physical and chemical properties of the
sample matrix?
6. How many samples are to be analyzed?
Precision and Accuracy
Not precise
Not accurate
Not precise
But accurate
Precise
And accurate
Precise
But not accurate
Concentration Unit
• Many analytical results are expressed as the concentration of the
measured substance in a certain amount of sample. The measured
substance is called the analyte.
• Commonly used concentration units include molarity (moles of
substance per liter of solution), weight percent (grams of substance per
gram of sample 100%), and units for trace levels of substances.
• One part per million (ppm) by weight is one microgram of analyte in a
gram of sample, that is, 1 x 10-6 g analyte/g sample. µg/g
• One part per billion (ppb) by weight is one nanogram of element in a
gram of sample or 1 x 10-9 g analyte/g sample.
• parts per trillion of the element, that is, picograms of element per gram
of sample (1 x10-12 g analyte/g sample).
Concentration Unit?
• To give you a feeling for these quantities, a
million seconds is 12 days (11.57 days, to
be exact). One part per million in units of
seconds would be one second in 12 days.
• A part per billion in units of seconds would
be 1 s in 32 years, and one part per trillion
is one second in 32,000 years.
Terminology
• A sample may be homogeneous, that is, it
has the same chemical composition
everywhere within the sample. Like the salt
water.
• Many samples are heterogeneous; the
composition varies from region to region
within the sample.
Medical laboratory department
• Facilities
• Personnel
• Equipment
Facilities
• Must includes a clean, safe surrounding
with a special area for sterilization of
contaminated blood urine samples and
equipment
• Sufficient storage and cleaning areas must
be designated
Personnel
• Physician
• Medical technologist (equipment operator)
• Supervisor
Equipment
• Glassware, centrifuges, suction devices
• Colorimeter
Is an optical devise that measures the color
concentration of a substance in solution
• Flame photometer
Is an optical electronic devise that measures
the color intensity of substance that have
been aspirated into a flame (sodium and
potassium)
Equipment
• Spectrophotometer
Is optical device that measure light absorption
at various wavelengths for a given liquid
sample.
• Blood cell analyzer
Is a device to measures the number of red and
white blood cells per scaled volume.
The aperture impedance and flow cytometery
Equipment
• Ph/ blood gas analyzer
Is a device which measure blood Ph, Po2,
Pco2
• Chromatograph and Autoanalyzer
Is a electromechanical device used to
separate, identify, and measure the
concentration of substances in a liquid
medium.
• Computer based record and operation
system