ENGLISH WORKSHOP THIRD
PERIOD TENTH GRADE
LUIS CARLOS ALVAREZ ALZATE
IN THIS
WORKSHOP
YOU FIND:
*
 CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
 RELATIVE PRONOUN
AND CLAUSEs
*
 COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
QUANTIFIERS…
 DESCRIBING PEOPLE
VOCABULARY
WHAT DOES————LOOK
LIKE?
WHAT IS ________ LIKE
FUN FACTS ABOUT THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
 COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
REGULAR– IRREGULARS.
 USING GERUND VS
INFINITIVE
* READING
COMPREHENSION
1
 READING
COMPREHENSION
2 PRE—SABER
conditional type 0 >> ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT
Used for scientific facts or general truths (usado para expresar verdades científicas, hechos que nunca
cambian o situaciones que siempre ocurren). Algunos gramáticos incluyen este tipo de condicional dentro de
FIRST
conditional type I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL
SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE
If you heat butter, it melts.
Si calientas manteca, ésta se derrite.
If you put water in a cooler, it freezes.
Si colocas agua en el congelador, ésta se congela.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Si calientas agua a 100 grados, ésta hierve.
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Si cruzas una línea de tiempo internacional, la hora cambia.
If you drop ice in water, it floats.
Si tiras hielo al agua, éste flota.
If iron gets wet, it rusts.
Si el hierro se moja, se oxida.
conditional type II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL
Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the
future. It is generally used for things which don't or won't happen. It is generally used for things
which may happen (utilizado en presente o futuro para expresar situaciones hipotéticas, que
normalmente son irreales o imposibles).
IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)
If I were rich, I would buy a castle.
Si fuera rico, compraría un castillo.
If I were him, I would go and see a doctor.
Si fuera él -en su lugar- consultaría con un médico.
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.
Si los elefantes tuvieran alas, podrían volar.
NOTE: You can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que) in the examples above.
conditional type III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in the
past. (utilizado para expresar situaciones irreales – que nunca sucedieron – en el pasado y, en
general, dentro de un contexto de crítica, queja o remordimiento). En español tienes una
construcción similar por lo cual este condicional no debería resultar complicado.
IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.
(Si el PRIMER verbo de la oración es TO BE, se usa WERE para todas las personas)
If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you.
Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habría ido a ver.
The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had known... When you are
talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop.
Si hubieses ahorrado tu dinero, podrías haberte comprado una computadora.
The real situation was that you didn't save your money. So they say If you had saved... When you
are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have fired you.
Si no hubieses llegado tarde al trabajo tan seguido, no te habrían despedido.
The real situation was that you wasn't early for work. So they say If you hadn't been late... When
you are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF.
NOTE: You can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que) in the examples above.
EXERCISE
Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.
1. If I had time, I
shopping with you.
2. If you
English, you will get along with them perfectly.
3. If they had gone for a walk, they
4. If she
the lights off.
to see us, we will go to the zoo.
5. I would have told you, if I
6. Would you mind if I
him.
the window?
7. If they
me, I wouldn't have said no.
8. My friend
me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
9. If I
10. If my father
it, nobody would do it.
me up, I'll take the bus home.
RE L AT I V E P RO N O U N S
Relative Pronouns
relative
use
pronoun
who
subject or object pronoun for people
example
I told you about the woman who lives
next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on
the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is
a nurse?
whom
that
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative
I was invited by the professor whom I
clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
met at the conference.
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in
I don’t like the table that stands in the
defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
kitchen.
that
el que, la que, los que, las que, lo que
who
quien, quienes
which
el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales, lo cual
whom
a quien, a quienes
whose
de quien, de quienes, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
what
lo que, lo cual
EJEMPLOS CON PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
I don't know who was here.
No sé quien estuvo aquí.
Arrau, the well-known pianist whom everybody admires, will play here soon.
Arrau, el conocido pianista a quien todos admiran, actuará aquí pronto.
I personally know that author whose books give so much pleasure.
.(Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyos libros me brindan tanto placer.
The lessons which she liked better were those which she learned from others.
Las lecciones que más le gustaban eran aquellas que (las que) aprendía de otros.
That was the subject which I was talking about.
Ese era el tema sobre el cual yo estaba hablando.
I could not understand what they wanted to know.
No pude entender lo que ellos querían saber.
This is exactly what I wanted to find out.
Exactamento esto es lo que quería descubrir.
EXERCISE
1. I talked to the girl
2. Mr Richards,
car had broken down in front of the shop.
is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3. We often visit our aunt in Norwich
4. This is the girl
comes from Spain.
5. That's Peter, the boy
has just arrived at the airport.
6. Thank you very much for your e-mail
7. The man,
8. The children,
9. The car,
is in East Anglia.
was very interesting.
father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
shouted in the street, are not from our school.
driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10. What did you do with the
money
Write c for countable and u for uncountable:
time -
books -
sugar -
milk -
pens -
hair -
meat -
butter -
pencils -
bread -
jam -
friends
oil -
cars -
salt -
chairs
-
fingers flour -
-
apples -
houses
cheese rice -
tea -
games -
tomatoes -
cream -
honey -
carrots
a) a / an + singular countable noun ( a pen, an apple) some + plural countable nouns - positive sentences (
There are some cars)
some + uncountable nouns - positive sentences ( There
is some oil)
any - we use any in negative sentences and in most questions.(countable and uncountable nouns) I don't
have any pens. There isn't any salt.
Do you have any sisters?
2. Choose a, an, some or any
a) It is
dog.
b) Have you got
bought
milk.
d) Linda has not got
eats
pets.
orange on the table.
c) I
f) Tim
cheese every day.
g) We don't have
sister found
j) Do you have
there
e) There is
friends?
bread.
h) My brother found
money.
i) My
pen.
eggs?
k) There are
students in the classroom. l) Is
pencil on the desk?
b) how much - we use with uncountable nouns
3. Choose How much or How many
a)
cheese do you buy?
b)
books are there in your bag?
c)
films did Tom see last week?
d)
money do you spend every week?
e)
friends does Linda have?
f)
sugar do we need?
g)
tomatoes are there in the fridge?
h)
meat are you going to buy?
i)
milk did you drink yesterday?
j)
apples do you see?
how many - we use with countable nouns.
INSTITUTO TECNICO SUPERIOR
TEACHER: LUIS CARLOS ALVAREZ ALZATE
VOCABULARY DESCRIBING PEOPLE
WHAT DOES
LOOK LIKE?
/ueigh/
WEIGHT
/jeigh/
HEIGH
/jed/
HEAD
/jer/
HAIR
/feis/
FACE
/ais/
EYES
/nous/
NOSE
/maut/
MOUTH
/irs/
EARS
/eskin/
SKIN
FAT
/tol/
TALL
/big/
BIG
/long/
LONG
/araund/
AROUND
BIG
BIG
BIG
BIG
/branet/
BRUNETTE
LATIN
/0in/
THIN
/mediun/
MEDIU
M
/mediun/
MEDIUM
/chort/
SHORT
/triangol/
TRIANGLE
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
/uait/
WHITE
/peil/
PALE
/scraffi/
SCRUFFY
(DESALIAÑADO)
/birtmark/
BIRTHMARK
marca de
nacimiento
/chort/
SHORT
/lidol/
LITTLE
MEDIUM
/skeird/
SQUARE
LITTLE
LITTLE
LITTLE
LITTLE
DARK
BLACK
/Smart/
SMART
(ELEGANTEINTELIGENTE)
/antidi-lukin/
UNTIDYLOOKING
/breises/
BRACES
aparato de
ortodoncia
/frecol/
FRECKLE
peca
/weldrset/
WELL-DRESSED
/moul/
MOLE
Lunar
/rincol/
WRINKLE
arruga
/moustach/
MOUSTACHE
bigote
/scar/
SCAR
cicatriz
/saidboards/
SIDEBOARDS
(GB),
/saidburns/
SIDEBURNS (US)
/tatuuu/
TATTOO
patillas
/uart/
WART
verruga
/eslin/
SLIM
/chaby/
CHUBBY
/slender/
SLEND
ER
/a0tic/
ATHLETIC-
/uel-bilt/
/long/
LONG
/straig/
STRAIGHT
WELLBUILT
/bons/
BONNES
/obes/
OBESE
/oval/
OVAL
SENSUAL
/braun/
BROWN
/straight/
STRAIGHT
THIN
FACED
/uevy/
WAVY
BLACK
/karly/
CURLY
/joney/
HONEY
/blond/
BLONDE
/grin/
GREEN
/braun/
BROWN
/grei/
GRAY
/blac/
BLACK
BLUE
/ap-tarnet/
UPTURNED
WIDE
(LITTLE)
/eisian/
ASIAN
/luk laik/
LOOK LIKE
/elegan/
ELEGANT
SEVERAL
FEATURES
/biir/
BEARD
barba
tatuaje
What does she like? This question asks about her tastes, likes and interests. It can be answered:
'She likes talking, reading and eating cheese.'
Now let's get back to the original question,'What is she like?' Here is an A-Z of adjectives we can use to answer this question:
A- Active: she likes to play sport or do physical things.
B- Bright: she is intelligent.
C- Cunning: she uses her intelligence secretly/mysteriously to get what she wants.
D- Diligent: she is hardworking.
E- Extroverted: she is very outgoing. She likes to be the centre of attention.
F- Funny: she makes people laugh.
G- Generous: she likes to ‘give’ to help others.
H- Honest: she tells the truth.
I- Imaginative: she has a good imagination.
J- Jealous: (negative) she wants what other people have. She doesn’t like others to succeed
K- Kind: nice, gentle and helpful
L- Lazy: (negative) she doesn’t like to work or exercise. She’s happy doing nothing.
M- Moody: (negative) she often becomes angry and unfriendly because she is unhappy.
N- Naughty: (negative): usually for children) her behaviour is bad.
O- Optimistic: she is a positive person and positive about the future.
P- Pessimistic: she is a negative person. She thinks things will end badly. The opposite of optimistic.
Q- Quiet: she doesn’t say much. She prefers to listen.
R- Rude: (negative) she is not polite and she offends people.
S- Sensible: she has good common sense and judgment.
T- Thoughtful: she carefully thinks about other people and how to help them.
U- Upbeat: she is positive and in a good mood.
V- Violent: (negative) she will hurt you. She is aggressive…so be careful!
W- Wonderful: she is great!
X- Xenophobic: she dislikes people from foreign countries. She is racist.
Y- Youthful: she is young at heart.
Z- Zany: she is a little crazy, but in a fuWHAn way.
What does will smith look like? What is he like?
________________________________________________________________________________
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COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
GRADOS DE UN ADJETIVO
Los grados de comparación del adjetivo son tres:
POSITIVO: Es el adjetivo en su forma simple, básica: nice, lindo; big, grande; COMPARATIVO:
Establece la relación o comparación entre dos cosas;
SUPERLATIVO: Denota el más alto grado de una cualidad.
Estos dos últimos grados se explican a continuación y tienen siempre como punto de partida el
adjetivo en su grado positivo:
COMPARATIVOS
DE IGUALDAD
AFIRMATIVO
AS + adjective + AS = TAN + adjetivo + COMO
This book is as interesting as that magazine.
Este libro es tan interesante como esa revista.
Buenos Aires is as expensive as Tokyo
Buenos Aires es tan cara como Tokio.
NEGATIVO
NOT SO + adjective + AS = NO TAN + adjetivo + COMO
This flat is not so big as that house.
Este departamento no es tan grande como esa casa.
Paris is not so expensive as Tokyo
París no es tan cara como Tokio.
DE SUPERIORIDAD
Los monosílabos y los bisílabos terminados en sonido vocálico o con acento en la segunda sílaba
forman el comparativo añadiendo -er al adjetivo:
ADJETIVOS HASTA
2 SILABAS
adjective + ER + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE
This book is cheaper than that magazine.
Este libro es más barato queante como esa revista.
Con los polisílabos se antepone more (más) al adjetivo seguido de than (que comparativo):
ADJETIVOS DE MAS
DE 2 SILABAS
MORE + adjective + THAN = MAS + adjetivo + QUE
Paris is more interesting than Los Angeles.
París es más interesante que Los Angeles.
DE INFERIORIDAD
Se antepone less (menos) al adjetivo seguido de than (que comparativo):
less expensive than, menos caro que; less intelligent than, menos inteligente que.
SUPERLATIVOS
1. Los monosílabos y bisílabos añaden la terminación -est al adjetivo:
You are the tallest, eres el más alto; Mount Everest is the highest mountain, el monte Everest es la
montaña más alta.
2. Los polisílabos anteponen the most (el más, los más, la más, las más) al adjetivo:
This book is the most expensive, este libro es el más caro.
3. El superlativo de inferioridad se forma añadiendo the less (el menos) al adjetivo:
La Rioja is the less expensive province in Argentina, La Rioja es la provincia argentina menos cara.
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS IRREGULARES
good, bueno
bad, malo
late, tarde
little, poco
much, mucho
many, muchos
old, viejo
better than, mejor que
worse than, peor que
later than o latter, posterior
less than, menos que
more than, más que
more than, más que
older than o elder than, mayor que
EXERCISE
1 Sue’s car isn’t very big. She wants a
car.
2 This house isn’t very modern. I like
houses.
3 You’re not very tall. Your brother is
4 Bill doesn’t work very hard. I work
.
.
5 My chair isn’t very comfortable. Your chair is
.
6 Jill’s idea wasn’t very good. My idea was
.
7 These flowers aren’t very nice. The blue one are
8 My case isn’t very heavy. Your case is
.
.
the best, el mejor
the worst, el peor
the latest o the last, el último
the least, el mínimo
the most, el máximo
the most, el máximo
the oldest o the eldest, el mayor
9 I’m not very interested in sports. I’m
in reading.
10 It isn’t very warm today. Yesterday it was
.
11 These tomatoes aren’t very good. The other ones taste
12 Britain isn’t very big. France is
.
.
13 Liverpool isn’t very beautiful. London is
.
14 This knife isn’t very sharp. Have you got a
one?
15 People today aren’t very polite. In the past they were
.
USO DEL GERUNDIO ( ING) VS INFINITIVO
GERUNDS ING
VS
INFINITIVES
Ambos son sustantivos verbales
THE
GERUND AND THE INFINITIVE
USING
GERUND OR INFINITIVE
Algunos verbos aceptan indistintamente uno u otro y es solamente cuestión de estilo el usarlos. El ingles
británico prefiere el gerundio ING; mientras el ingles americano prefiere los infinitivos, ELLOS SON:
AFFORD-BEAR-BEGIN-EJOY-CEASE-COMMENCE-DREAD-HATE-LIKE- LOATHE- LOVE- NEGLECT- PREFERPROPOSESTAND- START- ATTEMP- CONTINUE- FORGET- MEAN- NEED – REGRET- REMEMBER- STOPTRY






EXEMPLES:
Jerry hates being/to be late for work.
Jerry odia llegar tarde al trabajo.
They don’t like borrowing/to borrow money from anyone.
A ellos no les gusta pedirle dinero prestado a nadie.
Louisa began paying/to pay attention to the teacher.
Louisa empezó a prestarle atención a la maestra.
Hank has always dreaded travelling/to travel by plane.
A Hank siempre le ha aterrado viajar en avión.
Christian had preferred studying/to study Architecture.
Christian había preferido estudiar arquitectura.
USO DEL GERUNDIO:

DESPUES DE UNA PREPOSICION:
about
alrededor de, sobre
Above
por encima de
after
detrás de, después de
Among
entre (tres o más)
at
en, junto a
Before
antes de, delante de
behind
detrás de
Below
debajo de
beneath
debajo de
Beside
junto a
between
entre (dos o más)
But
excepto, pero
by
por, junto a
Down
hacia abajo
except
excepto
For
para, por, durante, desde
hace
from
de, desde
In
en, dentro de
into
en, adentro
Like
como, igual a
near
cerca de
Of
de
off
de (alejándose), fuera de
On
en, sobre
over
por encima de, al otro
lado
Since
desde
through
a través de
throughout
por todo
till = until
hasta
To
a, hasta, hacia
under
por debajo de
Up
hacia arriba
upon
(poniendo) sobre, encima With
without
sin
con
I AM INTERESTED IN LEARNING ENGLISH————-THE MODERN LANGUAGES ARE FOR SPEAKING.
I AM LEARNING ENGLISH TILL COMMUNICATING BUSINESS IDEAS.

CUANDO EL VERBO ES SUJETO DE UNA ORACION:
SMOKING IS DANGEROUS FOR OUR HEALTH——————- STUDING IS NECESSARY FOR BEING EDUCATED
PEOPLE

DESPUES DE VERBOS COMO:
DENY- AVOID- ENJOY- MIND- KEEP ON- SUGGEST … ( PHRASAL VERBS)

USO DEL INFINITIVO
–
SE USA DESPUES DE UN ADJETIVO
I AM HAPPY TO MEET YOU AGAIN——SHE IS SURPRISED TO SEE YOU AGAIN.
–
PARA EXPLICAR UN OBJETIVO O EL PORQUE ESTAMOS HACIENDO UNA ACCION.
I AM HERE TO EXPLAIN TO YOU ENGLISH——I HAVE COME TO HELP YOU
ALGUNOS VERBOS QUE COMUNMENTE USAN EL INFINITIVO SON: AGREE- APPEAR- ARRANGE- ASKCHOOSE- CLAIM- DECIDE- DECLINE- DEMANDFAIL- FORGET- HAPPEN- HESITATE- HOPE- LEARN- MANAGE- OFFER- PLAN- PREPEARE- PRETEND- PROMISEREFUSE- REMEMBER- SEEM- SWEAR.
He agreed to help me with my homework
She promised to phone her mother
EXERCISE:
Gerunds and Infinitives 1
Multiple Choice Exercise
Choose the correct answer for each gap below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. Dan enjoys
science fiction.
2. Cheryl suggested
3. I miss
a movie after work.
in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.
4. Where did you learn
speaking
5. Do you mind
6. He asked
me translate this letter?
to the store manager.
7. You've never mentioned
8. If he keeps
in Japan before. How long did you live there?
to work late, he's going to get fired!
9. Debbie plans
10. I agreed
Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?
abroad next year.
Jack wash his car.
Read the article about a North American wine company and answer the
following questions.
1. What is Paul Jones responsible for?
2. Who heads the company?
3. Is the company successful?
4. What reason does Tony Swan give for distributors buying more wine produced in
the US last year?
5. Does Tony Swan think that the average American expects a bottle of wine that
costs $10 to taste good?.
Swan and Lewis
Greentree Wine Company, California, USA
Greentree Wine
Company has been
producing premium wine in the Napa
Valley since 1980 and markets wine under the
Brown Canyon, Swan & Lewis and Stratclith
labels. In addition, GWC produces
several private labels for both domestic and
international customers. Last year, GWC
bottled over 500,000 cases between their own brands, private labels and custom
bottling contracts.
The Swan and Lewis label, which retails for about $10, grew by 53 percent in 2012.
Swan and Lewis includes a Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah,
Zinfandel and Pinot Noir. The package was recently updated and includes the
slogan, "Stick your nose in our business."
The company is headed by Tony Swan and Glen Lewis who created the Swan and
Lewis label in 1990. Paul Jones is responsible for wine production and has worked
exclusively for the firm since 1992.
The primary reason Swan & Lewis experienced record
growth last year is that key distributors got behind the
brand. Swan said the secret of their rapid growth was
"being with the right distributors at the right time." He
credits the rise in the value of the euro relative to the
U.S. dollar for making reasonably priced California
wines more attractive to distributors that previously
were interested mostly in imports. "A lot of our
distributors were strong in imports but felt it wasn't a bad idea to have something
from California," he said.
"We need to be with medium-sized distributors, and we need to be with mediumsized distributors that actually care about us, which is not the same thing."
Swan commented that with many wines designed to retail for $10, much of the
emphasis is on marketing instead of what the wine tastes like. "We depend on the
wine," he said. "I think $10 is an interesting price point," Swan said. "It's a price
where almost anybody can afford to buy but high enough where you can do
something slightly interesting as far as the wine is concerned. I think the American
consumer has become more sophisticated and is looking at interesting wines for
around $10."