POWERING THE WATER
INDUSTRY
Issues and Opportunities
Dr Jay Millington BEng (Hons) PhD
E-mail: jay.millington@uwe.ac.uk
Phone: 0117 328 6564
Introduction

Regional breakdown

◦ UK wide
◦ Opportunities

Novel approaches
◦ Sutton Poyntz
◦ Esholt
◦ Cotton Valley
Traditional example
◦ Meldon Reservoir
P

Issues
◦ Banding
◦ ROC vs FIT and
energy recovery
◦ Water industry
Photo by: Millington (2011)
UK schemes
England N Ireland Scotland Wales
>5MW
2 to 5MW
500kW to 2MW
100 to 500kW
15 to 100kW
<15kW
All hydro
43
6
UK
no.
1
-
S MW
5.5
-
no.
1
-
30
3
34
S MW
2.6
-
93.7
12.2
108.6
no.
5
2
53
7
67
S MW
5.0
1.3
53.9
5.0
65.2
no.
43
6
62
19
130
S MW
11.0
1.2
18.0
4.5
34.7
no.
43
17
38
16
114
S MW
2.07
0.75
1.85
0.87
5.54
no.
77
3
28
21
129
S MW
0.49
0.04
0.17
0.15
0.86
no.
170
28
254
72
524
S MW
26.6
3.3
B
50
1,114.9 136.8 1,257.2
1,282.6 159.6 1,472.0
Growth?
Benefits for water industry

Government strategy
P
◦ Reduce greenhouse gases
◦ Provide energy security
◦ Investment in new technology
Green credentials ↑ Customer bills ↓
 Novel approaches

◦ In addition to ‘win / win’ schemes
◦ Don’t need environmental regulation
P
South West Water –
Meldon Reservoir
400kW Francis turbine on scour
30kW KSB centrifugal Pump-as-Turbine
Photos by: Millington (2011)
Wessex Water – Sutton Poyntz
15 m , 140 l/s  14 kW
Image from: Ecowave 2011, photo by: Millington (2011)
Yorkshire Water – Esholt
9 m , 2700 l/s  180 kW
Photo by: Yorkshire Water (2011)
Anglian Water – Cotton Valley
2.6 m , 870 l/s  15 kW
Photo by: Millington (2011)
Replace FITs banding?
TURBINE
Capacity Generation
kW
ANNUAL INCOME
Feed-in Tariff
Export Tariff
LECs @
MW h / year p / kW h £k / year @ 4.5 p/kWh 0.509 p/kWh
Total
£k / year
15.000
46.9
21.0
9.9xx
2.1
0.2
12.2xx
15.001
46.9
19.6
9.2xx
2.1
0.2
11.5xx
15.853
49.6
19.6
9.7xx
2.2
0.3
12.2xx
100.000
312.7
19.6
61.3xx
14.1
1.6
77.0xx
100.001
312.7
15.5
48.5xx
14.1
1.6
64.1xx
119.991
375.3
15.5
58.2xx
16.9
1.9
77.0xx
500.000 1,563.7
15.5
242.4xx
70.4
8.0
320.7xx
500.001 1,563.7
12.1
189.2xx
70.4
8.0
267.5xx
599.362 1,874.4
12.1
226.8xx
84.3
9.5
320.7xx
2000.000 6,254.6
12.1
756.8xx
281.6
31.8
1,070.1xx
2000.001 6,254.6
4.48
280.2xx
281.6
31.8
593.5xx
3606.068 11,277.3
4.48
505.2xx
507.5
57.4
1,070.1xx
5000.000 15,636.6
4.48
700.5xx
703.6
79.6
1,483.8xx
Under FiTs, who’s going to install 100-120kW, 500-599kW and 2-3.6MW schemes?
(Not included: on-site electric use, operational costs, interest on loans…)
Downsize for max profit?
S
Constructed pre FIT
Capacity
no.
S kW
15 to 16kW
1
16x
100 to 120kW
16
1,826x
500 to 599kW
8
4,335x
2000 to 3600kW
26
73,857x
Total
51
80,034x
If constructed Dec 2012?
kW lost
£FIT extra
1
44
226A
95,602B
335
298,550
21,857
9,329,441
22,419
9,723,637
Constructed pre FIT
Capacity
no.
S kW
15 to 16kW
1
16
100 to 143kW
23
2,765
2000 to 3373kW
22
59,857
Total
46
62,638
If constructed Apr 2010?
kW lost
£FIT extra
1
428
465
329,150
15,857
6,712,589
16,323
7,042,168
Calcs?
A = 1,826 – (16 x 100)
B = (16 x 100 x 19.6p – 1,826 x 15.5p) x 24 x 365 x 35.7%
Input electricity

ROCs
◦ Esholt: 10% pre-pumped flow
 netted off

FITs
◦ 15kW scheme in Wales: drought pumps 200
hours in last 12 years
 ineligible (& can’t opt for ROCs)
Energy recovery ethics
£
£
£
£
£
G
Other factors

Pump and system efficiency

Operation within OFWAT regulations

Identified opportunities  reality

Other renewable energy sources
Conclusions
If a banding system must be used, FITs
should be based on MWh generated to
prevent downsizing
 FITs should have an allowance for input
electricity to ‘net-off’ pre-pumping as with
ROCs
 Energy recovery systems should be
subsidised
 Other factors need to be considered

References
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Change [online, accessed Jun 2012]
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BHA (2011) List of installations. British Hydropower Association [online, accessed Sep 2011]
Burgess, A. (2010) [aburgess@southwestwater.co.uk] Re: Micro hydro in the water industry, 18th August. Email to: Millington, J. [jay.millington@uwe.ac.uk]
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