管 理 學
第二章 管理學的演進
Management History
When you surround an enemy,
leave an outlet free. —Sun Tzu
圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
Today is ok, 何不跳過 Yesterday, 直接研討 Tomorrow?
讀資治通鑑：溫故知新，鑒往知來。
學歷史，應知今日事：解釋現在，開拓視野。
社會科學的發展:
Economics, Psychology, Management (Science),
Accounting, Marketing……
2
綱要
1. Historical Background
2. Classical Approach:
Scientific Management, General Administrative Theory
3. Quantitative Approach
4. Behavioral approach
5. Contemporary Approach:
Systems Approach, Contingency Approach
How many major approaches to Management?
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1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Ancient Management


Egypt (pyramids), China (Great Wall)
Venetians (assembly lines, Accounting systems)

Adam Smith
 The Wealth of Nations (1776), division of labor

Industrial Revolution


Substituted machine power for human labor
Created large organizations (factory management)
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兩百年來幾次技術革命

1700, 蒸汽機, Lancashire (矽谷), Watt (Bill Gates)。

1830, 鐵路，輪船。

1900, Mass Production: 鋼鐵, 電力, 重工程, 石油, 汽車,
Carnegie, Edison, Rockefeller, Ford (dot.com)。

1940, 電腦 (1971, Information & Telecommunication)
上一波: 石器時代 4000BC, 銅 3000BC, 鐵 1000BC, 矽 1968AD.
下一波？Biotechnology, Nanotechnology & Bioelectronics……
Technology and privacy.
How is IT changing the managers job?
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MAJOR APPROACHES TO MGT
1. Scientific Management, 科學管理
2. General Administrative Theory, 一般管理理論
3. Quantitative Management, 數量方法
4. Organizational Behavior, 組織行為
5. Systems Approach, 系統途徑
6. Contingency Approach, 權變途徑
Management is an evolutional discipline.
涓涓細流，匯成江河！
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2. Classical Approach:
2.1 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

Fredrick Winslow Taylor (p.42)

The “father” of scientific management

Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Mental revolution: Using scientific methods to define
the “one best way” for a job to be done.

E.g. 21 lb. (pig iron)

Perform vs. plan, control
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TAYLOR’S 4 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work,
which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the
worker.
3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all
work is done in accordance with the principles of the
science that has been developed.
4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between
management and workers. Management takes over all work
for which it is better fitted than the workers.
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
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (P.44)

Reduction of wasted motion
Developed the microchronometer to time worker
motions and optimize work performance

therbligs

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THERBLIG CHART
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HOW DO TODAY’S MANAGERS USE
SM?
1. Use time and motion studies to increase productivity
2. Hire the best qualified employees
3. Design incentive systems based on output
討論：
1. Cast away, UPS vs. Federal Express, 北極特快車
2. 王董，王教授，成校長
3. SOP: McDonald, 鼎泰豐(18, 5+16g)，Toyota,
高鐵清潔作業，太陽劇團，The Phantom of the Opera
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2. Classical Approach:
2.2. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY
 Henri
Fayol

practice of management was distinct from other
organizational functions

Developed fourteen principles of management that
applied to all organizational situations
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FAYOL’S 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
1. Division of work.
2. Authority.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of direction.
6. Subordination of
individual interests to
the general interest.
7.
Remuneration.
8.
Centralization.
9.
Scalar chain.
10. Order.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenure of
personnel.
13. Initiative.
14. Esprit de corps.
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
Max Weber

Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal
type of organization (bureaucracy)
 Emphasized Division of labor, Authority hierarchy,
Formal selection, Formal rules and regulation,
Impersonality, Career orientation
比較： bureaucracy vs. adhocracy
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3. QUANTITATIVE APPROACH



Operations Research / Management Science
to solve WWII military logistics and quality control
problems
improving managerial decision making by applying:
Statistics, optimization models, computer simulations,
DSS
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比較：
賭場 (Black Jack, 決勝21點 )，
戰場 (二次大戰），
商場（台糖養豬，號誌連鎖，圓環殺手）
討論：LP, 限制？
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QUALITY MANAGEMENT, 品質管理

A philosophy of management driven by continual
improvement in the quality of work processes and
responding to customer needs and expectations

Inspired by the total quality management (TQM)
ideas of Deming and Juran

Quality is not directly related to cost

Poor quality results in lower productivity
討論： The devil is in the details.
W. Shewhart, Edwards Deming
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WHAT IS QUALITY MANAGEMENT?
Intense focus on the customer.
Concern for continual improvement.
Process-focused.
Improvement in the quality of everything.
Accurate measurement.
Empowerment of employees.
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4. BEHAVIOR APPROACH

actions of people at work

people are the most important asset of an organization

Early OB Advocates: Robert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg,
Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard

organizational behavior (OB)
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THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES (E.
MAYO)
• A series of productivity experiments conducted at Western
Electric, 1927~1932.
• Experimental findings
Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed
adverse working conditions.
Social norms, group standards and attitudes more strongly
influence individual output and work behavior than do
monetary incentives.
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討論：
1. Hawthorne Effect
2. Dale Carnegie 的著作 (Human Relation)
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5. Contemporary Approach:
5.1 SYSTEMS APPROACH
Defined: A set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
 Basic Types of Systems
 Closed systems: Are not influenced by and do not
interact with their environment (all system input and
output is internal).
 Open systems: Dynamically interact to their
environments by taking in inputs and transforming
them into outputs that are distributed into their
environments.
 Subsystem vs. Supra System

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Environment
System
Inputs
Raw materials
Human resources
Capital
Technology
Information
Transformation
Employee’s work
activities
Management
activities
Technology and
operations methods
Outputs
Products and services
Financial results
Information
Human results
Feedback
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Environment
IMPLICATIONS OF THE SA

Coordination of the organization’s parts is essential for proper
functioning of the entire organization.

Decisions and actions taken in one area of the organization
will have an effect in other areas of the organization.

Organizations are not self-contained and, therefore, must
adapt to changes in their external environment.
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SYSTEM THINKING
補充：
1. General System Theory (K. E. Boulding),
2. Living System (J. G. Miller),
3. System Dynamics (J. W. Forrester)
4. The Limits to Growth (D. H. Meadows)
5. The 5th discipline (P. M. Senge)
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5. Contemporary Approach:
5.2 THE CONTINGENCY APPROACH

situational approach.

There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manage
organizations.

Organizations are individually different, face different
situations (contingency variables), and require
different ways of managing.
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POPULAR CONTINGENCY VARIABLES
1. Organization size, 組織規模
2. Routineness of task technology, 技術例行性
3. Environmental uncertainty, 環境不確定性
4. Individual differences, 員工個別差異
5. 其他，如策略……
 組織理論(OT)
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Do your assignment: 1~4組
1. Case study: a manager’s dilemma (p.40)
2. Thinking critically about ethics (p.47)
3. Internet-based exercise (p.56)
*3. read business articles: relates to 4 approaches
*4. choose a task that you do regularly: applying SM principle
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回 顧
1. 比較：Taylor VS. Fayol 的貢獻
2. 區分：
＊Scientific Management
VS. Management Science
＊Organizational Behavior (OB)
VS. Organization Theory (OT)
＊人群關係運動 VS. 行為科學研究；
＊Systems VS. Contingency Approach
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討論：經史合參學管理？
1. 君王論，戰爭論，國富論。
聖經故事，金字塔，羅馬帝國興亡史，天主教。
2. 論語，孫子，韓非子。
戰國策，楚漢、三國、隋唐演義。
（秦公司興亡史，北宋危機管理）
討論：釋道立身，儒墨處世，孫韓治事。
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TERMS TO KNOW











division of labor
Industrial Revolution
scientific management
therbligs
general administrative
principles of mgt
bureaucracy
quantitative approach
OB
Hawthorne Studies
system




closed systems
open systems
contingency approach
quality management
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