Ch. 5: p. 130 Cardiovascular System at a Glance
Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System
Distribute blood to all areas of body
Delivery of needed substances to cells
Removal of wastes
Organs of Cardiovascular System
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Cardiovascular Combining Forms
angi/o vessel
aort/o aorta
arteri/o artery
ather/o fatty substance
atri/o atrium
cardi/o heart
coron/o heart
hemangi/o
blood vessel
phleb/o vein
sphygm/o
pulse
steth/o chest
thromb/o
clot
valv/o valve
valvul/o
valve
vascul/o
blood vessel
vas/o vessel, duct
ven/o vein
ventricul/o
ventricle
Cardiovascular System Suffixes
–manometer
instrument to measure pressure
–ole
small
–tension
pressure
–ule
small
Anatomy and Physiology
Also called circulatory system
Maintains distribution of blood throughout body
Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose
and amino acids to cells
Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and delivers to lungs,
liver, and kidneys for elimination
Is composed of:
Heart
Blood vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic
circulation
Systemic Circulation
Between heart and cells of body
Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart
to body
Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of
heart
Pulmonary Circulation
Between heart and lungs
Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of
heart to lungs
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of
heart
Heart
Muscular pump
Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm),
Each time the muscle contracts:
Blood is ejected from heart
Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
Located in the mediastinum
More to left side of chest
Directly behind sternum
About size of a fist
Shaped like upside-down pear
Tip of heart at lower edge
Called the apex
Heart Layers
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Heart Chambers
Divided into four chambers
Two atria
Two ventricles
Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall
called the septum
Atria
Left and right upper chambers
Receiving chambers
Blood returns to atria in veins
Superior and inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Ventricles
Left and right lower chambers
Pumping chambers
Thick myocardium
Blood exits ventricles into arteries
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Heart Valves
Four valves in heart
Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic
Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood
flow
Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
blocking it from returning to previous chamber
Tricuspid Valve
1
An atrioventricular valve
Between right atrium and ventricle
Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back
into atrium
Has 3 leaflets or cusps
Pulmonary Valve
A semilunar valve
Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Prevents blood in artery from flowing back
into ventricle
Semilunar – valve looks like half moon
Mitral Valve
An atrioventricular valve
Between left atrium and ventricle
Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back
into atrium
Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps
Aortic Valve
A semilunar valve
Between left ventricle and aorta
Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into
ventricle
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
1.
Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed
right atrium via two large veins called:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
2.
Right atrium contracts
Blood flows through tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle
3.
Right ventricle contracts
Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve
into pulmonary artery
Carries blood to lungs
4.
Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has
been oxygenated by lungs
Blood enters left atrium from the four
pulmonary veins
5.
Left atrium contracts
Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed
left ventricle
6.
Left ventricle contracts
Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and
into aorta
Largest artery in the body
Carries blood to all parts of body
Systole and Diastole
Heart chambers alternate between:
Relaxing to fill
Contracting to push blood forward
Relaxation phase is diastole
Contraction phase is systole
Conduction System of the Heart
Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate
Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses
Stimulate different chambers to contract in
correct order
Path of the Conduction System
1.
Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is
where electrical impulse begins
From SA node a wave of electricity travels
through atria
Causing them to contract, or go into systole
2.
Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is
stimulated
3.
This node transfers stimulation wave to
bundle of His
4.
Electrical wave travels down bundle
branches within interventricular septum
5.
Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular
myocardium are stimulated
Results in ventricular systole
Blood Vessels
Pipes that circulate blood through body
Three types:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lumen is the channel within blood vessels
Arteries
Large thick-walled vessels
Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
As arteries travel through body they branch into
progressively smaller vessels called arterioles
Carry blood away from heart
Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of
body
Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
to lungs
Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
Coronary arteries supply myocardium
Capillaries
Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a
capillary bed
Connecting unit between arteries and veins
Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
Location for:
Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
Veins
Much thinner walls than arteries
Much lower pressure system than in arteries
Have valves to insure blood flows only
towards heart
Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists
blood return to heart
2
Smallest veins are called venules
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart
From either the lungs or the cells and tissues
of body
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
Superior and inferior vena cava carry
deoxygenated blood from body
Blood Pressure
Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls
of a vessel
May be affected by several characteristics of blood
and blood vessels
Elasticity of arteries
Diameter of blood vessels
Viscosity of blood
Volume of blood
Amount of resistance to blood flow
During ventricular systole
Blood is under great pressure
Gives highest pressure—systolic
Top number of blood pressure reading
During ventricular diastole
Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
Blood pressure drops to lowest point—
diastolic
Bottom number of blood pressure reading
Word Building with angi/o
Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o
Word Building with ather/o & atri/o
Word Building with cardi/o
Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o
Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o
Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o
Abbreviations: p. 152
AFB
AMI
ASD
AV
BP
Bpm
CABG
CAD
Cath
CCU
CHF
CPK
CPR
CV
ECG,EKG
ECHO
HTN
ICU
IV
MI
mmHG
MVP
Vfib
VSD
VT
Heart & Blood Vessel Pathology p. 144-148
Clinical Laboratory Tests: p. 148-149
Cardiac enzymes, Serum lipoprotein level,
angiography, cardiac scan, Doppler ultrasonography,
echocardiography, venography
Cardiac Function Tests:
Cardiac catheterization, EKG, Holter monitor,
stress testing
Medical Procedures p. 150
CPR, defibrillation, pacemaker implantation
Surgical Procedures P. 150-151
CABG, heart transplant, intracoronary artery stent,
PTCA, valve replacement
Cardiovascular Pharmacology p. 151-152
Anticoagulants, Antilipidemic, Beta blocker, diuretic,
thrombolytic
3