Theories of
Personality
Power Point Presentation by
Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D.
Touro College South
This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some
images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by
Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER
TWO
Freud:
Classical
Psychoanalysis
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
 The Unconscious




Psychic Determinism
Levels of Consciousness
Effects of Unconscious Motivation
Origin and Nature of the Unconscious
 Structures of the Personality
 The Id
 The Ego
 The Superego
 Intrapsychic Conflict





Energy Hypothesis
Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation
Empirical Studies of Defenses
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview Cont.
 Personality Development
 The Five Psychosexual Stages
 Psychoanalytic Treatment
 Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques
 The Recovered Memory Controversy
 Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
 Silverman's Experiments
 Unconscious Cognition
 Unconscious Influences and the Body
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sigmund Freud
 The “father of psychoanalysis”
 Born (1856) in Freiberg, Moravia
into a Jewish family
 Moved at the age of 4 to Vienna
 Medical school, University of
Vienna
 Published in 1900, Interpretation
of Dreams
 Visits the US for two weeks in 1909
 Leaves Vienna in 1938 due to Nazi
aggression
 Dies in London in 1939
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unconsciousness
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiPzM9
8h7NA&feature=related
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Unconscious
The Unconscious
Psychic Determinism
Levels of Consciousness
Effects of Unconscious Motivation
Origin and Nature of the Unconscious
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychic Determinism
• proposes that underlying psychological factors
cause symptoms and other behavior
• includes (for example) the impact of traumatic
events as causes of psychopathology
• Psychoanalysis as a way to uncover mental
causes
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Levels of Consciousness
Our mind is like an iceberg
conscious
preconscious
The majority of
our psyche is
beneath the
surface
unconscious
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of Unconscious
Motivation
 physical symptoms
 Conversion hysteria: form of neurosis in which
psychological conflicts are expressed in
physical symptoms
 Glove anesthesia
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1NyB4Fs
DVA
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Hypnosis
 highly suggestible state,
 suggestions of the hypnotist influence the
experience and the recall
 Divided consciousness
 Playing social roles
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of Unconscious
Motivation
 Dreams
 “the royal road to the unconscious”
 manifest content (recalled story)
 latent content (interpretation)
 psychopathology of everyday life
 Freudian slips, determined by the unconscious
 Humor
 We find jokes funny if they provide a safe
release for unconscious conflicts
 projective tests
 The TAT
 The Rorschach
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Origin and Nature of the
Unconscious
 Repression
 hedonic hypothesis
 People seek pleasure and avoid pain
Defense mechanism
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Structures of the Personality
superego
ideals, guilt,
internal
voice of
restrictions
ID
The pleasure
principle,
primitive,
libido
ego
the reality
principle,
mature,
mediator
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT
 The id, ego and superego are in
constant conflict
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Hypothesis
Repression requires energy, and the
more energy tied up in the conflict,
the less energy is available for
dealing with current reality
An outdated metaphor, but it can
describe “stress related drainage”
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
anxiety
When ego fails
neurotic anxiety
Id impulses
moral anxiety
Super ego
restrains
reality anxiety
Real threats
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Defense Mechanism
Implemented by Ego
Aims to reduce the neurotic energy
Primitive ones are developed in infancy
Denial and distortion
Switching from primitive DF to less
primitive DF helps individual to adjust
better
Using various DFs has nothing to do with
the level of intellect or education
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Defense Mechanisms
 Denial
 not acknowledging painful aspects of
reality
 Reaction Formation
 the ego unconsciously switches
unacceptable impulses into their opposites
 Projection
 people disguise their own threatening
impulses by attributing them to others
 Displacement
 shifting sexual or aggressive impulses
toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person
 Rationalization
 offering self-justifying explanations in
place of the real, more threatening,
unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
sublimation
Finding a socially acceptable aim and object for the
expression of an unacceptable impulse
May be expressed in:
art
Occupation
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
erogenous zones
psychosexual stages
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Psychosexual
Development
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ORAL STAGE
 oral eroticism
 oral sadism
 Realization that needs are satisfied through
object
 Fixation:
optimism
passivity
dependency
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
ANAL STAGE
toilet training
anal retentive (organized,
controlled)
anal expulsive (messy,
disorganized)
anal character traits
orderliness
parsimony
obstinacy
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
PHALLIC STAGE
genital zone
masturbation
fantasy of parental
partner
males: Oedipus
conflict
females: Electra
conflict
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Oedipus Conflict
Castration Anxiety -> Universal fear
Koro syndrome in Southeast Asia
Hitler
The complex is resolved by sex typing
Castration anxiety -> super ego
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electra complex
Anger at mother for not protecting her from
castration
Penis envy -> castration complex:
1. Neurosis or sexual inhibition
2. Masculinity complex
3. Normal femininity
 Lack of castration anxiety->lack of
superego
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
LATENCY
Calming of sexual
impulses
More socially and
academically driven
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
GENITAL STAGE
Puberty
Focus on sexuality
Genital character
vanity; appearance;
attention
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT






free association
catharsis
insight
transference
Countertransference
Recovered memory controversy
 Some memories are implanted
 Sexual abuse is rarely forgotten
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoanalysis as a
Scientific Theory
Verfiability
low reliability of projective
tests
validation through the
psychoanalytic method
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unconscious Cognition
 Alternative explanations
for the unconscious
 Cognitive approaches
 Unconscious learning
 Unconscious sensory input
 Implicit and explicit memory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unconscious Influences
and the Body
Neurological Basis for
Freudian Theory
• Rats loose their memory when
under stress
• Neurodynamics -> left
brain/right brain
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Summary
The Unconscious
Structures of the Personality
Intrapsychic Conflict
Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Treatment
Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.