KBAT: Unit 4—Cultural Patterns and Processes
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture
Know:
Cultural landscape
Culture
Custom
Folk culture (folkways)
Habit
Popular culture
Taboo
Be Able To:
1. Define culture, cultural geography, and culture regions
2. Identify and name macrocultural regions and identify the major aspects/characteristics of each
3. Compare aspects of folk and popular culture
a. Origins
b. Methods of diffusion
c. Culture regions
d. Current distributions
4. Provide specific examples of folk culture and folk regions
5. Provide specific examples of popular culture traits and discuss the diffusion of the examples
6. Discuss ways in which cultural traits are affected by and affect the:
a. Natural environment
b. Built environment (cultural landscape)
c. Economics of a region
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 5: Language
Know:
Dialect
Extinct language
Ideogram
Isogloss
Isolated language
Language branch
Language
Language group
Language family
Lingua franca
Literary tradition
Official language
Pidgin language
Standard language
Vernacular
Be Able To:
1. Discuss the importance and role of language as an element of culture
2. Explain how language families, branches, and groups are classified and related
3. Draw conclusions based on the distribution of major language families worldwide
4. Show the division of Europe into the following language groups and give specific examples from each:
a. Germanic
b. Romance
c. Slavic
5. Describe the following characteristics of English:
a. Its origin and historical development
b. Its worldwide diffusion
c. Its spatial variation
d. Its culture role
6. Explain the how, why and where of language change
7. Discuss the regional and local variety in language using the following terms:
a. Accent
b. Isogloss
c. Slang
8. Explain how toponyms are derived and classified
Chapter 6: Religion
Know:
Animism
Autonomous religion
Branch
Cosmogony
Denomination
Diocese
Ethnic religion
Fundamentalism
Ghetto
Hierarchical religion
Monotheism
Pagan
Pilgrimage
Polytheism
Sect
Universalizing religion
Be Able To:
1. Identify the following characteristics of all major religions:
a. Point of origin
b. Method of diffusion
c. Current distribution
d. Landscape expression
2. Map the religious regions of the United States
3. Discuss the major branches, their origins, and their current distributions for the following religions
a. Buddhism
b. Christianity
c. Judaism
d. Islam
4. Distinguish between ethnic and universalizing religions:
a. Holy sites
b. Holy days
c. Methods of diffusion
5. Describe ways in which the environment influences religion and way in which religions affect the natural
environment
6. Discuss various specific religious conflicts around the world in terms of the following:
a. Religion v. politics
b. Religion v. religion (interfaith conflicts)
c. Religion v. religion (intrafaith conflicts)
d. Religion v. secularism
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 7: Ethnicity
Know:
Acculturation
Ethnicity
Ghetto
Adaptive strategy
Ethnic cleansing
Nationalism
Apartheid
Ethnic conflict
Nationality
Assimilation
Ethnic enclave
Nation-state
Balkanization
Ethnic group
Plural society
Barrio
Ethnic homeland
Race
Blockbusting
Ethnic landscape
Self-determination
Cultural adaptation
Ethnic neighborhood
Segregation
Cultural shatterbelt
Ethnocentrism
Social distance
Be Able To:
1. Describe the distribution of major ethnicities within the US:
a. Identify states/regions in which they are clustered
b. Regions in which they are mostly absent
c. Provide reasons for the present distribution
2. Give and describe examples of ethnic conflicts in at least 3 regions (worldwide)
3. Discuss the roles, both positive and negative, of nationalism in a state
4. Define and give examples of part-nation states, multinational states, and stateless nations
Ethnicity Vocabulary
This is the vocabulary to help you understand the information in the chapter. Notice that
there are not more than 20 words…meaning, NO WORD BANK for this quiz. Plan accordingly
and STUDY TO KNOW, NOT RECOGNIZE!
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Apartheid - laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into
different geographic areas.
Balkanization – The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or
country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country
of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992. It was the effect of the
Balkan wars.
Balkanized – a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more
stable states because is ethnicities have a history of conflict with one another
Bias-an inclination either for or against an individual that interferes with impartial judgement.
Blockbusting – a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their
homes for low prices because of fears that blacks are moving into the neighborhood.
Centripetal force - An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
Centrifugal force – An attitude that tends to separate people based on ethnicity, culture, or various
perceived differences
Ethnicity – identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product
of common heredity and cultural traditions
Ethnic cleansing – process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful
one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Multination state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or
more nations.
Nationalism- excessive devotion to nation: excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation and its
interests, often associated with a belief that one country is superior to all others
Nation-state – a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has
been transformed into a nationality.
Race – identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
Self-determination – concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Stereotype- an oversimplified generalization about an entire group of peple without regard for
individual differences.
Xenophobia- An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.
Shatterbelt- a large, strategically located region that is occupied by a number of conflicting states.
Ethnic enclave- an area with a high ethnic concentration
Ethnic group- people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
Ethnocentrism- judging another society by one’s own standards.
APHG Chapter 4- Folk and Popular Culture Vocabulary
This is the vocabulary to help you understand the information in the chapter. Notice that
there are not more than 20 words…meaning, NO WORD BANK for this quiz. Plan accordingly
and STUDY TO KNOW, NOT RECOGNIZE!
1. Acculturation- process in which a culture is substantially changed through interaction with other
culture but it does not completely disappear
2. Adaptation- change in technology, organization, & ideology that permits social relationships to
develop between humans and their physical environment
3. Cultural Convergence- process by which cultures grow more alike (similar);coming together
4. Cultural Diffusion- spread/movement of a way of beliefs/ideas/innovations/life of a group of people
who share beliefs and similar customs; begins at hearth and moves outward
5. Cultural Divergence- Process by which cultures grow apart (divorcing)
6. Culture- body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material customs/traits that together constitute
a group of people’s distinct tradition
7. Custom- frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of
people performing the act
8. Ethnocentrism- use of ideological and sociological traits in evaluation of others by your culture’s
standards
9. Folk Culture- culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative
isolation from other groups
10. Hearth (Core)- region from which innovative ideas originate and spread outward (Nile River
Valley/Egypt, Indus River Valley/Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Wei-Huang Valley/China, Ganges River
Valley/India, Mesopotamia/Iraq, Mesoamerica/central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, & West Africa/
11. Landscape- imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic examples
12. Marginalized culture- individual or groups excluded from meaningful participation in society. Groups
that live on the “fringe” of a culture or society not included in the bigger society
13. Multiculturalism- promoting many ethnic cultures (America is a “melting pot”.) Encouraging
tolerance for people of different backgrounds
14. Patterns- Something a group shares/communicates over time: language, religion, architecture, how
we live and work, clothes, music, art, ethics, food, etc., that can be traced and tracked
15. Perception- varying ideas and attitudes about space, place, and territory
16. Physiological traits- specific physical characteristics of a group of people (majority hair color, eye
color, facial structures)
17. Popular Culture-found in a large heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences
in other personal characteristics
18. Taboo-restriction on behavior imposed by social custom
19. Trait- single attribute of culture, such as wearing a turban in a Muslim society
20. Underrepresented culture- insufficiently or inadequately represented by their government (can be
ignored)
RELIGION VOCABULARY
This is the vocabulary to help you understand the information in the chapter. Notice that
there are not more than 20 words…meaning, NO WORD BANK for this quiz. Plan accordingly
and STUDY TO KNOW, NOT RECOGNIZE!
1. Secular- This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs.
2. Universalizing (Proselytic) religion- An attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever
they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. The three religions that practice
this are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your
religion.
3. Atheist- a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.
4. Theocracy- A form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler.
5. Fundamentalism- Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a
religious branch, denomination, or sect).
6. Syncretic Religion- combining two separate beliefs in to a cohesive practice.
7. Pilgrimage- a journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred place.
8. Animism-Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and
earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life.
9. Denomination- a religious group, usually including many local churches, often larger than a sect.
10. Monotheism- Monotheism is the belief in one God.
11. Polytheism- Belief in many Gods.
12. Reincarnation- the belief that the soul, upon death of the body, comes back to earth in another body
or form.
13. Zionism- a worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the
state of Israel.
14. Sect- A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. A relatively
small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
15. Feng Shui (Geomancy): literally means “wind water”; Chinese art and science of placement and
orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, cities. Structures and objects are positioned in a way (often
in line with the compass lines) to channel flows of energy in favorable ways. It is not an official
religion.
16. Sacred space: place or space people infuse with religious meaning; Ex) Jerusalem - Christianity
(Church of the Holy Sepulchre), Judaism (Western Wall), and Islam (Dome of the Rock); Catholicism The Vatican; Islam - Mecca, Medina; Hinduism - Varanasi & The Ganges River; ...
17. Interfaith boundaries: the boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity,
Muslim, and Buddhism. For case studies ... Nigeria, Sudan, Kashmir, Armenia/Azerbaijan, and
Yugoslavia
18. Intrafaith boundaries: describes the boundaries within a major religion (e.g., Belgium; Switzerland;
Northern Ireland is mostly Protestant, whereas the rest of Ireland is mostly Catholic)
19. Fundamentalism (extremism): literal interpretation and strict adherence to a set of basic principles
(usually religious; many can take these beliefs to an extreme and even violent level.
20. Jihadists: jihad means "struggle" and is a religious duty of Muslims; some can take their "jihad" to an
extreme and violent level often against a perceived threat to their way of life or culture (e.g., 9/11
terrorists; the Mujajideen (a person involved in jihad) who fought against the USSR in Afghanistan
from 1979-1989).
Language Vocabulary
This is the vocabulary to help you understand the information in the chapter. Notice that
there are not more than 20 words…meaning, NO WORD BANK for this quiz. Plan accordingly
and STUDY TO KNOW, NOT RECOGNIZE!
1. Dialect- A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and
pronunciation.
2. Ebonics- Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
3. Ideograms- The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which
each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, such as the case
with letters in English.
4. Isogloss- A boundary that separates regions in which different language usage
predominates.
5. Language- a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sound,
understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
6. Lingua Franca- A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who
have different native languages.
7. Pidgin- a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua
franca, used for communication among speakers of two different languages.
8. Official language- The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of
businesses and publication of documents.
9. Language family- a collection of language related to each other through a common ancestor
long before recorded history.
10. Toponym- The name given to a portion of the Earth’s surface.
11. Language branch- A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that
existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with
language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the
same family.
12. Language group- A collection of languages within a brand that share a common origin in the
relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
13. Indo-European language-a family (or phylum) of several hundred related languages and
dialects, [1] including most major languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India, and
historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.
14. Language subfamily- a category of a higher order than a branch.
15. Language diversity-the degree that a society is marked by a mosaic of local languages and
multilingualism; constitutes a centrifugal force because it impedes communication within the
larger population
16. Monolingual- One language
17. Multilingual- More than one language
18. Trade language-A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow
them to communicate so that they can trade with each other