Perception and Organizational Implications
Chapter # 4
Chapter # 4
Chapter Outline
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Individual Perception
Factors influencing Perception.
Attribution Theory and Applications
Perceptual process and short cuts in judgment
Application of Perception in Organizations
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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What is Perception?
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A process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in
order to give meaning to their
environment.
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People’s behavior is based on their
perception of what reality is, not on reality
itself.
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Perception leads / directs individual
behavior.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
3
Factors that Influence Perception
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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Attribution Theory: Judging Others
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We judge others by associating a special
meaning or attribute to his specific behavior.
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E.g. an offer for tea can be interpreted as an
intention to prolong the meeting or an intention to
end it.
When individuals observe behavior, they
attempt to determine whether it is internally or
externally caused.
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Internal causes are under that person’s control
External causes are not – person forced to act in that
way
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
5
Elements of Attribution Theory
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Three factor are important:
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Distinctiveness
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Consensus
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Whether individual Shows different behaviors in
different situations.
Whether individual response is the same as others to
same situation.
Consistency
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Whether individual responds in the same way over
time.
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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Elements of Attribution Theory
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
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The tendency to underestimate the
influence of external factors and
overestimate the influence of internal
factors
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We blame people first, not the situation
Self- serving Bias
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It is “our” success but “their” failure
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
8
Shortcuts in Judging Others
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Selective Perception
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Halo Effect
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People selectively interpret what they see on
the basis of their interests, background,
experience, and attitudes
Drawing a general impression about an
individual on the basis of a single characteristic
Contrast Effects
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Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that
are affected by comparisons with other people
recently encountered who rank higher or lower
on the same characteristics
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
9
Other Shortcuts
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Stereotyping:
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Judging someone on the basis of one’s
perception of the group to which that person
belongs – a prevalent and often useful, if not
always accurate, generalization.
Projection or Similarity Error
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Tendency to attribute one’s own characteristics
to other people
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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Applications in Organizations
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Employment Interview
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Performance Expectations
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Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of
interviewers’ judgments of applicants
Formed in a single glance – 1/10 of a second!
Self-fulfilling prophecy: The lower or higher
performance of employees reflects preconceived leader
expectations about employee capabilities
Performance Evaluations
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Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)
perceptions of appraisers of another employee’s job
performance
Critical impact on employees
Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT
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