• The ability to communicate with others orally and/or in writing.
• Is used to both unify and divide nations
• Language can be used to control people and stifle native language/culture.

• Only 30% of students in the United States learn an additional language other than English.
• Almost 90% of students in Europe learn an additional language.
• In a global world knowing an additional language is beneficial.
• There are over 6,000 languages in the world.
• Most are indigenous languages spoken by less than 100,000 people.

• Has only one official language in which all government business is conducted.
• Ex: Japan

• Has more than one official language.
• Switzerland has four official languages
German, French, Italian
Romansh.

• A language used as a common tongue among people who speak diverse languages, often to conduct business.
• English is the most widespread lingua franca in the world.

• Airline pilots in the world must be able to communicate with each other all over the world.
• If an Angolan pilot is flying into a Bangladesh airport the pilot communicates in English to the tower staff.
• Most international business to done in English

• Is reflective of the wealth majority.
• As China obtains an increase control on global commerce is may become increasingly more important to learn……
• Many parts of Southeast Asia already are using ____ as the lingua franca.
• In Eastern Africa the lingua franca is Swahili

• Competitive edge.
• With the increase in immigration from Mexico and the increase in global positioning from China,
Spanish and Mandarin are the two most common languages taught in U.S schools.
• Learning just one additional language gives you
adaptive strategy.
– Improved communication process when entering another language region.

• Several countries are divided by languages.

• A form of a language that is unique in sound, speed, syntax, and vocabulary.
• Accents: Midwest, Southern, Cajun, age.
• Isogloss: dialect boundary.
• Can be difficult among different age groups within a region.

• A group of people:
– You guys
– You’uns
– Y’all

• “BBC British” British Broadcast Company
• Type of English spoken by radio and T.V announcers.
• This style of English is used with people in
Europe, Africa and Asia who study English.

• The major differences that emerged between
British English and American English was first due to America’s isolation from Britain.
• Lack of technology, communication and travel.
• Major differences: Vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation.
• New discoveries, new inventions, new names

• Loo Chemist’s shop
• Lift chips
• Queue Dummy
• Pitch holiday
• Boot Nappy
• Flat Rubbish
• Mum telly
• Head master
• Jumper Tube
• Mackintosh

• All words have been added to Webster’s dictionary in the last 5 years:
– Bollywood, DVR, smackdown, speed dating, telenovela, bucket list, f-bomb, sexting, gassed, underwater, mancave, reggaeton, staycation, waterboarding, earmark, bromance, tweet,

• Pidgin
• Trade
• Creole

• When languages mix.
• Simplified
• Rudimentary grammar and vocabulary.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7X9AAe
DCr4

• A made up language by people who want to trade.
• Introduced by the Europeans and Natives of North
America.
• A modified language of middle ground.
• Cajun is a mix of English and French, not exclusively one or the other.
• “Spanglish”, “Denglish”, “Franglais”
• Ebonics
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z13CVD0idrM

• Stable language resulting from the blend of two or more languages that doesn’t include features of either.
• Haitian-Creole: Native Haitian tribal language combined with French Colonial language
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYD8GPO qppo

• An official language is the language that is adopted by a government to which official business is conducted.
• English is most widespread language in U.S but is not official adopted as such.
• Some U.S States have adopted English as their official language.

• Alabama (1990)Alaska (1998)Arizona (2006)Arkansas
(1987)California (1986) Colorado (1988)Florida
(1988)Georgia (1986 & 1996) Hawaii (1978) Idaho
(2007) Illinois (1969) Indiana (1984) Iowa (2002)
Kansas (2007)Kentucky (1984)Louisiana (1811)
Massachusetts (1975)Mississippi (1987) Missouri
(1998)Montana (1995) Nebraska (1920) New
Hampshire (1995) North Carolina (1987)North Dakota
(1987)South Carolina (1987) South Dakota (1995)
Tennessee (1984) Utah (2000) Virginia (1981 & 1996)
Wyoming (1996)

• Language diversity vs. Language uniformity:
• Diversity: more opportunities, cultural success, economic success.
• Uniformity: unified identity, easy communication

• 6,000 languages are thought to decrease to
600 in next century.
• Globalization and technology, although uniting, are threatening language diversity.
• People are migrating from rural areas to urban ones where they may have spoken an indigenous language and trade it for the lingua franca of the country.

• Mandarin
• English
• Spanish
• Hindi

• Language Families: organized by their common heritage
• Language Subfamilies: smaller groups within each family
• Language Groups: languages descended from a common tongue.

• Indo-European: English, spoken by 48% of world.
• Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin, 26% of world
• Afro-Asiatic: Arabic, 6% of world
• Austronesian: Javanese, 5% of world (Java)
• Dravidian: Telugu, 4% of world (India)
• Altaic: Turkish, 3% of world
• Niger-Congo: Yoruba, 3% of world (Nigeria)
• Japanese: Japan, 2% of the world.