VYTP
Virginia Youth
Tobacco Project
Securing the health
of Virginia’s youth
through science
VYTP
Virginia Youth
Tobacco Project
Report to
The Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation
Board of Trustees
Research Committee
18 March 2003
VIRGINIA YOUTH
TOBACCO PROJECT
COALITION BUILDING
Robert L. Balster, PhD
Goals
 Build statewide trans-disciplinary
program of research on causes and
prevention of youth tobacco use
 Attract faculty scholars to work on
problems of youth smoking
 Use VTSF funding as base for attracting
additional outside funding for youth
tobacco research in Virginia
Implementation Methods
 Solicited input from members of the
Virginia Research Consortium (VPRs)
 Utilized our knowledge of tobacco experts
in Virginia
 Identified a contact individual at each
institution to be included in the first round
 Obtained proposals from these project PIs
 Funded four subcontracts in August 2002
 Hired project director (Randy Koch) in
February 2003
VYTP Coalition:
Current Components
 GMU (Robert Smith, PI)
 JMU (Steve Evans, PI)
 UVA (Richard Bonnie, PI)
 Virginia Tech (Peggy Meszaros, PI)
 VCU (Roy Pickens and Bob Balster, PIs)
GMU Component: Robert Smith, PI
Animal Model of Adolescent Nicotine Effects
 Does peri-adolescent nicotine exposure
cause lasting cognitive changes?
 Does peri-adolescent nicotine contribute
to increased effort to self administer
cocaine?
 How does peri-adolescent nicotine affect
gene expression, evaluating all genes?
Received separate funding from VTSF
JMU Component: Steven Evans, PI
Tobacco Prevention Research Center
 Subcontract with VCU supports three separate projects
that address risk factors and develop interventions for
preventing and stopping tobacco use
 Youth with ADHD (Steven Evans)
 Dieting behavior & weight concerns among adolescents
(Monica Reiss-Bergan)
 Smoking cessation using alternative and complimentary
health practices (Cheryl Talley & Charles Lockett)
 Also received separate funding from VTSF for clinical trial
work
UVA Component: Richard Bonnie, PI
Youth-Centered Tobacco Policy Research
 Assembled investigative team







Richard Bonnie - health policy and ethics
Michael Moore – health economics
Pam Kulbock – adolescent health
Marian Moore – marketing and communications
Gerald Clore – social psychology
Victor Bovbjerg – epidemiology
Ruth Gaare Bernheim – policy studies
 Established bi-weekly tobacco research
colloquium
UVA Component
Youth-Centered Tobacco Policy Research
 Projects Underway
 Econometric studies of effects of policy
interventions on dynamics of youth
smoking and on low birthweight
 Study of deterrent effect of youth access
restrictions and their enforcement on
retailers
 Analysis of NAAG MSA Enforcement
UVA Component
Youth-Centered Tobacco Policy Research
 Projects in conception and development
 Emotional reactions to tobacco advertising and
counter-advertising
 Relationship between attributions and cessation
outcomes
 Effects of threatened sanctions for underage
tobacco and alcohol use
 Conceptual and operational development of
policy-relevant influences on non-smoking
behavior by young teens
Virginia Tech Component:
Peggy Meszaros, PI
Adolescent Female Smoking
 Secondary analysis of data on Virginia
youth from two surveys
 Identify risk and protective factors
 Evaluate quitting strategies for female
smokers
 Disseminate information on effective
interventions
VIRGINIA YOUTH
TOBACCO PROJECT
INTEGRATED
RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
AT VCU
Roy W. Pickens, PhD
Susceptibility to Nicotine Dependence:
A Complex Developmental Process
 Varies with inherited characteristics of
individuals
 Varies with the age of users
 Depends to some extent on
environmental influences, from
parents, peers, and the media
 Manifested in various stages of use
behavior
Stages of Development in Adolescent
Smoking Behavior: Points of Focus for
Research and Intervention
Stage 1
Stage 2
Relative Numbers of
Adolescents/Stage*
CONTEMPLATING
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
TRYING
EXPERIMENTING
USING
REGULARLY
USING
HEAVILY
Increasing Risk of Nicotine Dependency
* Estimates, based on CDC, “Trends in Cigarette Smoking Among High
School Students – United States, 1991-2001,” MMRW 51(19).
Current VCU Research
Project Themes
 Genetic Influence over Tobacco Use in
Adolescents
 How These Genetic Influences are
Expressed in Nicotine Pharmacology
 Clinical Trials in Preventing Adolescents’
Initial Tobacco Use from Progressing to
Nicotine Dependency
 Evaluation of Community- and SchoolBased Youth Anti-Tobacco Programs
Smoking is Highly Heritable
Non-shared Environment
14%
Shared
Environment
38%
Shared 26%
Environment
Genes
60%
62%
Genes
0%
Non-shared Environment
Smoking Initiation
Smoking Persistence
Data presented include females only; males similar.
Approaches to the Study of Genetic
Influence over Tobacco Use and
Nicotine Dependency
 Genetic Epidemiology: twin studies to determine
the role of genetic and environmental influences
at each stage of tobacco use
 Gene Mapping: the use of epidemiological data to
identify suspect chromosomal regions
 Candidate Gene Studies: identification of genes in
these chromosomal regions suspected to be
associated with tobacco use
 Gene Activation Studies: laboratory investigation
of gene expression using animal models
Project 1. Genetic Epidemiology:
Genetic Factors in the Transition
Through Smoking Stages
 Donna Miles, PhD (PI)
 Roy Pickens, PhD
 Lindon Eaves, PhD DSc
 Judy Silberg, PhD
Goals
 Examine genetic and environmental
factors that play a role in the
transition between smoking stages
 Identify common (shared) and unique
genetic and environmental influences
at each stage of smoking
Twin Research
Longitudinal Twin Study
 At VCU we maintain large twin registries,
under the management of the Mid-Atlantic
Twin Registry (MATR)
 We are now conducting an adolescent
behavioral-development study on 1412 twin
pairs
 Subjects first interviewed in adolescence
(ages 8-16 years old)
 Currently re-interviewing these twins, who
are now in young adulthood (ages 20-28
years)
Longitudinal Twin Study:
Progress to Date
 Secured MATR approval
 Secured IRB approval
 Obtained NIH Certificate of Confidentiality
 Developed telephone interview, which uses
Optiscan technology
 Completed hiring and training telephone
interviewers
 Conducted preliminary data analysis on
adolescent sample
Tobacco Use among Twins
ever smoked
current smoker
# twins
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
(completed)
Current study
(expected)
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
16
Wave I
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0
ages
Future Directions in Twin Research
at VCU
 December 2002, submitted NIH grant
application entitled “Child PsychopathologyAdult SUD Longitudinal Twin Study”
 Extends work begun with VTSF funding
 Based on methods used in VTSF-funded
project
 4 year project
 Total cost, $2,003,614
Project 2. Gene Mapping and the Search
for Candidate Genes: What gene groups
are involved in nicotine dependence?
 Kenneth Kendler, MD (PI)
 Xiangning Chen, PhD
Goals
 Identify genetic loci related to
adolescent tobacco use, through gene
association studies
 Investigators have previously
identified chromosomal regions
associated with tobacco use in adults
 Are these same regions associated
with smoking initiation and
dependence in adolescents?
Genome Scan of Adult Smokers
Progress in Genetic Mapping and
Candidate Gene Project
 Completed analysis of about 2/3 of
chromosomal data from samples of
adolescents in Christchurch, New Zealand
and Richmond, Virginia
 Identified several candidate genes that may
be involved in susceptibility to tobacco-use
initiation and nicotine dependency
 Established collaboration with researchers
in pharmacology to analyze candidate gene
expression in laboratory animals
Project 3. Gene Expression in
Adolescents
 Billy Martin, PhD (PI)
 Imad Damaj, PhD
 Michael Miles, PhD
 Jenny Wiley, PhD
Goal
 Determine the mechanisms by which
gene expression influences
adolescent susceptibility to nicotine
Nicotine Sensitivity, Dependence,
and Metabolism in Adolescent Mice
Genetic Influences
Acute
Sensitivity
Metabolism &
Pharmacokinetics
Tolerance &
Dependence
Models for Acute Sensitivity
to Nicotine
In Vivo
Effects
In Vitro
Effects
Locomotor
Activity
3H-Nicotine
Binding:
α4β2 Subtype
3H-MLA
Binding:
α7 Subtype
Seizures
Body Temperature
Analgesia
Anxiolytic Effect
Nicotinic Antagonists
Assessing Nicotine Dependence Liability
Positive
Reinforcement
Conditioned
PlacePreference
Tolerance
Acute
Chronic
Physical
Dependence
Somatic &
Affective
Withdrawal
Signs
Enzymes for Nicotine Metabolism Differ in Early
Adolescent and Young Adult Mice –
Sensitivity to Nicotine is Likely Age Dependent
<35 day
Early
Adolescent
56 day
Young
Adult
Determining the Genetic and
Bio-behavioral Bases for
Adolescent Responses to Nicotine
 Collaboration between Projects 2 & 3:
NIH Center Grant proposal now in
development to tie together human
and animal research
 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)
methodology
 Search for genes that determine age
and stage differences in sensitivity,
dependence, and metabolism
Project 4. Preventing Initial Tobacco
Use from Progressing to Nicotine
Dependency
 Thomas Eissenberg, PhD (PI)
 Deborah Haller, PhD
 Michelle Acosta, PhD
Goals
 Understand in detail the stages of youth
smoking behavior, through clinical
laboratory assessment of individual
adolescents’ responses to smoking
 Using clinical-assessment and follow-up
interview data, test various interventions
for their effectiveness in preventing
adolescent progression to nicotine
dependency
Subjects
 Adolescent smokers: 12-18 years
of age
 Stage 3 (experimenting) smokers: users
who report smoking more than 1
cigarette per month but less than 1 per
day
 Stage 4 (regular) smokers: users who
report smoking more than 1 but less than
10 cigarettes per day
Clinical Assessment: Testing
Adolescents’ Responses to Smoking
 Physiological measurements, before and
after one cigarette

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
heart rate
breath CO
saliva cotinine (nicotine metabolite)
saliva cortisol (stress hormone)
puff topography
 Craving and withdrawal questionnaires,
before and after one cigarette
Clinical Intervention: Testing Various
Means to Prevent Adolescents from
Progressing to Dependency
 Compare the success rates of different
intervention modes in preventing subjects’
stage progression after 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12
months
 Intervention 1: Motivational interviews,
providing subjects with personalized
information and clinical-assessment
feedback on the consequences of smoking
 Intervention 2: Anti-tobacco video material
 Intervention 3: Anti-tobacco print material
Progress in Clinical Trials Project
 IRB approval of protocol has been
granted
 Clinical assessments pilot tested
 Interventions prepared and pilot
tested
 Subject recruitment to begin in April
2003
Project 5. Youth Tobacco
Evaluation Project (YTEP)
Project Team:
Ilene Speizer, Brian Smith, Diane Baer Wilson,
Melanie Bean, Karen Mitchell, Samy Uguy, Panumas
Assavarakpreecha, Ramesh Ramakrishnan, Joyce
Phillips, and Elizabeth Fries (PI)
Objectives of YTEP
 Design a comprehensive evaluation of the 109
youth tobacco prevention programs funded by
the Virginia Tobacco Settlement Foundation
 Train grantees to implement appropriate
evaluation components for their programs
 Provide evaluation assistance for grantees
 Provide analysis and dissemination of findings
Single session
programs
Multiple session
programs
Overall Evaluation Design
 Process Evaluation
 All programs
 Session logs – content and delivery
 Instructor survey – acceptability of
program to instructors and participants
 Pre K – 3rd grades: Parent survey – determine if
kids understood and discussed program
 4th & 5th grades: Brief participant survey –
perspectives on content, delivery, and
appropriateness
 Parent and family programs: Participant survey
– content, delivery, and appropriateness
Overall Evaluation Design, cont.
 Outcome Evaluation
 6th – 12th grades (76 of 109 grantees doing
outcome evaluation)
 Pre-test survey: obtain baseline tobacco use
 Post-test survey: examine changes between
pre- and post-tests
 Parental notification prior to 1st survey
 No identifying information kept on record
 Match pre- and post-tests with anonymous
linking scheme
 Participants complete survey and place in an
envelope and seal envelope
Design of Outcome Evaluation
Grades 6 to 12
Pre-test
Funded
Program
Post-test
1-year
Follow-up
Note: Given limitations of pre-post design, where ever possible we will collect 1 year
follow-up. All data are linked due to sampling/generalizability limitations. Grantees
receiving multiple years of funding will also be followed for 2-6 years depending on the
age of the child.
Framework: Outcome Questionnaire
Development
PERSONAL
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
• Age
 Low SES
 Developmental stage
 Gender
ENVIRONMENTAL
 Accessibility
• Advertising
 Parental use
 Sibling use
 Knowledge of
consequences
• Functional meanings
• Subjective expected
utility
 Self esteem
• Self efficacy
• Self image
 Personality
 Psychological wellbeing
BEHAVIORAL
 Parental
supervision and
strictness
 Academic
achievement
• Participation in sport
& healthy behaviors
 Peer use
 Peer groups
• Other adv. behaviors
(risk-taking)
 Social bonding
 Normative
expectations
 Behavioral skills
SMOKING STAGE
Preparatory

Trying

Experimental

Regular Use

Addiction
Framework: Outcome Questionnaire
Life Skills Training
Tar Wars
Development
PERSONAL
Teens Against Tobacco Use
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
• Age
 Low SES
 Developmental stage
 Gender
ENVIRONMENTAL
 Accessibility
 Knowledge of
consequences
• Functional meanings
• Subjective expected
utility
Get Real About Tobacco
Here’s Looking at You
SMART Leaders
Al’s Pals
Smoggy and Claire
Media Sharp
Anti Tobacco Media Blitz
Too Good for Drugs
Smoke Free, That’s Me
 Self esteem
• Self efficacy
• Self image
Life Skills Training
 Personality
SMOKING STAGE
Preparatory

• Advertising
Trying
 Psychological well
being
Too Good for Drugs
 Parental use
Experimental
Preparing for Drug

 Sibling use Free Years
BEHAVIORAL
Regular Use
NOT

 Parental
Strengthening Families Academic
AddictionEND
supervision and Skills for adolescents achievement Teens Against Tobacco Use
strictness
• Participation in sport Positive Action
& healthy behaviors
NOT (w/ smokers)
 Peer use
Get Real About Tobacco
 Peer groups
Here’s Looking at You • Other adv. behaviors
 Social bonding SMART Leaders
(risk-taking)
Too Good for Drugs
 Normative
 Behavioral skills
expectations
Characteristics of Baseline
Sample (N=10,008)
Distribution of sample by gender
Male
49%
Female
51%
Characteristics of Baseline
Sample (N=10,008)
Distribution of sample by grade
12th
11th
10th
9th
6th
8th
7th
Characteristics of Baseline
Sample (N=10,008)
Distribution of sample by race/ethnicity
3%
1%
White
2%
Black
21%
Hispanic
Asian or Pacific
Islander
American Indian
or Alaskan Native
73%
Number of Agencies with
Participating Youth, by Region
Number of agencies with participating youth
by region
12.0
10.0
8.0
Series1
6.0
4.0
2.0
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Number of Agencies
14.0
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Number of Organizations
Compendium Programs
9
Number of organizations implementing each
compendium program (among programs with
50+ youth surveyed)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Com pendium Program
Smoking Experience and Use
Smoking experience and use among youth, by grade
100%
90%
80%
Percentage
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Grade
Never smoked
Ever smoked, not current
Current smoker (in last 30 days)
Smokeless Tobacco Use among
Male Youth
Percentage
Smokeless
tobacco experience and use among
male youth, by grade
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Grade
Never used
Ever used, not current
Current user (in last 30 days)
12th
Upcoming Activities
 Collect, clean, and code post-test data
 Complete coding of process evaluation data
 Evaluate the first round of funding by
comparing pre-test to post-test results as
they relate to program exposure
 Disseminate results, to VTSF affiliates, and
to the research and evaluation community
VIRGINIA YOUTH
TOBACCO PROJECT
COALITION BUILDING
Robert L. Balster, PhD
Future Directions
for the VYTP Coalition
 Statewide Conference on Addiction
and Youth
 Bring in national leaders in addiction and
prevention research
 Invite presentations from Virginia
participants
 Arrange suitable public and media
participation
Future Directions
for the VYTP Coalition
 Expand exchange visits among coalition members,
and promote other collaborative activities
 Identify and fund other components from the
subcontracts (e.g. William and Mary)
 Facilitate direct VTSF applications for coalition
members
 Small Grants Program
 Faculty Scholars Program
 Existing faculty
 Mentoring component
The VYTP Vision

Building a first-class, tobacco-research
“Institute without Walls” at Virginia universities

What are the requirements to realize this vision?
 Continuing, multiyear funding commitments from
Virginia’s master settlement agreement
 Strategic partnerships among VPs for Research at
Virginia schools, making tobacco research a priority
 Concerted efforts among our faculty, both within and
between institutions, to collaborate on research and
grant-seeking
 Creative trans-disciplinary thinking and action, to
translate the findings of basic and applied science into
improved tobacco-use prevention programs
VYTP
Virginia Youth
Tobacco Project
Securing the health
of Virginia’s youth
through science
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Breland, A.B., Acosta M.C., and Eissenberg, T. (submitted
for publication) Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines and
Potential Reduced Exposure Products for Smokers: A
Preliminary Evaluation of Advance™.
 Breland, A.B., Buchhalter, A.R., Evans, S.E., and
Eissenberg, T. (2002) Evaluating acute effects of
potential reduced exposure products for smokers: clinical
laboratory methodology. Nicotine and Tobacco
Research. 4 (Suppl 2): S131-S140.
 Breland, A.B., Evans, S.E., Buchhalter, A.R., and
Eissenberg, T. (2002) Acute effects of AdvanceTM: a
potential reduced exposure product for smokers.
Tobacco Control. 11:376-378.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Carroll, F.I., Lee, J.R., Navarro, H.A., Brieaddy, L.E.,
Abraham, P., Damaj, M.I., and Martin, B.R.: Nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor binding, and antinociceptive
properties of 2-exo-2-(2’-substituted-3’-phenyl-5’pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes. Society for
Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Savannah, GA, 2002.
 Carroll, F.I., Lee, J.R., Navarro, H.A., Ma, W., Brieaddy,
L.E., Abraham, P., Damaj, M.I. and Martin, B.R. (2002)
Synthesis, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding, and
antinociceptive properties of 2-exo-2-(2',3'-disubstituted
5'- pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes: epibatidine
analogues. J Med Chem 45:4755-4761.
 Damaj, M.I. Activation of neuronal calcium calmodulinekinase II after acute nicotine: behavioral and genetic
approaches. Society of Neurosciences, Orlando, Fl, 2002.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Damaj, M.I. Neurobiology of nicotine dependence.
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, Savannah,
GA, 2002.
 Damaj, M.I. and Martin, B.R. Effects of nicotine and
nicotinic agonists in a neuropathic pain model. World
Congress on Pain, San Diego, CA, 2002
 Damaj, M.I. and Martin, B.R. Differential involvement of
calcium calmoduline-kinase II in nicotine’s
pharmacological effects in mice. College on Problems of
Drug Dependence, June, 2002.
 Damaj, M.I. and Martin, B.R. Effect of (-)-menthol on
nicotine’s pharmacological effects in mice. Conference
on Menthol Cigarettes, Atlanta, GA, 2002.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Dukat, M., Damaj, I.M., Young, R., Vann, R., Collins,
A.C., Marks, M.J., Martin, B.R. and Glennon, R.A. (2002)
Functional diversity among 5-substituted nicotine
analogs; in vitro and in vivo investigations. Eur J
Pharmacol 435:171-180.
 Dukat, M., El-Zahabi, M., Ferretti, G., Damaj, M.I.,
Martin, B.R., Young, R. and Glennon, R.A. (2002) (-)6-nPropylnicotine antagonizes the antinociceptive effects of
(-)nicotine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 12:3005-3007.
 Eissenberg, T. (submitted for publication) Measuring the
emergence of tobacco dependence: the contribution of
negative reinforcement models.
 Eissenberg, T. (2002). Progress in nicotine and tobacco
research. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 4:355-362.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Eissenberg, T., and Balster, R.L. (2000). Initial tobacco
use episodes in adolescents: current knowledge, future
directions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 59 (Suppl
1):S41-S60.
 Ferretti, G., Dukat, M., Giannella, M., Piergentili, A.,
Pigini, M., Quaglia, W., Damaj, M.I., Martin, B.R. and
Glennon, R.A. (2002) Homoazanicotine: a structureaffinity study for nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor
binding. J Med Chem 45:4724-4731.
 Fonck, C., Nashmi, R., Deshpande, P., Damaj, M. I.,
Marks, M. J., Schwarz, J., Collins, A. C., Labarca, C., and
Lester, H.A. (in press). Increased sensitivity to agonistinduced seizures, Straub Tail, and hippocampal theta
rhythm, in knock-in mice carrying hypersensitive α4
nicotinic receptors. J Neurosci, 2003.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Haller, D.L., Miles, D.R., and Cropsey, K.L. (submitted for
publication) Smoking Stage of Change Influences
Retention in Smoke-Free Residential Treatment Program
for Women.
 Hamilton, D.C.P., Acosta, M., Buchhalter, A.R., and
Eissenberg, T. Urine Cotinine as an Index of Smoking
Status: Comparison of GC/MS with Immunoassay Test
Strips. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco,
February 2003.
 Houtsmuller, E.J., Fant, R.V., Eissenberg, T., Henningfield,
J.E., and Stitzer M.L. (2002). Flavor improvement does
not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 72:559-568.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Lanni, S.M., Jansson, L., Miles, D.R., Raiford, K. and
Svikis, D.S. Impact of perinatal tobacco and drug use on
neonatal outcomes. Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine,
New Orleans, LA, January 2002.
 Lee, M., Dukat, M., Liao, L., Flammia, D., Damaj, M.I.,
Martin, B.R. and Glennon, R.A. (2002) A comparison of
the binding of three series of nicotinic ligands. Bioorg
Med Chem Lett 12:1989-1992.
 Martin, B.R., Lukas, R.J., Eaton, B., Carroll, F.I., Navarro,
H.A., and Damaj, M.I. Evidence that bupropion’s
pharmacological effects are primarily mediated via
conversion to its 2S,3S-hydroxy metabolite. Society for
Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, February, 2003.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Maziak, W., Eissenberg, T., Klesges, R.C., Kiel, U., and
Ward, K.D. (submitted for publication) Adapting Smoking
Cessation Interventions for Developing Countries: A
Model for the Middle East.
 Miles, D.R., Silberg, J.L., Maes, H.H., and Eaves, L.J.
Testing for effects of genes, environment, and gender in
tobacco initiation and continuation in adolescents: A
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach. College on
Problems of Drug Dependence, Bal Harbour, FL, June
2003.
 Miles, D.R., Silberg, J.L., Pickens, R.W., and Eaves, L.J.
Gender differences in genetic and environmental risk
factors for adolescent tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use
(2002). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 66:S120.
Recent VCU Tobacco-Research
Publications and Presentations
 Pickens, R.W., Balster, R.L. and White, M. International
Symposium on Nicotine and Tobacco Research,
Santander, Spain, October 4, 2002.
 Sellers, E.M., Ibekwe, A., Martin, B.R., Glassco, W.,
Damaj, M.I., and Tyndale, R.F.: In vitro identification of
nicotine analogs as CYP2A6 inbitiros and substrates.
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. Savannah,
GA, 2002.
 Wiley, J.L., Lavecchia, K.L., Martin, B.R. and Damaj, M.I.
(2002) Nicotine-like discriminative stimulus effects of
bupropion in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 10:129135.
 Zack, M., Belsito, L., Scher, R., Eissenberg, T., and
Corrigall, W.A. (2001) Effects of abstinence and smoking
on information processing in adolescent smokers.
Psychopharmacology. 153:249-257.