Earth’s Changing Climate
Part 1: Activating Prior Knowledge
1. What do you think of when you hear the term climate change? Write your response on
an index card and give it to your teacher.
2. Based upon your current knowledge of climate change, determine whether the following statements are Fact or
Fiction. Record your response in the “Before the Lesson” Column. We will answer these questions again at the
end of the lesson to see how your thinking has changed.
Before the
After the Lesson
Lesson
Statement
Fact
Fiction
Fact
Fiction
The Earth has experienced natural warming and cooling trends
throughout its history.
Glaciers are melting and causing ocean levels to rise as a result if
climate change.
Global warming is not occurring because the East Coast of the United
States received record levels of snowfall last year.
The ozone hole is causing global warming.
Climate change can cause more rain and flooding in certain areas.
Climate change impacts farmers because warmer temperatures can
lead to drought conditions that damage crops.
The increasing intensity of hurricanes over the past decades may be
caused by climate change.
A majority of scientists are divided on whether climate change is
occurring.
There is nothing humans can do to decrease the amount of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The Difference between Weather and Climate:
Do you know the difference between weather and climate? Do you know how weather and climate are like walking a
dog? In this animation, the relationship between trend and variation are explained with an analogy of a man walking his
dog. There is much more variation in the path that the dog takes as compared with the man, but they are both headed
the same way. Similarly, weather can be highly variable but climate is related to long-term trends.
Link to Video: https://scied.ucar.edu/dog-walking-weather-and-climate
Weather is the current atmospheric conditions including temperature, rainfall, wind, and humidity. Weather can be
highly variable.
Climate is the mean atmospheric conditions, typically an average of 30 years of weather data. A mean, or average, is
much less variable.
3. In the analogy, the dog represents the __________________.
4. In the analogy, the dog’s owner represents the __________________.
Did you know?
What Is the Difference Between "Climate Change" and "Global Warming"?
"Global warming" refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average temperature.
"Climate change" refers to any long-term change in Earth's climate, or in the climate of a region or city. This includes
warming, cooling and other changes besides temperature.
Part 2: Using Data to Support Claims
Climate change is a polarizing issue for some people in the general public and many have misconceptions related to the
topic. However, scientists use data from evidence to make claims related to a changing climate. When scientists discuss
climate change, they refer to the overall trend in climate data. Work with a partner to match the statements related to
climate change with the graph that supports or rejects the claims.
1. Record the statement and graph pairs below using a letter and number combination:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Example: A=7
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Climate change is happening
Our Earth is warming. Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.5°F over the past century,
and is projected to rise another 0.5 to 8.6°F over the next hundred years. Small changes in
the average temperature of the planet can translate to large and potentially dangerous
shifts in climate and weather.
The evidence is clear. Rising global temperatures have been accompanied by changes in
weather and climate. Many places have seen changes in rainfall, resulting in more floods,
droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves. The planet's oceans and glaciers have also
experienced some big changes—oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, ice caps are melting, and sea levels are
rising. As these and other changes become more pronounced in the coming decades, they will likely present challenges
to our society and our environment.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme
climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record high temperatures—are already taking place. Scientists are highly
confident that many of these observed changes can be linked to the climbing levels of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, which are caused by human activities.
Watch the Video: Climate Change Basics (2:47) available at http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/students/index.html
Option A: Science 6
Go to NASA’s Global Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet web site at http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/
Read and summarize each piece of evidence that shows rapid climate change is occurring. Write your summary in the
table below.
Evidence Global Climate Change is Occurring
Evidence
Summary
Sea Levels Rise
Global Temperatures Rise
Warming Oceans
Shrinking Ice Sheets
Declining Arctic Sea Ice and
Glacial Retreat
Extreme Events
Ocean Acidification
Decreased Snow Cover
Option B: Science 6 Accelerated Option
Use the EPS’s Summary of Key Points from Climate Indicators in the United States, 2014 to list the evidence that climate
change is occurring, available at to http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/pdfs/CI-factsheet-2014.pdf
Category
Greenhouse
Gases
Weather and
Climate
Oceans
Snow and Ice
Health and
Society
Ecosystems
Indicators
Part 3: What is causing the Earth’s climate to change?
Read the STUDENT HANDOUT A and answer the following questions
1. Explain how each of the following natural factors influence Earth’s climate:
a. Changes in the Earth’s orbit and tilt: _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Variations in solar output: ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c. Volcanoes: ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How do scientists obtain data about past climates?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Climate change models prior to the Industrial revolution use natural factors to account for the fluctuations in
Earth’s climate. What has caused the warming of the planet since the Industrial Revolution?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Watch the Video: The Carbon Cycle (4:22) available at
http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/students/basics/today/carbon-dioxide.html
4. What analogy is used to explain the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
The bathtub is the _______________________ and the water represents _______________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Part 4: How do scientists know levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing?
Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) is a premier atmospheric research
facility located on the Big Island of Hawaii that has been continuously
monitoring and collecting data related to atmospheric change since
the 1950s. The undisturbed air, remote location, and minimal
influences of vegetation and human activity at MLO are ideal for
monitoring particles in the atmosphere that can cause climate
change. This record shows that carbon dioxide has been increasing
steadily from values around 317 parts per million (ppm) when
Charles D. Keeling began measurements in 1958, to nearly 400 ppm
today. The Mauna Loa carbon dioxide (CO2) record, also known as
the “Keeling Curve,” is the world’s longest unbroken record of
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Although the data points
fluctuate on the graph due to seasonal differences in carbon dioxide
Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/
levels, there is an overall trend of the carbon dioxide levels
increasing.
Use STUDENT HANDOUT B: Keeling Curve and Annual Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels to answer the following
questions.
Interpreting Data and Recognizing Patterns
1. What was the average annual atmospheric CO2 level in 1995? ________ppm
2. What was the average annual atmospheric CO2 level in 2005? ________ppm
3. How much did average annual atmospheric CO2 levels increase from 1995 to 2005? ______ppm
4. Using the current pattern in the data, what would you expect the average atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to
be in 2015? ________ppm
5. Go to http://co2now.org/ to find the most recent average atmospheric carbon dioxide level: _____ppm
6. How close was your estimated value of the carbon dioxide levels compared to the actual levels?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Does the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide show any signs of decreasing? ___________________
8. How does the Keeling curve relate to the video you watched in Part 1 with the dog and the dog’s owner. If you
had to create a new analogy using the Keeling curve, the dog would represent the line showing ____________
__________________________________________________________ and the dog’s owner would
represent the line showing _____________________________________________________________.
Part 5: What greenhouse gas emission sources are near me?
In this section, you will learn about some of the of greenhouse gas emissions sources in their community using the
Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Facility Level Information on GreenHouse gases Tool (FLIGHT). The FLIGHT Tool
is a publicly accessible repository of data submitted to EPA by power plants, factories, refineries, and other U.S. facilities
that emit large amounts of greenhouse gases.
Background Information: Since the start of the Industrial Revolution around 1750, people have been adding substantial
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (such as methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases) to
the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which makes the Earth warmer. Different types of
greenhouse gases have different impacts on the climate, depending on such factors as how much of the gas is produced,
how long it stays in the atmosphere, and how much heat it traps. Greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels for
all sorts of everyday activities, such as using electricity, heating our homes, and driving vehicles. Greenhouse gas
emissions can be tied to direct activities (such as burning coal or natural gas to produce electricity) or indirect activities
(such as using this electricity in our homes and businesses).
The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the United State are
shown in the pie chart and listed below.
 Electricity production (31%): Electricity production generates the
largest share of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. More
than 70 percent of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels,
mostly coal and natural gas.
 Transportation (27%): Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation
primarily come from burning fossil fuels for cars, trucks, ships, trains,
and airplanes.
 Industry (21%): Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily
come from burning fossil fuels for energy as well as greenhouse gas
emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce
goods from raw materials.
 Commercial and residential (12%): Greenhouse gas emissions from
businesses and homes arise primarily from fossil fuels burned for
heat, the use of certain products that contain greenhouse gases, and
the handling of waste.
 Agriculture (9%): Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come
from livestock such as cows, agricultural soils, and rice production.
Source:
http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissi
ons/sources.html
People can learn about the amount and types of greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere by using EPA’s
Facility Level Information on GreenHouse gases Tool (FLIGHT tool)(http://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do . The tool is an
online database of greenhouse gas emissions that lets people view what types of greenhouse gases are emitted by large
facilities. You have the option to view the greatest producers of greenhouse gas emissions at a local and national level.
Directions:
1. Log onto the FLIGHT Tool, available at http://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do
2. In the first window that appears, “Explore Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Large Facilities,” select
“Nevada” from the middle column labeled “View Facilities in Your State.”
3. Scroll down to view the summary data for each sector. Record the summary data in Table 1.
4. Scroll back to the top of the page and select “List” from the “Data View” options.
5. Click “Total Reported Emissions” two times to organize the GHG emitters from the greastest to the least.
6. Identify the top ten greenhouse gas emitters for the state and record the information needed for Table 2.
7. Take a moment and search two other states (your choice) and compare their greenhouse gas emissions to
Nevada.
Table 1: Summary of Greenhouse Emission Data for Nevada
Sector
Power
Plants
Petroleum
and
Natural Gas
Systems
Refineries
Chemicals
Other
Waste
Metals
Minerals
Pulp and
Paper
2014 GHG
Emissions
# of
Reporting
Facilities
Note: GHG=Greenhouse gas
Table 2: The Top Greenhouse Gas Emitters in Nevada
Facility
City
State
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Nevada
Total Reported Emissions
Sector
Total
Reported
Emissions
1. How do the following sectors listed in Table 1 relate to everyday life?
a. Power plants: ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Refineries: ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c. Chemicals: ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
d. Minerals- _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Use the information in Table 2 to determine which sector(s) are the greatest greenhouse producers in Nevada.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important for the Environmental Protection Agency to track facilities that directly add large amounts of
greenhouse gases to our atmosphere?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Part 6: We Can Make a Difference
Our lives are connected to the climate. Human societies have adapted to the relatively
stable climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age which ended several thousand
years ago. A warming climate will bring changes that can affect our water supplies,
agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural environment, and even our
own health and safety.
Some changes to the climate are unavoidable. Carbon dioxide can stay in the atmosphere for nearly a century, so Earth
will continue to warm in the coming decades. The warmer it gets, the greater the risk for more severe changes to the
climate and Earth's system. Although it's difficult to predict the exact impacts of climate change, what's clear is that the
climate we are accustomed to is no longer a reliable guide for what to expect in the future.
We can reduce the risks we will face from climate change. By making choices that reduce greenhouse gas pollution,
and preparing for the changes that are already underway, we can reduce risks from climate change. Our decisions today
will shape the world our children and grandchildren will live in.
What can you do?
1. Facilities emit greenhouse gases because they are producing things that people want or need. We all play a role
in climate change because we all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions whenever we use electricity, travel in a
motorized vehicle, use just about any type of product, throw something in the trash, etc. Refer back to the graph
in Part 5 for a reminder of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. What are some ways you could
change your behavior to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Carbon Footprint Calculator (Optional): There are many things you can do to help reduce climate change and its effects
on people and the environment. Use this calculator to learn about some simple steps you can take to reduce your
impact on the planet. Take the Carbon Footprint Quiz at http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/students/calc/index.html
2. Complete the following when you receive your results:
Your Summary
Based on what you're already doing, you're avoiding _________ pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per year,
compared with the average American.
This is equivalent to the emissions from driving a car ________ miles.
If you take the additional actions that you checked above, you will avoid another _______ pounds of carbon
dioxide emissions per year.
This is equivalent to the emissions from driving a car ________ miles
Part 7: Making Connections
1. Establishing a Pattern: Earth’s climate has fluctuated throughout its history; going through warming and cooling
trends. However, recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and warming trends cannot be explained by
natural factors alone. Indicate which of the following factors influencing the climate are naturally occurring or
caused by humans. Also, state whether the factors cause an increase and/or decrease in the Earth’s
temperatures.
Factor
Solar Output
Changes in the
Earth’s Orbit
and Tilt on its
Axis
Volcanic
Activity
Burning Fossil
Fuels for Power
and Industry
Slash and Burn
Forests for
Agriculture
Burning Fossil
Fuels for
Transportation
Description
The sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of
small ups and downs in intensity, but the
effect on Earth’s climate is small.
Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit as
well as the tilt and position of Earth’s axis
can increase or decrease the amount of
sunlight reaching Earth’s surface.
Volcanoes release aerosols which can
cause a decrease in the temperature on
Earth by blocking the Sun’s energy. Some
volcanoes release large amounts of CO2
causing temperatures to rise.
Since the Industrial Revolution, humans
have been burning fossil fuels. A product
of the combustion of fossil fuels is CO2, a
greenhouse gas.
In some countries, forests are burned to
make room to plant crops. Burning trees
increases CO2 levels. Irrigated agriculture
increases solar energy absorption and the
amount of moisture evaporated into the
atmosphere.
The burning of fossil fuels by
automobiles, airplanes, ships, and trains
releases carbon dioxide and other types
of air pollution that contribute to global
climate change.
Caused by
Effect on Temperature
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
[ ] Natural
[ ] Caused by Humans
2. Establishing Cause and Effect: Refer back to the information you learned in this unit. Develop a scientific
argument that makes a connection between the increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and Earth’s
changing climate.
Claim: State your position
Evidence: What data supports
your claim?
Reasoning: How does your
data support your claim?
3. Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information: Extra, Extra! Read All About It!
Pretend to be a reporter covering the news about climate change and write a headline that sums up the main
message based on the information you learned in this lesson. Explain what evidence you used to write your
headline.
Headline:
Evidence to Support your Headline:
STUDENT HANDOUT A
Earth’s Energy Balance
Earth's temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving
the planet’s system. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed by the Earth
system, Earth warms. When the sun’s energy is reflected back into space, Earth
avoids warming. When absorbed energy is released back into space, Earth cools.
Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earth’s energy
balance.
Natural Factors that Effect Earth’s Climate
Changes in the sun’s energy affect how much energy reaches Earth’s system
Climate is influenced by natural changes that affect how much solar energy reaches Earth. These changes include
changes within the sun and changes in Earth’s orbit. Changes occurring in the sun itself can affect the intensity of the
sunlight that reaches Earth’s surface. The intensity of the sunlight can cause either warming (during periods of stronger
solar intensity) or cooling (during periods of weaker solar intensity). The sun follows a natural 11-year cycle of small ups
and downs in intensity, but the effect on Earth’s climate is small. Changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit as well as the tilt
and position of Earth’s axis can also affect the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface.
Changes in solar energy continue to affect climate. However, over the last 11 year solar cycle, solar output has been
lower than it has been since the mid-20th century, and therefore does not explain the recent warming of the earth.
Similarly, changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit as well as the tilt and position of Earth’s axis affect temperature on very
long timescales (tens to hundreds of thousands of years), and therefore cannot explain the recent warming.
Changes in reflectivity affect how much energy enters Earth’s system
When sunlight reaches Earth, it can be reflected or absorbed. The amount that
is reflected or absorbed depends on Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Lightcolored objects and surfaces, like snow and clouds, tend to reflect most
sunlight, while darker objects and surfaces, like the ocean, forests, or soil, tend
to absorb more sunlight. 70% of the sunlight that reaches the planet is
absorbed. Absorbed sunlight warms Earth’s land, water, and atmosphere.
Reflection and Absorption of Light
You can relate to the absorption of
solar energy by the color of the shirt
you wear on a sunny day. A darkcolored shirt absorbs more solar
energy than a light-colored shirt
which reflects the light.
The Role of Reflectivity in the Past
Natural changes in reflectivity, like the melting of sea ice, have contributed to climate change in the past, often acting as
feedbacks to other processes. Volcanoes have played a noticeable role in climate. When volcanoes erupt, they spew
more than lava! They also add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, along with dust, ash, and other particles called
aerosols. At certain times during the history of the Earth, some very active volcanoes added a lot of carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere, causing the planet to get warmer. However, most of the time, including today, the major effect from
volcanoes is actually cooling the Earth because aerosols block some sunlight from reaching us. If an eruption is big
enough to launch these particles high into the atmosphere, it can lead to slightly cooler temperatures around the world
for a few years.
The Recent Role of Reflectivity
Human changes in land use and land cover have changed Earth’s reflectivity. Processes such as deforestation,
reforestation, desertification, and urbanization often contribute to changes in climate in the places they occur. These
effects may be significant regionally, but are smaller when averaged over the entire globe.
In addition, human activities have generally increased the number of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Overall,
human-generated aerosols have a net cooling effect offsetting about one-third of the total warming effect associated
with human greenhouse gas emissions. Reductions in overall aerosol emissions can therefore lead to more warming.
However, targeted reductions in black carbon emissions can reduce warming.
Earth’s Recent Changing Climate is Due to Human Activity
These factors have caused Earth’s climate to change many times. Scientists have pieced together a record of Earth’s
climate, dating back hundreds of thousands of years (and, in some cases, millions or hundreds of millions of years), by
analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and
ocean sediments, and by studying changes in Earth’s orbit around
Separating the Human and Natural
the sun.
Causes of Climate Change
This record shows that the climate system varies naturally over a
wide range of time scales. In general, climate changes prior to the
Industrial Revolution in the 1700s can be explained by natural
causes, such as changes in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and
natural changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations.
Models that account only for the effects of natural processes are not
able to explain the warming observed over the past century. Models
that also account for the greenhouse gases emitted by humans are
able to explain this warming.
Source: U.S. National Climate Assessment (2014)
Recent Warming Trends Cannot be Explained by Natural Factors Alone
Recent climate changes, however, cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Research indicates that natural causes
do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20th century. Rather, it is extremely likely that
human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming.
Over the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere. The majority of greenhouse gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce energy, although
deforestation, industrial processes, and some agricultural practices also emit gases into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases are at record levels in the atmosphere. For hundreds of
thousands of years, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stayed
between 200 and 300 parts per million. Today, it's up to nearly 400 parts per
million, and the amount is still rising. Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around
Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This phenomenon
is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life on Earth.
However, the buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases can change
Earth's climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to
ecosystems. The choices we make today will affect the amount of greenhouse gases
we put in the atmosphere in the near future and for years to come.
All About Carbon Dioxide
Carbon is an element that's found all over the world and in every living thing.
Oxygen is another element that's in the air we breathe. When carbon and oxygen
bond together, they form a colorless, odorless gas called carbon dioxide, which is a
heat-trapping greenhouse gas. Whenever we burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and
natural gas—whether it's to drive our cars, use electricity, or make products—we
are producing carbon dioxide.
Source: EPA's Climate Change Indicators (2014)
The atmosphere isn't the only part of the Earth that has carbon. The oceans store large amounts of carbon, and so do
plants, soil, and deposits of coal, oil, and natural gas deep underground. Carbon naturally moves from one part of the
Earth to another through the carbon cycle. But right now, by burning fossil fuels, people are adding carbon to the
atmosphere (in the form of carbon dioxide) faster than natural processes can remove it. That's why the amount of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing, which is causing global climate change.
STUDENT HANDOUT B:
Graph of the Keeling Curve
Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Jan
338.01
339.23
340.75
341.37
343.70
344.97
346.30
348.02
350.43
352.76
353.66
354.72
355.98
356.70
358.37
359.97
362.05
363.18
365.33
368.15
369.14
370.28
372.43
374.68
376.79
378.37
381.38
382.45
385.07
Feb
338.36
340.47
341.61
342.52
344.50
346.00
346.96
348.47
351.73
353.07
354.70
355.75
356.72
357.16
358.91
361.00
363.25
364.00
366.15
368.87
369.46
371.50
373.09
375.63
377.37
379.69
382.03
383.68
385.72
Average Monthly and Annual Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
340.08 340.77 341.46 341.17 339.56 337.60 335.88 336.02 337.10
341.38 342.51 342.91 342.25 340.49 338.43 336.69 336.86 338.36
342.70 343.57 344.13 343.35 342.06 339.81 337.98 337.86 339.26
343.10 344.94 345.75 345.32 343.99 342.39 339.86 339.99 341.15
345.28 347.08 347.43 346.79 345.40 343.28 341.07 341.35 342.98
347.43 348.35 348.93 348.25 346.56 344.68 343.09 342.80 344.24
347.86 349.55 350.21 349.54 347.94 345.90 344.85 344.17 345.66
349.42 350.99 351.84 351.25 349.52 348.10 346.45 346.36 347.81
352.22 353.59 354.22 353.79 352.38 350.43 348.72 348.88 350.07
353.68 355.42 355.67 355.13 353.90 351.67 349.80 349.99 351.29
355.39 356.20 357.16 356.23 354.82 352.91 350.96 351.18 352.83
357.16 358.60 359.33 358.24 356.17 354.02 352.15 352.21 353.75
357.81 359.15 359.66 359.25 357.02 355.00 353.01 353.31 354.16
358.38 359.46 360.28 359.60 357.57 355.52 353.69 353.99 355.34
359.97 361.26 361.68 360.95 359.55 357.48 355.84 355.99 357.58
361.64 363.45 363.79 363.26 361.90 359.46 358.05 357.76 359.56
364.02 364.72 365.41 364.97 363.65 361.48 359.45 359.60 360.76
364.56 366.35 366.79 365.62 364.47 362.51 360.19 360.77 362.43
367.31 368.61 369.30 368.87 367.64 365.77 363.90 364.23 365.46
369.59 371.14 371.00 370.35 369.27 366.93 364.63 365.13 366.67
370.52 371.66 371.82 371.70 370.12 368.12 366.62 366.73 368.29
372.12 372.87 374.02 373.30 371.62 369.55 367.96 368.09 369.68
373.52 374.86 375.55 375.41 374.02 371.49 370.70 370.25 372.08
376.11 377.65 378.35 378.13 376.62 374.50 372.99 373.01 374.35
378.41 380.52 380.63 379.57 377.79 375.86 374.07 374.24 375.86
380.41 382.10 382.28 382.13 380.66 378.71 376.42 376.88 378.32
382.64 384.62 384.95 384.06 382.29 380.47 378.67 379.06 380.14
384.23 386.26 386.39 385.87 384.39 381.78 380.73 380.81 382.33
385.85 386.71 388.45 387.64 386.10 383.95 382.91 382.73 383.96
Dec
338.21
339.61
340.49
342.99
344.22
345.55
346.90
348.96
351.34
352.52
354.21
354.99
355.40
356.80
359.04
360.70
362.33
364.28
366.97
368.01
369.53
371.24
373.78
375.70
377.47
380.04
381.74
383.69
385.02
Average
338.69
339.93
341.13
342.78
344.42
345.90
347.15
348.93
351.48
352.91
354.19
355.59
356.37
357.04
358.89
360.88
362.64
363.76
366.63
368.31
369.48
371.02
373.10
375.64
377.38
379.67
381.84
383.55
385.34