TRANSACTIONS OF THE KOREA BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
VOL. XXXIX
Supplied gratis to all members of the Society
P O Box Central 255
Seoul, Korea
DECEMBER 1962
CONTENTS
In Memoriam Dr Richard Hertz President, Korea Branch Royal Asiatic Society (1898~1961)
by Gregory Henderson
Pottery Production in the Earliest Years of the Yi Period
by Gregory Henderson
Some Lesser-Known Facts About Taewongun and His Foreign Policy
by Dr. Lee Sun-keun
Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch General Report of the Council For 1961
List Of Officers For 1962
List Of Members 1961
47
55
56
1
5
23
Plate I (See page 13)
Willow wine bottle showing very late Koryo glaze and shape. Probably circ 1400, From a grave in
Yangp’yong, Kyonggi-do. Collection of the author.
Plate,Ⅱ (See page 13)
Wine Bottle. Punch’ong ware; decorated with white slip applied with a broad brush and painted in
underglaze iron. From a kiln located at Keryong-san, Ch’ungch’ong Namdo.
15 th- 16 th century
Now Toksu Palace Museum, Seoul
Picture taken from: Masterpieces of Korean Art; page 137
Plate,Ⅲ (See page 17)
Kilnsites of the Yi dynasty as listed by Asakawa
Plate IV (See page 20)
Sculptured ‘mishima’ pilgrim bottle. After the Mongol invasion, pottery became thicker and stronger so it
could be carried about on horseback, for horses became far more widely used under Mongol influence. A
flask like this was used to carry water or wine for the rider. Most such pieces come from Cheju-do or
South Cholla and were made mostly in South Cholla. The designs, as here, have notable in¬formality,
originality and verve. Probably circ 1500. From a Japanese private collection, (Photograph from Sekai
Toji Zenshu) (“Catalogue of World Ceramics”). Plate 26.
Plate V (See page 20)
Flask for warm wine of the rare type of ‘mi- shima’ (punching) which is both inlaid and sculp--tured.
Large flower design decorates the top. About 1400 A.D. Perhaps made in Hamp’yong area, South Cholla.
Author’s collection.
Plate VI (See page 21)
Covered bowl of rope ‘mishima’(punch’ong) design with inscription 星州長興庫 inlaid around the lid.
There are few, if any, other inscribed pieces known in which both bowl and cover survive. Quality is also
unusually high. 15th Century. Author’s collection.
Plate VII (See page 21)
Cover of preceding piece showing inscription.
IN MEMORIAM
DR RICHARD HERTZ PRESIDENT, KOREA BRANCH ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
by Gregory Henderson American Embassy
Dr. Richard Hertz (1898—1961)
[page 1]
IN MEMORIAM DR. RICHARD HERTZ PRESIDENT, KOREA BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATIC
SOCIETY 1959-60
by Gregory Henderson American Embassy
The man whom death took so suddenly on August 2nd, 1961, in Mexico—German Ambassador,
philosopher, author, teacher, friend to Korea and of so many of us, President and enthusiastic supporter of
the Royal Asiatic Society for Korea—was a man of unforgettable qualities.
The natural elements to whom he felt so akin forged him from the beginning in a giant mold. Far
over six feet tall, big-boned, amply girthed, large-voiced, his exuberant presence must have startled many
a Korean villager or Chongno shopkeeper on whom he chanced, in his far-flung perambulations, to
descend. Nor was this effect lessened with time though, for his friends, it became charged with great
warmth. His habit of talking, arms akimbo, his eyes rolling and flung upward as if plucking the lightening
from the clouds, made of this gigantic frame an apparition half Zeus, half Captain Ahab pursuing Moby
Dick.
The likeness, the latter one, at least, (though surely Zeus would enjoy him) was hardly
accidental. Born to a good bourgeois house in that citadel of the high bourgeoisie, Hamburg, he was the
conscious antithesis of everything this background usually symbolized: decorous materialism,
conservative opinion, formality and social stratification. Like Melville in Victorian times, he too was one
born to look beyond the tasseled curtains of those drawing rooms, to roam with speculative inquiry, zest
for storm, understanding for tragic fate. “The Hamburgers are my arch-enemies”, he would confide. (It
sounded so wonderfully strong in his German). Then he would lean back and laugh with that deepchested, warm laugh of his, full of wise fun, untinged with [page 2] rancor. Full of paradoxes, he still told
his son to marry a Hamburg girl!
The Hertzian Moby Dick was, of course, pursued in the mind, but no less relentlessly, with no
duller a harpoon. His thoughts were constantly poised over the problems of human existence, the forces of
nature, the place of man, the understanding of cultures and of arts. Like the ancient Greeks and the
philosophers and painters of the East, he was a Pantheist, seeing man in and through and subject to the
endlessly thrilling mystery and renewal of the forces of nature. One felt always in him the inspiration, the
afflatus, of this mystery and its words, now so rarely heard in our society, were constantly on his lips.
Much influenced by Zen, he had no use for ‘ultimate’, let alone dogmatic solutions, no interest in
redemption or redeemers, no taste for organized religion. He loved the play of the great natural problems,
their art and the expression they imparted to men, as, in many ways (and he was the first to acknowledge
this), the philosophers of China, Japan and Korea did and, sometimes still do. He felt deeply this bond
with the Far East and loved its depiction of man, a small figure in a world of towering peaks.
He loved art, Korean art, all art that was deep-lodged in a folk; for him, art was a symbol of the
spirtual, to be placed above all material things. Better nothing, inconvenience, emptiness, than something
ugly. For months the guests in his spacious residence sat around on cushions, low, make-shift seats on the
floor long after his Korean pottery was proudly lodged in its display cases. Yet it was amusing to see the
apprehension with which he regarded the furniture which the German Foreign Office would send him.
When it finally came, he was, perhaps, a little disappointed that it was rather handsome. All except for a
kind of ceiling baldaquin of cut glass to catch light and add glitter to festivities. This opulent object was
suspended immediately over its master as he hosted his dinner parties so that, as his eyes rolled upwards
in their heaven-borne search for [page 3] the right phrase, they invariably encountered this misplaced
symbol of earthly splendor. How often was Ahab’s spear blunted on this glass! Yet, fortunately, he had
the gift, not always given to Goetheesque searchers, of finding mirth in and about himself so he tottered
back to earth from his attempts to wrestle with the angels always happy in spirit, laughing at himself.
If his Korean guests, most of whom, it is safe to say, considered Western furniture a more
intriguing symbol than Korean folk-art, were sometimes bewildered at his convictions, some were no less
astonished at his taste. In this respect, too, he was, in contrast to most Korean collectors, utterly
unconventional. Elaborate and expensive Koryo pottery he never assembled. He acknowledged the value
of the finely-made objects of the official Yi kilns, but they, also, were not for him. In their place, great
jars made by common people at local kilns with dragons full of fantasy and motion bedecked his room.
Of simpler Koryo, he had a store when something about them besides elegance drew his eye. Over them,
around all walls, was the largest collection most of us had ever seen in one place of the paintings
associated with mudang and with shaman rites. Rough, colorful, direct, bold, unpretentious, these
paintings appealed deeply to him in a way in which they appeal to virtually none of the Korean world in
which he moved. But then, he had a love of shamanism, a seldom-found respect for it and rejoiced in no
party more than a great shaman Kut, enlivened by cocktails and lantern-light, which one sympathetic
western friend prepared for him on his departure. In shamanism and in the art which he assembled, old
and modern, he admired the expressions of men in the thrall of the mys¬terious forces of nature, men who
felt the need to strengthen, by religion or art, the bonds which them to these forces. Pedigree, reputation
or even high technique had, for him, little interest.
In him, Korea has lost both a unique and a true friend, not less because he loved this people for
the [page 4] quality closest to their own inner, spontaneous core; he loved their kibun. This quality lies
farthest from the skillful adulation of Chinese culture which burdened, almost continually, the prestige
arts of Korea. It is likewise distant from the earnest striving after western art which is the burden of today.
It was thus the many things which modern Koreans find unmodern or even undignified which he,
refreshingly, loved Uninterested in political nationalism, Dr. Hertz esteemed what Koreans drew from
their own world of mountain, river, ancient worshipped tree, dance, rite and village: the villages which
grow as naturally from the world around them as gourds do from their thatched roofs. He loved Korea for
herself, not for what others made, or tried to make, of her or for what she sought to make of herself in
another’s image. And this he did not do because he was ambassador or diplomat or German. He did it not
for international relations nor for the propaganda of his country, though both these were superbly served
thereby. What he loved in this country he loved because he had to; as a human being he could not exist
without it. The Society is proud indeed to number such a man among its members, Council Members and
Presidents. It is even prouder that, through his talks, his introductions of speakers and his wise counsel,
given on many an unforgettable Council Meeting evening, this Society served as one of the chief vehicles
through which his love and enthusiasm for Korea, during all the four years he stayed here (October, 1956September, 1960), was expressed. All who knew him, inside the Society or out, especially, perhaps, his
host of Korean artist friends, perceived that his love of this land and its culture lay deep in the
unquenchable springs of his own heart They loved him for it and mourn the loss of a spirit unique and
irreplaceable. The respect he brought for the last land in which he was destined to serve long was deeper
than most men have it in themselves to give, and was imparted with a quality of spirit none could match.
[page 5]
POTTERY PRODUCTION IN THE EARLIEST YEARS OF THE YI PERIOD
By Gregory Henderson American Embassy
I. Introduction
There are many ironies in the study of Korea and, in almost every facet of Korean history, a
liberal dose of the unknown. The ceramic arts of the Yi period are no exception; their history is replete in
both qualities.
If the men of the Yi period admired pottery, they did not very often say so. It was not a subject
on which their attention centered. Probably somewhat less than was the case for China and Japan, pottery
was not—or was usually not—part of the prestige culture of their dynasty. It was, nevertheless, a very
important part of their material culture; records show1) that, of the 2,800 technicians performing 128
different specialized tasks for the court and government of the first century of Yi rule, the potters were, by
a wide margin, the largest single group, 380 making finer, 104 rougher wares a total of over 17% of the
total of technicians officially employed by the government in early Yi times. We do, of course, find some
references to pottery and to its production in government and other records. Yet, considering that pottery
was then, far more than today, the essential and universally used means of serving and storing food and
wine throughout the dynasty; considering that it was in daily use by all the figures of that long age: king,
courtier, warrior and householder; and, considering that it had been long esteemed and connected with the
court in China; considering the major part it plays in what now remains to us of five hundred and eighteen
years of Yi rule, it is remarkable that the men of Yi chose to pass over it in such predominant silence.
1) Kang Man-gil Choson Chon’gi Kongjang-go 朝鮮前期工匠考 Investigation of Artisans in the Early
Yi Period). Sahak Yon’gu. No. 12, Sept 1961, p.p. 1-73 .
[page 6]
This sparse regard for what seems to us a chief treasure is the first irony and it runs deep. The
dynasty held many things important and talked verbosely about them: its relations with China and their
quality; its morality and ethics; its Confucianism; the purity of family breeding and the claims of families
on the court; ritual, good manners and how long a queen should be mourned; the details of a king’s daily
occupations; knowledge of Chinese and Chinese (or Chinese-style) poetry. All such things and others
occupied the leading figures of the Yi age endlessly and few men can in a lifetime read all they said about
them. Yet it is, in general, precisely their absorptions which to have died or even been discredited by time
and taste both among their descendants and among those who, from other lands and newer times, peek in
at their vanished world. Of all. but the last century of the dynasty, there remains little but a vast corpus of
history and legislation, which less than one percent of modern Koreans can read; a fair corpus of literature
and of painting, esteemed by those who counted but, in the latter case, at least, suffering somewhat from
comparison with productions in lands neighboring Korea; a few buildings (only a handful dating from
before 1600); and a rather large quantity of pottery of low-born social origin which the dynasty turned out
with what it seems to have regarded as its left hand. And not a great deal else. Of all these remainders, the
one which is probably most easily and immediately understandable and accessible to the admiration of
foreigners is precisely this last, which was least esteemed in its time. Through much of the dynasty, Yi
pottery, even when technically less perfect than Chinese ceramics, compares well with pottery
contemporary to it made in any other part of the world. It is also an important criterion of a culture, and
one easily translatable across national borders. Pottery is made in a language we can understand, the [page
7] language of daily use and of an earth almost all men know. The vocabulary of this language is broad
and is shared by almost all peoples. Its cadence may be foreign but the words are clear.
This paper briefly explores this sample of the Yi age which time, fate and the burial customs of
the early years of the dynasty have preserved for us. It was a long age; too long, perhaps. It made pottery
constantly and, though more in the south than in the north, almost all over the peninsula. The great
student of Yi kiln sites, Asakawa, Hakkyo, the only man of any nation known to have visited virtually all
known kiln locations (he discovered many himself), gives us the names of some 680 Yi dynasty kiln
sites.2) The total production of such sites for over half a millenium was enormous; even today, the pottery
remaining must be counted in at least tens of thousands of pieces, very likely in hundreds of thousands.
Regional differentiations were fairly strong. The Yi period developed many styles and several changes of
taste, just as any Western nation would have in the same long period. Clearly the subject of Yi dynasty
pottery is enormous. This paper will deal only with the threshold wares of the Yi period (circa 1392-1492)
and the conditions of their manufacture.
II. The Yi Ceramic Inheritance
a. The Koryo Tradition
The Yi dynasty started in 1392 with certain definite conditions in the field of pottery. Some of
these were fundamental to Korean pottery and some peculiar to the situation then pertaining in the
ceramic field.
The Yi inherited, virtually intact, a nation which had known over 450 years of fairly continuous
rule under the Koryo kings. During this period, Korea had
2) Asakawa, Hakkyo, “Chosen no Yoseki to Saishuhin no Kiroku”, (“Record of Korean Kiln Sites and Things
Gathered There”), Sekai Toji Zenshu. (‘‘Catalogue of World Ceramics”), Vol. 14 (Yi Dynasty) pp 231-238; and
Richo Toji Yoseki Ichiranhyo (“Table of Yi Dynasty Kiln Sites”), ibid pp 239-255.
[page 8]
stood near the forefront of world nations which from the 10th-12th centuries enjoyed high cultures.
Perhaps in no field, however, was this cultural supremacy more renowned than in the field of ceramics.
Though in form somewhat inferior to Chinese Sung ceramics, which were their great inspiration, Korea’s
celadons surpassed, in clarity of glaze, anything which the rest of the world could produce at that time.
Even though long past its peak before the end of the dynasty, Korea’s ceramic tradition was a tremendous
inheritance still, one which the new king and his court neither could nor, so far as we know, wished to
ignore. The capital was changed, there was a gradual and important shift from Buddhism to
Confucianism, there were certain changes in land ownership and among the controlling families. Yet it
took time before the changes of the Yi regime left their mark on pottery so that we can clearly
differentiate early Yi ware from its late Koryo predecessors. There is a relatively large corpus of pottery
which must be assigned to the last half century or so of Koryo or the first decades of Yi without our being
able to discern therein any dynastic line. Though a taste for rather plain white ware began within the first
century of Yi rule and the tendency to decorate it with blue designs was an innovation when it came, in
general the dynasty’s ceramic changes were gradual rather than revolutionary so that certain wares,
particularly mishima tea bowls, were still being made in styles directly successive to Koryo as late as the
middle or even later 17th century.
b. The Social Place of the Korean Potter
At least one other condition remained, apparently, without much change; perhaps unfortunately
so. Pottery continued, throughout the dynasty, and to some extent continues even today, to be the work of
the lower social classes, work which neighbored closely on the socially despised.3) Even in the case of
painting which could be practiced by gentlemen, the Korean scholar-
3) A descendant of Kwangju potters has qualified this in a recent meeting with the author. He claims that the
Kwangju potters were well-paid and most respectfully treated up to the begining of the 17th Century, but that the
kilns were increasingly little supported by the government during that century, eventually resulting in their
abandonment. Potters of local, non-government kilns had low social status.
[page 9]
painter Kang Hui-an (1419-1465), when his skill was praised, replied “Painting is lowly expertise; if a
painting of mine remains for later times it will only bring stigma on my name.” Apparently potters were
frequently slaves, or, when not, were nameless lower-class artisans.4) Evidently this had been the Koryo
system, though clearly some of the designs which lowly potters executed must originally have been drawn
as models by a refined and educated hand Late Koryo times after the Mongol ravages and particularly
after the frequent piratical raids by the Japanese on the great coastal kilns of Cholla-do must have still
further impoverished and reduced the social status of the potters, a fact which the decline in the quality of
the late ware recalls. The Yi ruling group, gradually adopting an ever more rigid form of Confucianism
which emphasized social differences, continued to freeze potters and, indeed, other technicians, into a
lowly status which finally contributed greatly to the ruin of the ancient and renowned Korean ceramic
industry. During the 1880’s, the potters at the official kilns at Kwangju, upstream from Seoul, and
elsewhere abandoned their kilns and moved to occupations where their status and rewards could improve.
It is a shame that this condition remains, in essence, the same today. By and large, the kilns are still
abandoned. Kimchi and chamber pots are turned out all over the country in a repetetive manner: there is a
little industrial pottery, but creative pottery as an artistic production is almost dead in Korea today.5) The
problem which the Yi rulers inherited a century before Columbus discovered America,
4) A very few pieces of Koryo and early Yi pottery survive with inscriptions apparently giving the name of the
maker. One is the famous Ito vase now in the Ehwa University Museum, one is in the Nedzu Museum, one is
owned by the Seoul collector, Kim Hyong-min, and one early Yi bowl is in the author’s collection. They are too
rare to form much exception to the rule.
5) During the last six years, there have been a few brave attempts to revive the making of Korean artistic pottery.
The first by a group of interested Korean cultural leaders headed by Dr Kim Che-won, Director of the Korean
National Museum, and another by Mr. Kim Hyo-chung have been unable to continue regularly. The potter Chong
Kyu continues to make artistic ware and a kiln at Ehwa University is now producing adaptations of Koryo ware.
[page 10]
a problem which the dynasty appears neither to have recognized nor solved, is inherited today by their
descendants; solution is not yet in sight. At the time of the Yi inheritance, however, Korea’s ceramic
tradition still had several centuries of creativity to run.
c. Government Hegemony over Ceramics
One further general condition was inherited likewise and continued Korea’s kilns, like other
forms of production, were not regarded primarily as forms of individual entrepreneurship in what is today
describe as ‘the private sector’; they were regarded as more or less government-connected.6) The degree
of this government control varied greatly. Yet the theory was that productive enterprises operated with
‘the grace and favor’ of the central government. An Office of Arts was established and, connected with it,
official kilns. Official kilns were the best kilns, by definition; they were best because they were set up by
the central or local government under the guidance of the government’s elaborate administrative
hierarchy to operate for the government and represent the highest standard of the nation. The most
prominent example during the Yi period were the many official kilns in Kwangju County twenty miles
upstream from Seoul. Poorer kilns were controlled little or not at all but were generally condemned to
poverty; their wares, however, are in some cases, greatly admired today, the so-called Ido (井戶) tea
bowls being, probably, examples of private produc¬tion. Operationally, there were many important
differences between the Koryo and the Yi in this regard, government control being less dominant than in
Koryo’s great days, but, by and large, I believe it can be said that the assumption of government
hegemony was the same; the assumption is far from dead today.
6) The Koryo kilns at Kangjin and Puan were probably directly government-controlled even before direct
government supervision was established over kilns in China or elsewhere. Such supervision also continued for
longer than was the case with any Sung kilns.
[page11]
III. Pottery Conditions at Opening of Yi Period
a. Introduction
Such were some of the more fundamental conditions which the Yi inherited with the Koryo
ceramic tradition. The specific situation which the Yi found in 1392 is, of course, far less clear; it has, so
far as I know, been amply described in no source materials and must therefore be surmised from an
examination of the surviving wares. Research on these wares for the purpose of showing us the
background of the kilns and their methods and administration has hardly begun. Yet several observations
can be made.
b. Mass Production and Its Quality
The quality of Koryo ceramic production was, as we have noted, much past its prime at the end
of the dynasty, The most obvious sign of this decline is seen in the glazes. Once limpid and halcyon, they
had, through the last century and a half of the dynasty, turned gradually grey, green-grey and finally
brown. During the last decades of Koryo, a first-class celadon glaze could, apparently, not be made, or,
more accurately, could not be fired with proper control and timing. Likewise the potting, never as
sensitive as the finest Sung potting, became increasingly heavy, crude and faulty. The designs lost in
fineness and, in the final decades, in complexity. Finally, over the entire last century and a half of the
ware, there was an increasing tendency toward mass-production methods imparting a somewhat
mechanical (even when hand-produced) result. The use of a stamp or mold had long been known and
practised in both China and Korea, but now the stamping of rather uniform pottery designs became
standard.
Such stamping and mass-production has its own important background in the development of
Korean material culture. It flourished in a period which also [page 12] saw the rise of other such
techniques with possibilities of reaching wider masses of people—the invention of movable type printing
in late Koryo times, the invention of han’gul in early Yi times, the introduction and spread of new
economic activities such as the growing and spinning of cotton and the rise and proliferation of the small
artisan factory. Pottery is one of the most pervasive sources of evidence we have for the economic
character of Korean society from circa 1300 until 1592 AD, and what it shows us expands our knowledge
of early Yi society and is at variance with the picture of complete decline and corruption which the early
Yi historians imputed to late Koryo times. It shows us genuine and not entirely discouraging social and
economic change, Gone is the production of elegant pottery for a court aristocracy. In its place is the
production of an even larger quantity of pottery whose standard is lower but whose use is more
widespread. The gap between the pottery of the court and that used, not by everyone, but certainly rather
widely by the people appears to have narrowed appreciably compared with what we know from tombs of
1100—1300. The late Koryo and early Yi pieces bearing the names of government offices are of a quality
very difficult to distinguish from that which appears from quite ordinary graves and are even often
inferior to many unmarked pieces whose destination appeared to be, judging from the graves, private as
well as official. Yi social tendencies gradually combatted this trend toward what the French might call
“vulgarization”—perhaps, indeed, Yi Confucian social theory may have been adopted partly to return
Korean society to a path of strict hierarchical differences from which it had been in danger of
wandering—yet, someday we might, through evidence like this, go beyond the point of saying that the
invention of han’gul in the years immediately preceding 1446 was merely the gift of a great monarch to
his people and conclude that it was also, and in part, the result of certain equalizing trends in the society
of the time and of the pressures they brought. For such trends, the [page 13] striking rise of artisans
and local factories described by Mr. Kang7) may offer important evidence.
c. Changes in Design and Taste
One other characteristc, almost opposite in trend to the industrial stamping of pottery, tells us
something about ceramic development in the 14th century. It was a sharp change in taste and in design.
We can see some illustration of this change in Plate I. The line is thicker, the inlay less delicate, the
concept less minute and fussy, the execution at once less perfect, more spontaneous and unrestrained. The
man who drew the willow on this vase failed to see all the details noted in earlier Koryo willow tree
drawing. But he saw the wind in his tree and he kept the wind in. So it is not only with plant life but
animals. Great fishes appear, drawn partly with playful humor, partly with a sense of naive terror of the
denizens of the unknown deep which reminds us of fish and monster paintings of the European Middle
Ages. (Plate II) Some would call it only degeneration of design and technique. But it is something more.
It is clearly a difference in condition. At Koryo’s height, the chief kilns were under close government
supervision, responsive to the taste of a China-oriented court aristocracy. The identity of many Koryo
designs and shapes with those of China probably show that design at the kilns was copied from drawings
produced at court, some of them copied or adapted from China. The process was well-controlled and
highly skillful; eight centuries later, it cannot be so skillfully produced today. Yet it lacked a certain
freedom and spontaneity perhaps partly because the local potters are presumed not to have originated the
concepts or designs they executed. The 14th century was sharply different Mongol invasion, Japanese
piratical depredation, foreign domination and increasing confusion and decay had apparently loosened,
perhaps almost to the breaking point, the government control of the kilns. Designs
7) See footnote 1 above.
[page14]
probably no longer came down from above. Left more largely to themselves, the potters of the provinces,
far away from the capital, worked out their own designs and modified the shapes known to them. What
had been a court art became a folk art, closer to the men who work with the soil to make pots. There was
loss of skill but there was gain in life, in warmth. Chinese influence receded, though Tzu-chou and Yuan
wares still exerted some, and a relaxed, spontaneous, sometimes naive Korean spirit came to the fore.
Through the skill-less glazes and in the gauche shapes, beauty remains, with something pathetic, wild and
lonely about it which bespeaks the uncertain age in which the makers lived.
d. The Dispersion of the Kilns
Behind this new esthetic stands the dispersal of the kilns. Of course, there were always local
kilns making local ware; of necessity, since a poor farming land cannot afford to move breakable vessels
for daily use over long distances. In palmier Koryo days, however, when there had been greater differences between court and ordinary pottery, the great clusters of official kilns at Kangjin and Puan in
Cholla-do, had monopolized the making of the highest quality court wares. The withering of central
power brought greater local independence and control. The monopoly vanished. New kilns sprang up in
many areas or, if not wholly new, participated in the diffusion of culture locally which seems to
charac¬terize late Koryo times. Cholla-do, old site of the official kilns, led the way, but Kyongsang-do
and Ch’ungch’ong-do, especially around the famous mountain near Taejon, Kyeryongsan, soon followed
and the northward march of later pottery-making proceeded until every province had well-known pottery
and even Hamgyong Pukto became famous for local wares. These kilns, largely without court orders or
patterns, worked out their own traditions by themselves. They continued until deep into Yi times the
traditions of freer, more spontaneous taste to which the conditions of late Koryo life had given birth and
they added to them a far greater variety of local [page 15] wares than Koryo had ever known. Variety and
spontaneity of spirit became, from these beginnings, the noteworthy characteristics of Yi pottery as a
whole.
IV. Yi Dynasty Kiln Sites
a. List During Sejong’s Reign
Something should be said about the sites of the Yi kilns and what kind of ware they produced. A
few listings are available. One is given in fascicles 148-150 of that portion of the Yi Dynasty Annals
devoted to the reign of the great King Sejong, the han’gul king (1419-1450), which lists the names of all
important kiln sites in Korea in that period noting whether each site made high, middle or low quality
pottery.8) The numbers of kilns said by official record to be located in each province is followed by the
locations of the provincial sites. The two do not correspond exactly, for reasons which reqire further
study, but the deviation is small except in the case of P’yongan-do and Kangwon-do. The figures are as
follows:
Number of kilns said to be in each Number of kilns whose location is actually
province
specified
Kyonggi-do
41
31
Chungchong-do 55
61
Kyongsang-do 71
72
Cholla-do
56
62
Hwanghae-do
24
29
Kangwon-do
24
12
P’yongan-do
47
23
Hamgyong-do 21
20
339
311
P’yongan-do and Kangwon-do were not important loci of pottery manufacture and it looks as if
the officials had either overstated the number of kilns in an effort to bring their provinces nearer the
national
8) Reproduced from Sekai Toji Zenshu (STZ) op. cit., ed. Koyama, Fujio, Kawade Shobo, Vol 14, 1956, p.p. 225230
[page 16]
average or a number of kilns in these two provinces were so insignificant that their locations were
unknown or were not thought worth recording. The list was done by men of the most stringent quality
standards. Of all the sites listed or specified, only three—less than 1%—were credited with producing
high-class ware: Sangju and Koryong in western Kyongsang Pukto and Kwangju, 20 miles up the Han
River from Seoul. Confirmation by shards of this quality rating cannot be fully established, though all
three areas have, at various times, been noted for pottery production and Kwangju particularly produced,
as a government kiln site, high quality ware through most of the dynasty. Approximately 27% of the
kilns, according to the above, were in the four large northern provinces and 73% in the smaller southern
provinces; roughly, we can say that the southern third of the Korean peninsula in Sejong’s time had two
thirds of the kiln sites. While this list is an obvious springboard for research, work on it has never been
completed. The Japanese expert Asakawa Hakkyo notes9) that the place names given have changed many
times since Sejong’s day and do not always correspond completely with places given the same names
today. He also noted many difficulties in squaring this list with his own investigations of the shards he
found at Yi dynasty kiln sites. The general situation Asakawa portrays, however, corresponds with the
Sejong list and can be confirmed.
b. Asakawa’s list
Asakawa’s own larger record of the Yi dynasty kiln sites is a valuable part of the great Japanese
set Sekai Toji Zenshu (Vol 14, pp 231-255). Drawing on the entire five hundred years of the dynasty
whereas the former list drew only on its first half century, Asakawa found 678 Yi kiln sites in the Korean
peninsula scattered as follows through the provinces, five of which had, by Asakawa’s time, been divided
into north and south:
9) above footnote
[page17]
Kiln Sites in Each Province as Visited and Identified
Kyongsang Namdo
Kyongsang Pukto
Cholla Namdo
Cholla Pukto
Ch’ungch’ong Namdo
Ch’ungch’ong Pukto
Kyonggi-do
Hwanghae-do
Kangwon-do
P’yongan Namdo
P’yongan Pukto
Hamgyong Namdo
Hamgyong Pukto
Total
by Asakawa
50
57
95
44
93
15
167
38
28
19
22
15
35
678
To this list is appended Asakawa’s record of the type of shard found at each site and his opinion
as to the period (Early, Middle, Later or End) during the Yi dynasty when the kiln operated. The large
number for Kyonggi-do reflects chiefly the 67 sites of the chief official kilns of the Yi period at Kyonggido Kwangju. No pottery seems to have been made within the walls of Seoul; the humble art of the potter
was not allowed to demean the prestigious precincts of the Yi capital. In this list the same northern area
(here six provinces), which in the Sejong list had 27%, here have just over 23%, thus confirming the great
dominance of the southern provinces in pottery making. It is interesting that, in Asakawa’s listing, the
four west-coast provinces of southern Korea, the two Chollas, South Ch’ungch’ong and Kyonggi, contain
nearly 60% of all sites. The situation is fairly well shown in the illustrated map of Yi dynasty kiln sites
taken from Asakawa’s article.(Plate III)
c. Records Concerning Government Potters
Note might also be made of a third brief compilation prepared in Number 12 of the Korean
magazine Sahak Yongu, October 1961, by the young Korean [page 18] scholar Kang Man-gil chiefly from
materials found in the Yi Dynastic Annals (see Footnote 1). Mr Kang finds lists of the 2nd year of
Songjong (1471), near the height of the official production of mishima ware, showing that 2,759 artisans
were than engaged in turning out 128 different products (everything from saddle decorations to figured
silk) for 30 government offices. These artisans were directly employed by the central government not
only in Seoul, however, but in the local branches of the central government where pottery was made for
its use and under its direction. 386 of these artisans turned out dishes and bowls and 104 were concerned
with the manufacture of large pots. The 490 men listed as engaged in pottery manufacture consti¬tuted
the largest single specialized service in the government, 17% of all the 2,795 employed. In addition to
those hired by the central government 3,764 were technicians attached to the various provincial
governments. A far smaller percentage and number of these, only 96 (2 1/2, %) were potters, of whom 43
came from Cholla-do, 26 from Kyongsang-do, 21 from Ch’ungch’ong- do, 6 from Kyonggi-do and none
from any other province. The reasons for this great concentration in the south and in the west may lie
partly with the excellent clay resources of such areas as Hadong; but this is a rather minor factor as the
kilns at Kwangju, which imported their clay from rather distant sites in Kangwon-do, like Yanggu, show
us. Wood was, by itself, not a prime determinant; for if it were, pottery-making would have been more
concentrated in heavily-forested Hamgyong and Kangwon-do where, in fact, little pottery was made. Of
course, major pottery-making areas did, in general, have good combinations of clay, wood, lime, quartz,
feldspar, kaolin and talc needed in pottery manufacture Kiln concentration southward had, however,
additional historical and cultural reasons. It was the southwest coast which lay toward China, an
important time-worn avenue through which the great Chinese wares stimulated Korea. Here was the
ancient area of continuous and settled culture and here, until the tragic dying out of [page 19] the art
during the later Yi period, was the potter population with centuries of accumulated skills. Here also, of
course, were many of the private potters in villages with their own pottery traditions. No list for these men
survives and probably none was ever made.
While these lists give us two rather substantial charts through which to steer our course among
the sites of Yi pottery, it is clear that only the surface of research on this subject has been scratched. It is
hoped that the new Department of Archeology at Seoul National University will awaken more interest in
this study for which so many fascinating materials abound.
v. The Major Categories of Yi Pottery
Yi pottery can be divided into many types, several broad categories being of major importance.
a. Punch’ong Mishima
At the same time the broadest and the most ill-defined of the categories of Yi ware is that which
is still most widely known by a Japanese name: Mishima. The different Korean word Punch’ong covering
approximately this category is now gaining currency. The origin of the word mishima is controversial and
it has been used to cover far too broad a field but it refers chiefly to the inlaid celadon wares of the late
Koryo and early Yi period, particularly to the stamped ware. The use of stamps or molds was ancient in
China and goes back into the Silla period in Korea. For some reason, the chrysanthemum design became
particularly widespread in stamped and inlaid celadons of the last 200 years of the Koryo dynasty and the
most commonly-accepted of the many explanations for the term mishima is that it derived from the design
of chrysanthemum strings which was used on an almanac published by a Shinto shrine located in the town
of Mishima near the Isu peninsula, this design greatly resembling that on late Koryo ware. [page20] At
first used in separate sprays or strings, the design grew ever closer and more compact and minute,
achieving, apparently in the decades surrounding the beginning of Yi, a decidedly mille fleurs effect
which can be seen on many bowls. This design in turn evolved, also in very early Yi times, into the
simple cross-hatching known as the rope-curtain design which became so characteristic of the early Yi
wares that it almost evokes, the aura of an official style. These and all the many related versions of
mishima wares were all executed by the punch’ong method, a process of incising and stamping a design
in the clay, then brushing white slip across the whole pattern, allowing it to fill the depressions and then
wiping the higher parts free of the slip. A rare category, here illustrated in Plate 5, is both sculptured and
inlaid. Among the several mishima categories distinguished by Japanese scholars is one made around the
opening of the dynasty and called from indentations too high to be filled, “sculptured mishima”; here
illustrated by a rare example. (Plate IV)
b. Inscribed Mishima
One subcategory of mishima is made particularly interesting by the inscriptions
preserved on its pieces These are mishima wares, mostly bowls, several dozen of which, at least, are
known to exist, which have short inscriptions, usually of from one to five Chinese characters, inlaid into
them. Often these inscriptions describe in full or in abbreviation an office of the central government,
inscriptions being known for six such offices.10) It is probable that this practice arose in the confusion
and corruption of late Koryo times to prevent an excessive number of pieces intended for court use from
disappearing into private hands. Under the organization-minded Yi kings, it was probably continued as a
control mechanism, perhaps in an effort to raise the quality of
10) STZ, Vol. 14, pp 199-202, Koyama, Fujo, Reihin Mishima, lists the following such offices: 長 興庫
(Changhung-go); 內資寺 (Naeja-si) 禮賓寺 (Yebin-si); 仁壽府 (Insu-bu); 內膽寺 (Naech’om-si): 德寧府
(Tongnyong-bu). The last of these occurs on only one known example.
[page 21]
a ware which the Yi kings and their advisors may have realized was not fully worthy of a nation of
Korea’s antecedents and its honored place in the circle of Chinese culture. For example, we find in the
Taejon Hoet’ong, one of the main codes of early Yi law, the regulation that pottery pieces sent as gifts to
the court should bear the name of the maker so that the maker and, particularly, the supervising local
official, could be made responsible. With the proliferation of kilns, it had evidently become more difficult
for the government to maintain standards, the government’s exactions of ‘gifts’ from local kilns were
probably disliked, and the potters may have displayed their aversion by producing goods of low quality.
In many cases, the inscription bears the name of a locality which produced the ware for the central office.
About fourteen such local names appear on inscriptions some of these frequently.11) Of the fourteen, the
eleven more commonly appearing are from Kyongsang-do; two rarer inscriptions are of locales in Chollado and one rare one designates Haeju in Hwang¬hae-do. Strong differences do not appear between pieces
marked as coming from one locality and those marked as coming from another. Kyongsang-do was the
locus of particularly vigorous artisan, small-scale industrial growth during this period. We know from the
Dynastic Annals that, of a total of 3,664 shops or artisan factories producing every manner of goods for
court use in the early Yi period, 1,152, or nearly one-third, were located in Kyongsang-do. It is an
unexplained irony that, despite the control aim of these inscriptions, the pieces on which they appear are
usually of rather low, sometimes very low, quality. The illustrations here shown depict the only inscribed
pieces of high mishima quality known. (Plates VI and VII). The inscribing of pieces with the names of
government offices seems to have ended about the time of Sejo (1456-68) and to have been practiced
during the preceding one hundred years.
11) In approximately descending order of frequency: Kyongju, Kyongsan, Miryang, Ch’angwon, Kimhae, Ulsan,
Songju, Yangsan, Chinju, Onyang, Samga (Hyopch’on), Yean, Kimsan and Haeju.
[page22]
Mishima ware had deep roots in Korean soil; it was productive and long-lasting. Its greatest and
most typical period was probably the first century of Yi rule from 1392-1492. Yet pieces described under
this name were made over a much longer period than this, probably from the middle of the thirteenth
century on, some say, for some four hundred years. Even after the end of the Hideyoshi invasion, in the
16th century, when the Japanese, always mishima lovers, sent experts to the Pusan area to stimulate the
production of ceramics for the tea ceremony, it is said that wares which can be called mishima—an
artificially stimulated variety- continued to be made. Inherited from late Koryo and long improvised on, it
is the great early ware of the Yi.
Mishima was an inherited taste for the Yi. Its survival and even flourishing in Yi times is another
sign that, like Buddhism, the culture of the preceding Koryo period, recognized as great, died slowly
among the Korean people. It is with the slightly later wares that we begin to enter the unique taste of the
Yi: the ware of brushed white slip known widely by its Japanese name ‘hakeme’; the extraordinary early
avant-gardism of the Kyeryongsan pottery; the chaste, austere Yi white, ceramic symbol of the taste of the
state cult of Confucianism; blue-and-white, symbol of the Yi’s adulation of Ming culture; and tea bowls,
another survival of the world of Buddhist values within the Yi age. These, with all their complex
problems, must be the subject of a further study. With mishima, we gain access to no more than the
threshold of the ceramic arts of the Yi dynasty.
SOME LESSER-KNOWN FACTS ABOUT TAEWONGUN AND HIS FOREIGN POLICY
by Dr Lee Sun-keun from his lecture to the Society on May 2, 1962
[page23]
SOME LESSER-KNOWN FACTS ABOUT TAEWONGUN AND HIS FOREIGN POLICY
by Dr. Lee Sun-keun from his lecture to the Society on May 2, 1962.
A few years ago the Jindan Society asked me to write abont modern Korean history. My book
was published last year and came to be known to some of you. Not too long ago the Council of the Royal
Asiatic Society asked me to discuss a portion of the book at one of its regular monthly meetings.
It did not seem wise to select an extensive subject. Therefore, I chose to discuss Taewon-gun, the
Regent, who, as most of you know, can be rightly called the forerunner of dictatorship in modern Korea.
Most probably you know him as an inscrutable, stubborn politician. He was a dictator who massacred
Christians and fought a couple of engagements with the French Navy in 1866 and with the American
Navy in 1871. Especially the latter is celebrated as the “48-Hour War,” the shortest engagement in the
annals of the American navy.
Your impressions of him are not unreasonable. But when we look at the inside facts of history,
we see that Taewongun was not as stubborn, anti-Christian and chauvinistic as he is pictured. On the
contrary we find him a bold reformist who wanted to do something for his country, a man who was not
blindly hostile to Christianity, but had intimate relations with it.
First, in introducing Taewongun, this is his title and not his name. Under the hereditary
monarchy this title was given to a king’s father who did not ascend the throne. The name of the person,
whom I am now going to introduce to you, was Yi Ha-ung (李夏應). His title before his son became king
was Hungson-gun(興宣君). [page24]
Before his son Myongbok became king, while still a child, Yi Ha-ung was desperately poor and
had no position in politics. Under the regime, so called Sedo of the Andong Kim (安東金) family, he
allied himself with unfortunate politicians and mixed with the nondescripts of the town. It is interesting to
note that most of his friends belonged to the Namin, or South Sect. Those belonging to the South Sect
contributed much to our culture by importing Christianity to our country. It is clear therefore that Yi Haung was not anti-Christian before he came to power. We should also note that his wife, Madame Min, was
a considerable Christian. The nurse of his son, King Kojong, was also a baptized Christian. His wife and
his son’s nurse being Christians, we can easily tell that he was not anti-Christian from the beginning. I
refer you to Dallet’s “Catholic Church in Korea” for further details concerning this matter.
Furthermore, Prince Hungson was a dilettante in the Oriental sense, who liked music and folk
dance, poetry and orchids, an artist in a sense. Togther with Min Yong-ik (聞泳翊) and Kim Ung-won
(金應元) of modern Korea, he is called one of the “Three Orchids” in tribute to his wonderful technique
in painting. He preceded the two others and exhibited a unique style.
This will naturally make you wonder how he could have suddenly changed his attitude,
persecuted Christians, unwisely fought the two Western powers and become a despot. I will try to give
the reasons and inside facts behind his attitude.
On the surface Ha-ung pretended to be a dissolute rake but he was a politician of the highest
grade with unusual talent and wit. It was at the time when the Andong Kim family, the Queen’s relatives,
held power. Members of the royal blood line were banished or killed as traitors if they appeared clever or
made political complaints. Ha-ung, therefore, affected to be a fool and [page 25] rake and avoided the
suspicion of his enemies by leading a dissolute life. In fact he was neither a fool nor an incapable man.
Averting the attention of the Andong Kim family, he was able to become intimately acquainted with
Queen Cho, the grandmother of the King, who had the strongest influence in the court. When King
Ch’oljong died, Ha-ung arranged for Queen Cho to adopt his son Myongbok (命福) and that through his
active and thorough operations make him succeed the king.
At any rate he put his son on the throne in 1864 and made Queen Cho regent for the king in
name. From that time on he came to possess all the power of the government and commanded the whole
nation. At the same time he enforced great domestic reforms with the applause of the people. His
outstanding reforms are as follows:
First, he overthrew the power of the corrupt Andong Kim family and, under a strong central
government, stopped the exploitation and violence of the aristocracy.
Second, he severely regulated voracious and corrupt officials who had deceived and extorted the
people and punished government officials who embezzled public funds.
Third, he amended the tax system which had become confused in the extreme. The aristocracy
had been exempt from taxes but Taewongun imposed duties on them and abolished miscellaneous taxes
which were levied by the court or King’s relatives for private purposes.
Fourth, he disbanded about 650 Confucian temples spread throughout the country and allowed
only to remain. Like the temples of Western Europe before the French Revolution, the Confucian
aristocracy possessed [page 26] various privileges, and harassed the people. He put an end to this.
Fifth, he published law codes such as “Taejon Hoet’ong” (大典會通), and “Yukchon Chore”
(六典條例) and also improved and enlarged such books as “Collection of Eastern Diplomatic Papers”
(交隣志) and “Diplomacy with Neighboring Countries” (同文彙考) and other similar books, on foreign
relations. He made some changes in the vehicles for ordinary citizens and government officials and
simplified clothing and other folk customs.1)
Our doubt as to why Taewongun persecuted Christians with whom he had been on good terms
becomes intensified now that we learn of his many wonderful domestic reforms and talented
administration.
First of all we have to take into consideration the infiltration south of Russian imperialism ana
the poor knowledge of Taewongun and his courtesans about things outside the country. I will tell you a
more detailed story.
As some of you may know, the year 1860 was an important period which occasioned grave
changes in the Far East. The allied forces of England and France attacked the capital of the Ching
Dynasty in mainland China and Peking fell, to the great surprise of the peoples of Asia. Taking advantage
of this opportunity, Russia took over a vast territory, 700 miles wide, east of the Ussuri River without
expending a penny or a drop of blood, by merely scaring the old and weak China. With the end of the
Second World War the United Nations forces, after a bloody fight, brought Imperial Japan to her knees.
At this moment the imperialism of Red Russia skilfully took Manchuria and North Korea. This is a copy
1) On pp 163-222 of my “History of Korea, Modern Period”, Han’guksa Choegunse p’yon, (韓國史最近世編), I
gave a detailed explanation of the domestic reform of the Regent, dividing it into 6 sections. Here only the main
points are given.
[page27]
of the imperialistic move made by White Russia in 1860.
At any rate, in 1860 Russia came to border our country at the Tumen River for the first time in
our history. Borrowing Griffis’ expression, the Korean tiger at that time was threatened by the polar
bear.2) As far as I can see, the Korea tiger was young and weak, totally ignorant and inexperienced in
modern warfare. In comparison the polar bear was fully equipped with modern weapons and had burning
avarice and a warlike spirit.
This greedy bear crossed the border from 1884 onwards, threatened the magistrate of
Kyonghung (慶興) and demanded the gates to be opened and trade permitted. Concerning Russian
activities at this time, some foreign annals indicate that Russian battleships came to Wonsan and asked for
trade.3) There is no such record in Korean documents.
I believe it more probable that the Russian bear simply crossed the Tumen river, instead of
invading by sea.
The Far Eastern Russian officials, escorted by Cossack cavalry, visited Kyonghung on the shore
of the Tumen river many times during the period between 1864 and 1865. Using bad interpreters and
submitting illegible Russian documents, they threatened to march to Hamhung (咸與), the capital of
Hamgyong (咸鏡) Province.
When these alarming reports were continually transmitted to the central government,
Taewongun, who had been so bold in his domestic reform, became very much
2) Griffis, “Corea the Hermit Nation”, 1907, New York, p. 371 “The Russian bear jostled the Corean tiger.”
3) Foreign authors write thus, prominently Ballet’s “Histoire de Eglise de Coree”, Paris, 1874 and Longford’s “The
Story of Korea”, 1911.
[page28]
embarrassed. At first he reproached the local magistrate and executed the Korean who had led the
Russians; but the latter were not daunted and continued to disturb the peace of mind of Taewongun, then
living in Seoul.4) Unable to understand the identity and intentions of the Russian bear, Taewongun
actually lost his appetite. His troubles did not long remain hidden from his beloved wife. Madame Min, a
Christian, was also deeply troubled for her husband’s sake.
One day Mrs. Pak, the baptised nurse, came on a visit. Madame Min asked her what should be
done about the Russians. The two women agreed that the best way would be to use the French
missionaries who had infiltrated into the country to propagate the Catholic Church. Thus the staff of the
Catholic Church decided to counsel Taewongun on his foreign policy towards Russia and submitted a
letter by way of Cho Ki-jin (趙基晋), Taewongun’s daughter’s father-in-law. Although we have no way
of knowing the exact contents of the original, it is known that the following points were made:
First, the general international situation at the time was described. In short, Russia was
represented as a strong nation but not quite as strong as France and England.
Second, Korea should abandon her closed-door policy. Instead she should join hands with
France or conclude a three-nation treaty with France and England. The Russian problem would then solve
itself.
Third, in order to promote international alliances, Bishop Berneux, who had come into the
country under cover, should be asked to make arrangements with French Minister Bellonet in Peking. If
possible Taewon¬gun should first see Bishop Berneux and also invite Minister Bellonet to Seoul and
open Korean and French diplomatic talks.
4) For detailed explanation see pp 226-229 of “History of Korea, Modern Period”according to Vol I of “King
Kojong’s Annals”(高宗實錄).
[page 29]
How wonderful these recommendations were! About a hundred years ago our Christians were
clever enough to recommend a Korean and French or a Korean, French and British alliance, and that
under cover. If their plan had succeeded without interruption, Korea would have been modernized at the
same period as the Japanese and avoided the tragic yoke of Japanese imperialism. But the plan failed and
only resulted in the persecution of Christians and an armed conflict between Korea and France.
Let us follow the story a little further. First of all the letter of recommendations was drafted by
Kim Myon-ho (金勉浩), Hong Pong-ju (洪鳳周) and other Christians who were not skilled in drafting
papers. Perhaps displeased with the inferiority of style in the letter, Taewongun ignored it. When his wife
and Mrs. Pak learned this, they went for advice and action to Nam Chong-sam (南鍾三), the King’s
secretary, who was at the same time their Christian representative and a young devotee. Nam Chong-sam
was the son of the former secretary, Nam Sang-gyo (南尙敎). They both belonged to the South Sect and
had been intimate friends with Taewongun for a long time.
Nam Chong-sam drafted a good alternative letter, met Taewongun in person ana handed it to
him. Taewongun now paid attention to the letter and treated Nam kindly. He took him to one side and
asked him about Christian doctrines. Taewongun expressed his readiness to follow the recommendations
and told him to arrange a meeting with Bishop Berneux “in secret.”
This story is generally based on the records of Dallet. How wonderful would it have been if Nam
Chong-sam and other leaders of the Catholic Church at that time had been more enthusiastic and active in
arranging the Taewongun-Berneux meeting! But they [page 30] were not so. When they received a
satisfactory reply, Nam Chong-sam and the staff of the Catholic Church were immeasurably happy, spent
all their time congratulating themselves, and neglected more important duties.
They exultingly believed that now that their first step had proven so successful, they would soon
be able to obtain freedom of religion and the right to propagate their faith. Therefore they collected
together their believers, celebrated special services and spread the word around. They divulged the secret
instead of keeping it as Taewongun had told them.
Thus, they spent several months fruitlessly. Towards the end of 1865 they were able to get in
touch with Bishop Berneux who was engaged in secret missionary activity in a small village in Hwanghae
(黃海) Province and asked him to go to Seoul for a meeting with Taewongun. They were not able to pay
the travelling expenses to cover a pony and a servant and borrowed the money from Cho Ki-jin,
Taewongun’s daughter’s father-in-law. This was an extremely slipshod and loose operation.
I suggest that this casualness was the most direct cause of the tragedy that followed.
They had not kept the secret as Taewongun had most earnestly asked them. Consequently, a
rumor became widespread through Seoul that the Unhyon (雲峴) Palace, Taewongun’s residence, was
frequented day in and day out by Catholics. Queen Cho and other intimate ministers of state, who formed
Taewon-gun’s political backbone, reproached him, making the politician’s position extremely
embarrassing.
Word was brought from the Chinese empire, the greatest land on earth, that Christianity and
foreigners were being rejected in that country. At this point [page 31] politician Taewongun changed his
mind rapidly. He would be condemned for his involvement with the Catholics, the outlaws, when his rash
negotiations with the Christians, in the hopes of defending the country against Russia, became public
knowledge.
At the end of 1865 Nam Chong-sam called on him and said that Bishop Berneux was in Seoul to
meet him. Taewongun at once rejected the interview and said to Nam Chong-sam, “Stop worrying your
head with such matters. Go to the country to celebrate New Year’s Day and give my regards to your
father.” This was the end of all Korea-France alliance theories and indeed the signal for Christian
persecution.
Nam Chong-sam told his father, Nam Sang-gyo, what had happened. Nam Sang-gyo knew
Taewongun’s character well and pointed out the off-hand manner in which the Christian leaders had
conducted the affair. “Soon a disaster will befall us,” he said to his son in sad prediction, “but let us die
like Christians.”5)
In eariy January, 1866 Taewongun began his persecution and murder of Christians. In less than
three years 800 Korean Christians and 9 French missionaries were murdered6). In 1866 a naval war had
to be fought around Kanghwa Island when French battleships invaded. Regrettably enough Napoleon III’s
France, with which Taewongun once contemplated alliance, became an ememy. Until the signing of a
formal treaty of amity in 1889 by Ambassador F.G. Cogordan and Ambassador Kim Man-sik, the
relations between France and Korea were severed.
The invasion of Imperialist Russia was the principal
5) See pp 229-240 of “History of Korea, Modern Period” concerning the progress of negotiations between the
Regent and Christian leaders.
6) Opinions vary as to the exact number of people killed under the Regent’s Christian persecution. My estimate is
based on the “Catholic Year Book”, 1956, p. 24.
[page 32]
reason for this tragedy. Secondly, Taewongun and other political leaders at that time were almost blind to
the international situation.
Thirdly the leading members of the Catholic Church were responsible for incurring
Taewongun’s reaction, despite his original pro-Christian inclinations, by failing to arrange negotiotions
with him with alertness and sincerity.
Finally, French Minister to China, Bellonet, and Roze, Commander of the French fleet in the Far
East, despised Korea and had the effrontery to bring armed battleships twice within Korean territory
without obtaining the agreement of the Korean government. They withdrew with nothing accomplished
but had stimulated Taewongun’s foolish pride to no purpose and made him intensify his persecution of
Christians in Korea. This was by no means wise.
Next let us turn our attention to the 48-hour war between Korea and the United States, the
shortest engagement ever fought in the history of the U.S. Navy. Why did it take place? Among the many
possible reasons I should especially like to tell you one interesting story. You know that this war was due
to the bizarre General Sherman incident. Registered with the United States, the General Sherman was
unusually well armed for a merchant marine. She came sailing up the Taedong (大同) River in 1869. Her
sailors committed violence, their language was incomprehensible to the natives, and not knowing the tide,
the ship became stranded. In desperation the sailors fired guns. Consequently the whole ship and her crew
were burned to death. The U.S. was not proud of the unfortunate General Sherman incident and wanted to
settle the matter quietly and peaceably.
For four or five years the U.S. sent Commodore Shufeldt’s “Wachusett” and Commander
Febiger’s “Shenandoah” to [page33] search the shores of the Korean peninsula; to no purpose7). In
1871 Admiral Rodgers led a small fleet and came to Korea. President Grant instructed his Minister in
Peking, Frederick Low, to do three things:
1. Arrange a treaty of commerce with the Korean Kingdom if possible.
2. Obtain an agreement from the Korean government guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked
sailors.
3. Unless the flag were insulted, to abstain from force, Minister Low to be responsible for either
peace or war.8)
From this we can tell that President Grant and the American government did not want to use
force in order to define responsibility for the General Sherman incident and hoped to take the opportunity
of signing a commerce treaty. Minister Low accordingly sent a note, through the Peking government, to
Taewongun in March 1871 to the following effect.
“In 1866 two U.S. merchant marines reached your shore. One of them met a storm but was saved.
The other also met a storm but her crew and cargo were all lost. We are afraid that you have not heard of
the U.S. flag. Furthermore, we can not understand why you saved one and hurt the other. I and Admiral
Rodgers will bring battleships to your country and make negotiations on a commerce treaty but want to
know as promptly as possible your attitude as to how to lend mutual assistance and cooperation when an
American ship runs into trouble within your territory in the future.9)
When he received this note, Taewongun’s government
7) See pp 277-286 of “History of Korea, Modern Period” for the General Sherman incident.
8) From B.W. von Block’s “America’s 48-Hour War” in Stag, Oct, 1956
9) From the continued edition of Vol.11 of the Yearbook of Tongmun- gwan-ji (通文館誌), Diplomatic Papers,
1871 and from Ilsong-nok (日省錄) Court Diary, February, 1871.
[page 34]
acknowledged the rescue of one ship but denied harming the other. Indeed in 1866 an American merchant
marine, the Surprise, was wrecked near the shore at Sonch’onp’o (宣川浦), Pyongan(平安) Province. The
local officials rescued Captain McCaslin and his crew, treated them kindly and sent them on their way.
They also knew that this ship was an American vessel.
As for the Sherman incident which took place near Pyongang(平壤) the interpreter at that time
was a British missionary, Reverend Thomas, and the Korean government thought the Sherman was a
British ship. When Peking made inquiries about the lost American ship, the Korean government
consistently replied that although they had known about a British ship which had caught on fire of its own
accord, they had not harmed an American merchant marine. A letter was drafted in reply to Minister
Low’s note and sent to Peking.
“We have rescued and given safe conduct to American ships in the past and we will continue to
rescue and give safe conduct to American ships when they meet with trouble in the future. As for trade,
we do not have any materials available for trade and we don’t feel the need for a commerce treaty. We
hope to dissolve doubts between us and live together without conflict”10)
This reply expresses the readiness of the Korean government to rescue those shipwrecked but at
the same time refuses commerce from the stubborn closed-door policy that prevailed at that time. Nor did
the government want American ships to visit the country.
After the illegal exhumation of Taewongun’s father’s grave at Toksan(德山),
Chungchong(忠淸), Province, by Oppert of Prussia, who came on the Rona, the Korean people, who did
not distinguish between different
10) Source same as note (9).
[page35]
Westerners at that time, concluded that iron-clad foreign vessels always brought the same kind of people.
As Minister Low had pointed out, Korea did not know the meaning of a national flag and had no way of
telling American, French and English flags apart. Also there had been no formal relations with the West
and nobody had told Korea what a national flag meant. If the advanced countries of Europe had been
broadminded enough, they would not have blamed Korea too harshly.
At any rate Minister Low notified through Peking that he would “come”; the Korean government
replied, also through Peking, that “he better not”. In May 1871 Minister Low and Admiral Rodgers
appeared on the shore of Korea with a fleet composed of 5 battleships. They sailed slowly, taking
soundings, and delivering letters to local officials who came out to inquire, stating that they wanted trade
talks. By the last week of May the fleet had passed Yongjong (永宗), Island and appeared near Pupyong
(富平). Thus an uninvited guest had intruded and the Taewongun government became as watchful as it
had in the case of the French fleet. In the meantime an official delegation was sent from the central
government to the fleet to ask their business. In the Korean court nobody spoke English so they had to
choose an interpreter who was good at Chinese. The official inquirers, called Munjonggwan (問情官),
visited the ship on 31 May. Secretary Drew talked with the Korean officials but learned that they were
lower than grade 3 in the Korean official hierarchy. Both Admiral Rodgers and Minister Low were very
angry. “Mr. Low would not lower himself,” they said. “Order them off the ship! The United States
government does not negotiate with clerks!”11)
Consequently, the Korean officials were put off the ship. Admiral Rodders was very
excited and ordered Captain Homer C. Blake to take the Palos and Mon-
11) Griffis’s “Corea the Hermit Nation”, p. 408. Von Block’s “America’s 48-Hour War”
[page36]
ocacy, both battleships, and four steam launches and “survey and examine” the Kanghwa straits. An
armed engagement followed. What is the direct cause of the engagement?
Before elucidating the cause, I would like first to define the function of inquirers sent by the
Government. Foreign vessels entered our territory after the 19th century. Every time a foreign vessel
arrived, an inquiry mission was sent from among local officials near the shore off which the ship lay to
ascertain her business. If her business was concerned with the central govern¬ment, an inquiry mission
was then sent from the central government and confirmed the reports of the first mission. After that,
depending on the nature of the matter, high-ranking ministers of state would present themselves for talks.
In this case, therefore, the Korean government was following the regular procedure.
The most unfortunate thing is that although there were able interpreters fluently versed in
Japanese, Chinese, Mongolian and Manchurian, nobody spoke English, French, German or any other
European tongue. The eight inquirers that visted the American fleet had to speak only through Mr. Drew,
the American interpreter, who was as far as I can gather completely ignorant of the Korean language. He
had been a customs clerk in South China and even though he knew Chinese, he could not have been well
acquainted with the official Peking dialect. Hence Mr. Drew’s interpretation was very dubious.
It is, moreover, easy to conjecture that he did not know the nature of the inquirers. Had there
been on board the ship any one of my respected Western friends who speak Korean or if any of the
inquirers had spoken English, Admiral Rodgers would not have been so excited. Instead of ordering them
off the ship, he would have asked Mr. Drew to treat them with kindness. Had the inquirers been properly
treated, high-ranking [page 37] government officials would have come for negotiations as the next step
and the Americans would have avoided unreasonable “examination and survey,” and would have averted
the 48-hour war at Fort Kwangsong(廣城鎭). At the same time Korea-U.S. trade talks could then have
opened. As Professor Griffis points out, “A golden opportunity was here lost.”12) In this short
engagement the U.S. could have won but Americans at a later period say:
“Victory, yes. It was a victory. But not one of which anyone could be proud or which anyone
wanted to remember.13)
I respect Americans for this and I myself don’t want to remember this short war between Korea
and America. I had to tell of it because it is a part of Taewongun’s story. Because of the language barrier
neither side could understand the other and brought about an unintentional tragedy. Even today linguistic
misunderstanding can cause serious problems in international relationships.
Next, let me tell you a few interesting facts about the so-called argument for the conquest of
Korea, Seikan-ron (征韓論), propounded by some Japanese, which is a point of great interest in studying
Korea-Japan relations in the Taewongun period. According to documents and writings heretofore
propagated by Japan concerning this matter, the entire blame is placed on the Korean government under
Taewongun. If we study the matter carefully, however, we cannot blame the Taewongun regime wholly
for the worsening of the situation. Let us trace the matter using the materials Japan suggests.
In 1868 Japan completed her Meiji Reform, overthrew the Shogun Regime
12) Griffis’s “Corea the Hermit Nation” p. 409
13) Von Blocks “Americas 48-Hour War”.
[page38]
and promulgated the Japanese empire. The new Japanese government recognized Korea and at the same
time desired to sign a treaty opening diplomatic relations between the two countries. It is alleged that the
Taewongun government refused even to receive the letter asking for the exchange of diplomatic
delegations.
The matter did not reach a solution and was postponed. In 1873 the Taewongun government
took violent measures. It enforced an economic blockade on Waegwan (倭館), at Pusan, the Japanese
residential area, by refusing the supply of grain and charcoal.
This proving insufficient, it is alleged that officials at Tongnae (東萊) secretly instructed guards
watching the gates of Waegwan to keep a strict eye on the movement of the Japanese there, on pain of
death in case of laxity.
When this secret directive was reported to the Meiji government through the Japanese officials
stationed at Pusan, the Japanese cabinet held an emergency meeting where, according to Japanese records,
Saigo Takamori and others, called the War Party, proposed, and the Cabinet decided on, the conquest of
Korea.
From this we indeed receive the impression that the Taewongun government should be held
entirely responsible for the deterioration of Korea-Japan relations. But we have to look at this matter from
the Korean angle too before we can make a fair appraisal of the situation.
Even until the expedition of the French fleet in 1867 Korea-Japan relations had not been too
strained. The Shogun regime gave Korea good advice and Korea imported modern articles from Japan,
their relations being friendly. There was a wandering Japanese, called Yatsuto (八戶), who had roamed
about Hong Kong and Canton. This man, to the great amazement of the Korean
[page39]
government, contributed the following article to the “Chungoe Shinmun” (中外新聞), a daily newspaper
published in Canton, China.
“The Japanese government is constructing 80 steamships,” he wrote, “in order to take advantage
of the worsened Korea-France relations and to pave the way for invading Korea. The Japanese invasion
will take place approximately next spring.”
This newspaper article first came to the notice of the Chinese government, which cut the article
out and sent it to the Korean government.14) Yatsuto was definitely Japanese and it was the Chinese
government who out of friendship drew the attention of the Korean government to the article. When the
Korean government learned this, naturally it became very suspicious of Japan.
Before its suspicions were dissolved, Japan enforced her Meiji reform and made preparatory
advances through Waegwan, at Pusan, sending imperial documents and desiring the admission of her
ambassador. The frontline Korean diplomats stationed at Pusan first received the official papers and
found them contrary to accepted protocol.
In the form of the notes Japan used such words as “Emperor,” “Imperial Household”, etc., which
were not used in previous papers. If this were to be permitted, thought the Korean side, the Korean
government would be guilty of destroying the diplomatic balance prevailing in the international
community at that time. In other words there was only one recognized emperor in the Orient, the Emperor
of China, and the sudden emergence of a pretender could not be condoned. Furthermore, there was
insufficient explanation.
14) See 7 March 1866, Vol.IV, “King Kojong,s Annals” and attached papers of Document No. 21, pp 69-79, Book
I,Vol.I of “Japanese Diplomatic Papers” (日本外交文書)
[page 40]
Again, the stamp used in the notes was in question. For many hundreds of years all diplomatic
papers from Japan were sent by way of the governor of Tsushima Island. The governor stamp, placed on
these papers, was made in Korea. The print of this stamp was entered in an official Korean register and
the stamp was given to the governor of Tsushima Island for his use. The reason for this scruple was that
the Japanese side made counterfeit stamps and used them illegally.
Even smugglers and pirates used these stamps. Since King Sejong in the 15 th century, both
sides had therefore agreed that the Japanese stamp would be made in Korea to be given to the feudal lords
of Japan (Daimyo) including the governor of Tsushima Island.
Without any previous agreement, Japan arbitrarily changed the stamp, a breach of faith quite
unpardonable according to the diplomatic practice current at that time.15)
There were, moreover, two important reasons which we cannot overlook behind the Korean
decision to enforce an economic blockade on the Japanese residents at Waegwan, Pusan. In the first place,
when Korea-Japan negotiations were delayed, the Japanese government recalled in 1872 almost all
Japanese officials stationed at Waegwan with affiliations to the governor of Tsushima Island. As a final
threat, Hanabusa brought battleships, greatly stimulating the hostility of the Korean government. Next,
Japanese smuggling vessels invaded the coasts of Pusan and confounded the economy. It is said that even
Mitsui, the financier, was involved in this illegal trade. Taewongun’s economic blockade is nothing in
comparison. It is almost certain that the Japanese policy was calculated to excite the animosity of
Taewongun.16)
16) See pp 314-315 of “History of Korea, Modern Period” with regard to the manner of language used in the
Japanese notes and the stamp.
16) Pp 328-333 of “History of Korea. Modern Period”.
[page 41]
Lastly, the most contested point was that the Korean government had given to the guards that
kept the entrances to Waegwan, secret instructions to insult the Japanese. But there is ample room for
doubt as to this allegation. As far as I know there is no record in the Korean annals concerning these
secret instructions. There are many documents instructing the prevention of Japanese smugglers but none
could be found concerning secret instructions to Waegwan guards as the Japanese alleged Recently I
studied Japanese diplomatic documents of that time printed and kindly supplied by the Japanese Foreign
Ministry and made a startling discovery.
The papers describe how the Japanese officials stationed at Pusan reported to the Japanese
government that an important incident insulting Japan took place. Their government became wroth and its
Cabinet decided on the conquest of Korea after receiving this report. But the contents of the document in
question and the manner in which it was delivered give rise to much doubt.17)
First, the document contains some secret messages. Guards and interpreters are ordered to watch
the entry and exit of the Japanese and to keep in close touch with the police. In dereliction of their duties
they are punishable with severe penalties.
Second, the more doubtful point, is the manner in which this secret instruction was allegedly
delivered. According to the Japanese official documents, the instruction was transmitted by officials of
Tongnae to the guards by posting notices on the wall at the back of the Waegwan guard house. This is the
focal point, The magistrate of Tongnae was Chong Hyon-dok (鄭顯德), one of the able men selected by
the Taewongun regime. Tongnae was in constant contact with the guards of
17) The full contents of this strange document was published as part of the attached papers of Document No. 119, pp
282-283 of Vol. VI of “Japanese Diplomatic Papers”.
[page 42]
Waegwan every day and the instruction could have been driven verbally or otherwise in view of its
secrecy, instead of posting it publicly on the back wall of the guard house. This is nonsense. We cannot
believe this poster theory.
Ladies and gentlemen! We realize that behind cruel international relations and illegal trade
competition bizarre conspiracy and plotting are often involved. Taking a recent example, when
imperialistic Japan invaded Manchuria she exploded railways with her own hands but placed the
responsibility on Chang Hang-nyang (張學良), and made an excuse for deploying the Kwantung (關東)
army. When she invaded the China mainland, she used the same technique at the Lookou (盧口), bridge.
There are numerous other examples elsewhere.
So I believe that the poster in question that hung on the wall of the guard lodge was not made by
the officials of the Tongnae magistracy. It is regrettable that the police did not succeed in arresting the
criminal, either a smuggling hooligan or an international spy. I leave it to your imagination to determine
who that could have been. I believe for certain that it was not the deed of Tongnae officials.
I will close this lecture by telling a few stories of Taewongun’s later life. He was greatly hated
by Japan (He was the principal reason for the proposal to conquer Korea) and became a prey to domestic
party strife. In 1873 he was therefore overthrown, ending his ten years of dictatorship. This, interestingly
enough, coincides with the downfall of the “conquest party” in Japan. But the more fascinating thing is
that he was overthrown not by the Japanese or by his male adversaries in Korea but by Queen Min(閔),
only 25 years old, whom he himself had chosen as his daughter-in-law. Until she was assassinated in
1895 the politics of the Yi dynasty [page 43] were a struggle between Taewongun and Queen Min, and
the forces that sought to use their disagreement, all hastening the downfall of the nation. I will divide and
sketch by important events the struggles between the two personalities and the manipulations of the
neighboring powers.
When Queen Min threw Taewongun out of office, she established the rule of the Min family. In
order to oppose him completely, they discontinued all his policies. Yielding to a small military threat by
Japan her regime signed, at Kanghwa-do (江華島), conference, an unequal treaty—the Korea-Japan
Treaty of Amity—and from then on received the modern capitalism of imperialistic Japan without
discrimination.
The Min family discontinued Taewongun’s efforts to reform domestic government and became
corrupt. In turn the whole bureaucracy became corrupt and the treasury was threatened with bankruptcy.
In 1882 therefore a military rebellion took place, primarily because the soldiers’ meagre pay had been
delayed 13 months, attesting to the extent of the corruption of the government.
A few of the leaders of the Min regime were killed and their houses and property were burned
and destroyed. Taewongun came to the fore again and saved the situation. But Queen Min cleverly
avoided the effect of the military rebellion and got in touch with the Ching government. She also arranged
for the Ching dynasty to kidnap Taewongun and take him out of the country to China and within two
months restored the Min regime; a truly unusual strategist. We should note that even at this time the
Japanese clapped their hands with pleasure at Taewongun’s abduction.
After the reinstatement of Queen Min’s power in 1882, however, the royalty began to vacillate
and permitted Chinese and Japanese armies to station [page 44] themselves in Seoul and fight against one
another for supremacy.
Faced with this situation the young intellectuals of that time became very concerned and planned
to reform the country under the Japanese plan. The leaders of this movement were Park Yong-hyo
(朴泳孝), Kim Ok-kyun (金玉均), Hong Yong-sik (洪英植), So Kwang-bom (徐光範), and So Chae-pil
(徐載弼) (Dr Jason). Fanned and supported by the Japanese forces they hastily executed a coup d’etat in
1884 but failed completely after three days. At this time the Chinese and Japanese armies also clashed at
Changdok Palace and the situation expanded to international proportions. In consequence the Min regime
held on domestically and a stalemate was reached between Japan and China with the signing of the
Tientsin (天津) Treaty (1885). The two powers were intent on achieving a balance of power and from that
time onward they began to interfere in Korea’s domestic affairs. Li Hung-chang of China and Ito
Hirobumi of Japan were the leading officials engaged in the actual work.
When the situation took this turn, Queen Min and her minions hated both China and Japan and
bewail to make amorous glances at the European powers, especially Russia.
Consequently China and Japan hated Queen Min’s regime and decided to use Taewongun as a
check. Taewongun, abducted to Baotsungfu (保定府), in North China, three years previously was now
released and sent back to Korea. We should not overlook the important fact that Taewongun’s release and
repatriation was effected under the mutual agreement of China and Japan.
Ito advised Li Hung-chang to release him and this spelt a new era in Far Eastern diplomacy, for
Japan became the controlling power. Both Taewongun and [page 45] Queen Min were the stooges of
Japanese imperialism suiting their temporary interests. On the outside Li Hung- chang was criticized for
interfering in Korean affairs but Ito was the mastermind.
In 1894 the Tonghak revolt took place and the Sino-Japanese war began. Japan overthrew the
Min regime by force, set up Taewongun as a puppet, and enforced the so-called Kabo (甲午), reform.
Taewongun, derided heretofore by Japan as stubborn and shortsighted, now headed a hundred domestic
reforms. These measures of reform, compelled by force, could not do any good. They only estranged the
sympathy of the Korean people and obstructed the modernization of Korea by her own efforts.
In the Sino-Japanese war, a war between Goliath and David, Japan defeated the Goliath. Thus
Japan could now handle Korea at will. Quite unexpectedly, however, Russia prodded Germany and
France and the three countries interposed, belittling Japan’s sense of victory and pride.
Japan could not fight the joint forces of Russia, Germany and France and had to expend her spite
somehow. After branding Queen Min as a pro-Russian element, Japanese Minister Miura Goro
(三浦棺樓), using Taewon-gun as the front, mobilized the Japanese army, Japanese hooligans and proJapanese Koreans, besieged the Kyongbok (景福) Palace and assassinated Queen Min.
Late in his life, therefore, Taewongun was foolishly used twice by Japanese imperialists and
helped in destroying Queen Min. He died a sad, lonely death in 1899, 4 years after Queen Min’s
assassination.
After the death of these two personalities, Korea, in 1905, lost her sovereignty to Japan.
Estranged completely from the modernization of the world, Korea spent half a century in tribulations as a
Japanese colony. Like the [page 46] lives of Taewongun and Queen Min, the path of Korea henceforth
was bizarre and tearful.
Profiting by this historical lesson, the history of blood, our young soldiers have
awakened and are enforcing new reforms and boldly performing the task of modernization, that has been
left unfinished by their ancestors. I think there is great hope for the future of Korea. Also I am glad that
those foreigners in Korea now are unlike the agents of the Chinese Empire, Russian Empire and Japanese
Empire, who did everything to obstruct our progress. On the contrary you are helping and encouraging us.
I am sure that Korea will grow and develop as a shining star in the Orient.
[page47]
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY KOREA BRANCH GENERAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR
1961
The year 1961 ended with the membership of the Royal Asiatic Society totalling well over 600, an
increase of about a hundred members over the previous year. There were twelve general meetings, at each
of which our members and guests were enlightened on some subject of Korean cultural or historical
interest. The dates of the meetings, the speakers, and subjects on which they spoke follow:
January 18th Dr Fritz Vos, of the University of Leyden: “Some Aspects of the Yi (Dynasty) Novel.”
February 8th The Reverend Richard Rutt, of the Anglican Mission: “Kim Sakkat, the Itinerant Poet.”
March 8th Mr. Peter Smart, of the British Embassy, read a paper prepared by Miss Jean Gates entitled
“Tangun.”
April 12th Dr. Kim Chong-hak, of Korea University: “The Excavation of a Shell Mound near Ungch’on
(Kyong-sang Namdo,) illustrated with slides. After the lecture two short movies were shown, “Korean
Homes,”and the OPI film of the April 1960 demonstrations.
May 3rd Dr. Samuel Martin, Associate Professor of Far Eastern Linguistics at Yale University: “The
Korean Language as I See It.” A reception and dinner preceded the lecture.
June 28th Dr. Kim Hon-gyu, Professor of Zoology at Ehwa Women’s University: “Korean Butterflies,”
illustrated with slides. After this lecture the charming water color paintings of Korean costumes by Mrs.
Florence Hedelston Crane were displayed.
July 27th Dr. Yu Hyong-jin, Dean of the Liberal Arts and Sciences College of Sungmyong Women’s
University: “Women’s Education in the Later Yi Period.”
August 9th Dr. Cho Ka-gyong, Professor of Philosophy of the Liberal Arts and Sciences College, Seoul
[page48] National University: “Modern Philosophical Trends in Korea.”
September 13th Mr. Carl Miller, of the Research Department, Bank of Korea: “Korean Given Names.” A
reception and dinner preceded this lecture honoring Mr. Pak T’ae-yong, Secretary of the Society, on the
publication of his “A Korean Decameron.”
October 4th mrs. Inez Kong Pai delivered a lecture on Si jo. Her talk included her own translations of
many of these Korean classical poems.
November 1st The Reverend O Mun-hwan read the diary of the Reverend Calvin Wilson Mateer written
on board the American ship “Shenandoah” at the time of an expedition to Korea in 1868， and compared
this account with Korean records of the same incident.
December 6th The Reverend Richard Rutt read a paper prepared by Professor Kim Tong-uk, of Chungang
University, entitled “Personal Adornments of the Yi Dynasty.” This was also the annual meeting at which
the election of officers for the coming year took place and the General Report of the Council for the year
1961 was read.
For the January, February, March and October regular meetings, the National Medical Center
very kindly allowed us to use its auditorium. All of the other regular meetings were held in the charming
and authentic atmosphere of Korea House. The Society is indebted to the management and the staff of
Korea House for the many services courteously afforded the Society. The Diplomat Club has continued
its fine service in providing refreshments at the regular meetings.
Besides the twelve regular meetings in 1961, there were the following special meetings:
January 11th Miss Elizabeth Lyons, a specialist on Far Eastern Art, addressed the society on the art of
Thailand. [page49]
February 1st The members and guests of the Society heard Mrs. Kurt Mattusch speak on “The City of the
Yi.” This talk was preceded by an informal reception and dinner to give everyone an opportunity to say
goodbye to Mr. and Mrs. Mattusch.
October 12th Dr. Vadim Elisseeff, General Director of City of Paris Museum, lectured on Buddhist art
discoveries in the caves at Tunghua in Chinese Turkestan, of which he showed splendid color slides. A
reception followed the lecture,
October 13th Immediately following dinner in the Dynasty room of the Bando Hotel (the Twelfth
Restaurant Tour), Mrs. Agnes Davis Kim, author of the book “I Married a Korean,” recounted her
experiences in Korea in the 1930’s. Before the dinner, Mrs Kim was honored at a reception in the lounge
of the Bando Hotel.
November 3rd The members of the Society had the opportunity of hearing Dr. Frank W. Schofield tell
some of his experiences and observations in Korea at the time of the Independence Movement in 1919.
This talk was preceded by a dinner (the Thirteenth Restaurant Tour) at the Choson Hotel.
November 22nd Dr. Belle Boone Beard, a Fulbright professor and gerontologist, spoke on “Longevity
and Problems it Creates in Korea” following dinner at Arirang House (the Fourteenth Restaurant Tour). A
reseption before the dinner afforded an opportunity to meet Dr. Beard.
The social events of the year were the garden party in the grounds of the Kunsonwon-jon (the
Hall of Ancient Jewels) of the Changdok Palace on September 16th, and a tea featuring a kimchi-making
demonstration at Carl Miller’s house on December 2nd. The garden party was enlivened by a program of
farmer’s dances by members of the Chong-up Band, and our thanks are due Mr. and Mrs. Alan C.
Heyman for their efforts in obtaining this entertainment for us. If interest is any [page50] indication,
kimchi is to become a staple in the diet of foreign residents of Korea also, as more than 200 availed
themselves of the opportunity to learn the process of making it.
The Society also arranged for the following theatrical entertainment:
January 25th A showing of the Korean movie “Wedding Day,” at the OPI Theater, Studio B. The
proceeds of this showing were used to make a new print of this film for the Society.
March 20th Simchong-jon, a Korean folk opera, at the City Municipal Theater.
April 26th A showing of “Romance Papa,” the Korean movie which won Kim Sung-ho the award of best
male actor in the 1960 Asian Film Festival. This also was at the OPI Theater, Studio B.
May 9th Again at the OPI Theater, Studio B, five 16mm films, each lasting abount twenty minutes, were
shown. These films “Tapisseries du XX e Siecle” (in English), “Les Gisants” (in English), “Matisse” (in
French), “Bernard Buffet” (in French), and “Assaut de la Tour Eiffel” (in English), were lent by His
Excellency Roger C. Chambard.
Guided tours of restaurants in Seoul proved to be a popular feature of the Society’s program of
activities, and the following restaurants were visited, on the dates and with the number of participants
indicated:
January 27th & 28th Sudok, specializing in Japanese cuisine.
72
February 10th Misong, a “yori-jip” (Kisaeng house).
Although it was necessary to serve the dinner in the Music conservatory next door, it was supplied by the
Misong Restaurant and was typical “yori-jip” food. Through the kind offices of Mr. Alan C. Heyman, a
most
enjoyable
program
of
traditional
music
and
dancing
was
presented.
80 [page51]
March 3rd Uraeok, specializing in pulgogi.
124
March 24th, 25th & 26th Samyang- A special menu of authentic Russian food was served on this tour.
135
April 6th & 7th Tong-il-jang, sukiyaki in charming Korean surroundings. 70
April 18th Catered by Korea House and served by kisaengs under the cherry blossoms at Changdok
Palaca A program of superb Korean entertainment was presented under the direction of Miss Kim So-hi.
140
May 11th & 12th Saemaul (New Village), a Japanese-style restaurant. 80
September 7th Diplomat Club, serving Western cuisine. 65
September 21st Yongsong, a typical “taepo” (cannon) restaurant. 70
September 26th National Medical Center, Scandinavi-an food. Dinner, which was necessarily limited to
twenty, was followed by the regular meeting, at which Mrs. Inez Kong Pai spoke on Sijo. 20
October 13th Dynasty Room, Bando Hotel. The dinner was preceded by a reception for Mrs. Agnes Davis
Kim and followed by a talk by Mrs. Kim on her experiences in Korea in the 1930’s. 106
October 26th Club Mandarin, under western management but specializing in Chinese cuisine. 94
November 3rd Main dining room of the Choson Hotel. After the dinner, Mr. Frank W. Schofield spoke
about some of his experiences and observations in Korea at the time of the Independence Movement in
1919. 135
November 22nd Arirang House, a Korean-style restaurant in the grounds of the Choson Hotel. An address
by Dr. Belle Boone Beard on “Longevity and Problems it Creates in Korea” followed the dinner. 98
Also one of the high spots for gourmets was a [page52] pulgogi dinner on the Han River, on August 4th.
Some 120 people distributed themselves in small boats on the Han at Kwangnaru and pulgogi (prepared
up to this point by the Uraeok Restaurant) was cooked over braziers on each boat. The romantic
atmosphere was enhanced by a delightful program of Korean music rendered by a boatload of musicians
poled from boat to boat.
While it was not possible, primarily because of unsettled conditions, to adhere to the schedule
arranged by the Tour Committee, fiteen domestic and three overseas tours were made. A recapitulation of
the dates, places visited, and number of participants follows:
February 18-March 1
Southeast Asia
March 11-16
Cheju-do
April 6-10
Chinhae and Chinju
April 14-17
Kyongju-Area
April 30
Soyosan
May 6-7
Suanbo Hot Springs and Mun’gyong
Area
June 3-6
Cheju-do
June 24-25
Sonun-sa and Popsong-p’o Area
July 15-18
Mallip’o Beach
August 26-27
Tongdo-sa, Pomo-sa and Haeundae
August 30Mallip’o Beach
(three days)
September 4
(six days)
September 17
Suwon Area and Yongju Temple
September 23-25
Remote Islands in the Yellow Sea
October 7-9
Sorak-san
October 20-21
Haein-sa,Pusok-sa and Tanyang Area
November 4-9 Cheju-do
November 23- Taiwan
December 1
December 21Malaya and Indonesia
57
11
96
83
60
19
5
14
37
40
60
8
90
20
28
26
16
14
18
January 12，1962
For the first time since World War II two volumes of the Transactions were published in one
year, Volumes [page53] XXXVII and XXXVIII.
Financial assistance was rendered by the Society in the following instances:
A contribution of 10,000 won to the Korean Research Center.
The balance of the Tomb Fund, 645,000 hwan, was turned over to Dr. Kim Che-won for
archaeological excavations.
The sum of 150,000 won was advanced to Mr. Yun Se-taek for the publication oi the Chong
Tasan Chonso, in return for which the Society received fifty sets (in four volumes),
The sum of 100,000 won was advanced to Mr. Choe Sang-su for the publication of “A Study of
the Korean Puppet Play.” in return for which the Society received 200 copies of this book. The Society
now has for sale the Chong Tasan Chonso, at $ 32. 00 (or 4,160 won) a set, and “A Study of the Korean
Puppet Play,” at $ 3. 90 (or 500 won) a copy. Orders for these books are solicited.
The Society now owns a print of the film “Wedding Day.” This film is available for rental.
In accordance with the Society practice to confer honorary membership on the resident British
Ambassador, honorary membership was conferred on His Excellency Walter Godfrey, C.B.E., upon his
assumption of the office of British Ambassador to Korea in early 1961.
The members of the Council for 1961 were:
PRESIDENT
‘His Excellency M. Roger
C. Chambard, Ambassad¬or of the French Republic
VICE-PRESIDENT
Dr. Lee Sun-keun
TREASURER
Mr. Carl Miller
CORRESPONDING
SECRETARY
Mr. Peter Smart
RECORDING
SECRETARY
Miss Grace Haskell
LIBRARIAN
Fr. Richard Rutt [page54]
COUNCILLORS
Mr- Ch’oe Sang-su
Mr. Gregory Henderson
Mr. Alan Heyman
Dr. Lee Sangun
In the absence of Mr Peter Smart during the latter half of 1961, the position of Corresponding
Secretary was most ably filled by Mr. Stephen J. Whitwell, M.C., First Secretary, British Embassy.
[page 55]
ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY KOREA BRANCH
LIST OF OFFICERS FOR 1962
Elected at the annual meeting on 6 th December 1961
PRESIDENT
VICE-PRESIDENT
TREASURER
CORRESPONDING
SECRETARY
RECORDING
SECRETARY
LIBRARIAN
COUNCILLORS
His Excellency M. Roger C. Chambard
His Excellency Gabriele Paresce
Mr. Carl Ferris Miller
Mr. Peter Smart
Miss Grace Haskell
Father Richard Rutt
Dr. Dong Chon
Mr. Gregory Henderson
Dr. Kim Che-won
Dr. Lee Sun-keun
Mrs. Inez Kong Pai
Col. Waldemar Solf
Mr. Stephen John
Whitwell
[page 56]
Honorary Members
Name Korean Address Overseas Address
GODFREY, His Excellency Walter,Esq,CBE
British Embassy
YUN, Her Majesty Queen Naksonjae, Changdok Palace, Seoul
Life Members
CARROLL.The Rt Rev. Msgr George M,M.M.
Catholic Relief Services CPO Box 69, Seoul
Maryknoll P.O., New York
CURLL, Mr Daniel B. III
Matthew 21 Harvard Univ.Cambridge,Mass.
DANIELS, Miss Mamie Mildred Naeja Apts , Seoul
Commodore Hotel, N.Y., N.Y.
GOODWIN, The Rev. Charles
3 Chong Dong, Seoul
c/o Goodwin Offices, 15 Lewis
St.Hartford3, Conn
HALL.Mrs (M.D.)R.S.
Liberty, New York
HENDERSON, Mr Gregory
American Embassy
19 Brewster St., Cambridge 38, Mass.
KOLL, Miss Gertrude
3411 Pillsbury Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.
MILLER, Mr Carl
46-1728 Hyonjo Dong, Sodaemun Ku, Seoul 30 Washington Terrace, Pittston,
Penna.
PAI, Mrs Inez Kong
Korean Embassy, Tokyo 1852 Iwi Way, Honolulu, Hawaii
PETTUS, The Rev. W.B.
1700 Spruce St. Berkeley, Cal.
ROSE, Miss A.M.
Canadian MissionBOX 461 Middleton N.S., Canada
RUCKER, Mr Robert D.
1845 Summit Place, N. W. Washington, D.C
Local Members
ADAMS, The Rev & Mrs Edward Kemyong Christian College 2345 Taemyong Dong, Taegu German
EmbassyPres Board, 157 5th Ave, N.Y., N.Y.
AHLMEYER, Miss Margarete
Agnesstr 58, Beuel b/Bonn, Germany
[page 57]
Name Present Address Home Address
AHN Ho-sam, Mr
3-61-4 Myongnyun Dong, Seoul
ALEXANDER, Miss Jean USAEDFE APO 301
ANDRESS, Mr Louis
F.
I Corps G-l APO 358
PO Box 726 Vicksburg, Miss.
ARMSTRONG, Mr Rodney E.
American Enbassy
Foreign Service Mail Room Dept of State
Wash. 25, D.C.
ARREDONDO, Mr. F. Ferdinand FEES, APO 971 1139 West Mistletoe Ave. San Antonio, Texas
AYERS,Capt Theodore F. EUSA Signal Sec. APO 301
200 East Bergen Place, Red Bank. N.J
BAKER, Mr & Mrs R. H. YMCA 2323 N. 3rd St. Harrisburg Pa.
BALDWIN, Mr & Mrs Richard
USOM, RD-P
BAILEY, Mr & Mrs James
British Embassy Foreign Office Lond-on, S.W. 1, England
BARTLING, The Revd & Mrs L. Paul
KoreaLutheran Mission Toksu Bldg 502
6358 Wash. Cr.
Milwaukee,Wis
BARBER, Miss Nancy
V.
American Embassy
Route 1, Bx 450 Bauxite, Arkansas
BAUMAN, Mr Roy
PO Box 5, Taegu
BELL, Mr Chester S.,
Jr.
USOM, PE-PL 251 East Wisconsin Ave. Neenah, Wis.
BENEDICT, Mrs Edith M. AG 7 th Log Comd, APO 612
7825 Belfast St. New Orleans 18, La.
BENNETT, Mrs Maxine T.
Naeja Apts G-3 EUSA APO 301 10722 Wiatt Way, La Habra, Cal.
BERGER, His Excellency & Mrs Samuel D. American Embassy
Foreign Service Mail Rm., Dept.
of State, Wash. 25 DC
BERGH, Miss Beth Marie Crafts, Camp Red Cloud, APO 358 1461 Pompey Dr. San Jose, 28, Cal.
BESSEY, Miss Doris
ARC 43 Surgical Hosp. 698 Robinwood Ave., Columbus 13, Ohio.
BEVERIDGE, Mrs
Wilson USOM, TC-AG-L
321 West A. Ave., Glendale, Ariz.
BIGGS, Miss Dorothy
L
G-3 EUSA APO 301
6739 Forestdale Ave, Hammond, Ind.
BOURNS, Miss Beulah Severance Hospital
Box 123 Somerset Manitoba, Canada
BOWMAN, Mrs Betty
EUSA Engr, APO 301
2451 256th St. Lomita, Cal.
[page 58]
Name Present Address Home Address
BOUCHEZ, Father D.
Holy Ghost College, 290 Hehwa Dong
62 Rue Sadi Carnot Armentieres,
France
BRADLEY, Mr Ivan G. Bando 642
Auckland, New Zealand
BRALEY, Cmdr & Mrs Gerald N. SUSLAK, c/o G-2, EUSA APO 30111206 Healy St. Silver Spring,
Md.
BRENNAN, Miss Dorothee
Naeja Apts
BRIGGS,2nd Lt.Duncan D., Jr
567th Ambulance Co.
1690 W. Paces Ferry Rd. NW. Atlanta 5,
Ga.
BROOKS, Miss Loretta D. USOM, RD-PD
BROWNE, Miss Mary Lilla
Sp Svcs Sec Hq 1st Cav Div.C.C.•l, APO 24 1401 Lyon St. Raleigh
N.C.
BROWN, Mrs Travis
c/o Brig. Gen. Travis Brown Sr. Log, Adv. KMAG, APO 102 Leicaster,
Mass.
BUNGER, His Excellency Karl
German Embassy Auswartiges Amt
Bonn, Germany
BURGESS, Mr Robert S. USOM, Peabody c/o State Univ College For Teachers, Albany
3, N.Y.
BURNS, Miss Barbara
USOM, EO
96 Loring St. Hyde Park, Mass,
BUSER, Miss Carolyn
Hq EUSA Engr APO 301 611 Robinson Ave, Webster Groves, Mo.
CARNEY, Miss Elizabeth Army Service Club Corps APO 358 7309 Constance Ave., Chicago, Ill.
CATO, Col Raymond L. J-3 Div,Hq UNC/USFK APO 301 c/o Adjutant Gen. USA. Washington, D.C.
CHAMBARD. His Excellency Roger
French Embassy 4 Rue de Villersexel Paris VII, France
CHAMBERS, Miss Faye J.
37 Engr Det. Area Engr. ASCOM APO 20
CHANG Chull Mr
85 Anguk Dong, Chongno Ku, Seoul
•
CHANG Ik-dong, Mr
128-4 KeDong,Chongno Ku, Seoul
CHERRY, Miss Hazel
Protocol UNC/USF/ EUSA APO 301
CHOE Sang-su, Mr.
407-1 Shindang Dong, Seoul
[page 59]
CHOI Sangmie, Miss
333-1 Shindang Dong, Seoul
CHUN Mi-wah, Miss
15-102 Hehwa Dong, Seoul
CHUN, Miss Peggy Y.I. Transp. Sec, Hq EUSA APO 301
CLARK, Mr Allen D.
Presbyterian Mission
c/o Board of Miss. Presb. Church 476 Riverside Dr. N.Y.,
CLOUD, Mr F.P. USA EDFE Box 154 APO 301
CLAYTON, Mr Fred W. USOM, RDPW Carson City, Nevada
COBB, Mrs Emma B.L. 565 th Engr Bn Hq ASCOM City Engr, APO 20
4411 South 4th St.
Arlington Va,
COLLIER, Miss Norma
J.
USOM, SRC
1813 No. Cedar, Yankton, S.Dak.
COLLINGWOOD, Mr Tom
Sp Svcs, Camp Kaiser, 7 th Inf Div, APO 7 Tropic Seas Apt 405,
2943 Kalakaua, Honolulu, Hawaii
CONLEY, Lt Col & Mrs William H.
Hq KMAG APO 102
c/o TJAG Wash., D.C.
CONLEY, Miss Elizabeth A.
American Embassy
215 Hiilawe St, Honolulu 13, Hawaii
CONN, Rev Harvie M.
3-88 Chungjongno 3-ka, Sodaemun Ku, Seoul
CONOVER, Miss Katherine O.
USOM, RD-MD c/o F.N. Baldwin, 1825 While Lane, Meadowbrook Forest, Norfolk, Va.
CONROW,Miss Marion L.
Methodist Mission
1155 N.River Blvd, Wichita 3, Kan.
COOLIDGE, Mr Thomas, Jr.
Back Bay Orient Enter. Inc. Seoul 35 Lapland St,Brooklyn Mass.
CORREL. Mr & Mrs Frank D.
USOM, RE-PL
COX, Miss Helen Elizabeth
SAC Service Club, APO 301
CRIM, Dr. Keith R.
Presbyterian Mission, Ojongni, Taejon
CROSSLEY, Miss Helen M.
USOM, TC-TT 21 Battle Rd.Princeton,
N.J.
[page 60]
CUTTING, Miss Grace E. UNC/USFK J-3 Div. Operation Branch,
APO 301
35 E. St. N.W. Wash. 1, D.C.
DAMON, Mr G.
Huntington
American Embassy
6200 Garnett Drive, Chevy Chase 15, Md.
DARBY, Miss Betsy F. Hq EUSA Eng. Sec. APO 301
1130 Rural S.E., Salem, Ore.
DAVIS, Mrs Margaret
Area Engr, ASCOM APO 20
Elko, Nevada
DAUBENSPECK, Rev & Mrs Wayne Martel
Korea Lutheran Mission Toksu Bldg 502
220
Broadway, Meyersdale, Pa.
DAVIS, Miss Marcia K. Hq 7 th Log Comd Civ. Pers. See. S & W Div. APO 47
c/o R.L. Davis
124 Sumit St.Thorsby,Ala.
DAVISON, Miss Anne
Canadian MissionRR #2 Upper Middle Rd. Burlington, Ont., Canada
DE LONG, Mrs Hilda E. Hq Det. 13 th QM Bn APO 301
Emmet Co. Levering Mich.
DENNING, Mrs Viola S. Chemical Sec, 13th Log Comd APO 612
3394 Springhill Rd. Lafayette,
Cal.
DICKEY,Miss Elizabeth Naeja Apts
DILLER, Mr & Mrs Wayne R.
Naeja Apts
DION, Miss Dora E.
Sp Svcs 7th Inf Div APO 78 Stonehenge, Albany,
N.Y.
DIVINE, Miss Susan M. Hq 55 QM Depot APO St. 20
1657 31st N.W. Wash.
D.C.
DONG Chon, Dr DONOVAN, Col Harold F.
Korea Research Center Hq 1st Corps GP APO
358
c/o Martin, 946 Argonne Dr Baltimore 18, Md.
DOROW, Rev Mayn-ard W.
Toksu Bldg 601 Korea Lutheran Missions Board
for
World
Missions 210 N. Broadway, St. Louis 2 Mo.
DRAKE, Mrs Elsie M.
Hq AMFPA, Box 1479 APO 323
DROIVOLDSMO, Miss Marit Moe American Embassy
Med, Div, Dept of State, Wash. 25 D.C.
DRUMMOND, Mr Wil-liam Henry USOM, Peabody 223 N. 9th St. Cheney, Wash.
DONOGHUE,Dr JohnD. Box 34, APO 143
DUDLEY, Miss Lillian B. Office of Surgeon EUSA APO 301 3600-16 Ave, Kenosha, Wis.
[page 61]
DUNHAM, Miss R. Lucile
USA Engr Dist. FE APO 301
5783 Florence Terrace, Oakland
11. Cal.
DUSTIN, Mr Frederic H. Seoul Club
Mt. Baker Highway Bellingham Wash.
EARLY, Miss Bertha E. 55 th QM Depot APO 20 Zanesfield, Ohio
EELS, Mrs Lyra T.
Dependent School APO 301
5724 Maryland Ave. Chicago 37, Ill.
EGAN, Miss .Elizabeth A. G-3 EUSA APO 301
305 Ninth St. Laurel, Md.
EISBERG, Mrs Mildred M.
Naeja Apts
1039 Wiseburn, Hawthorne, Cal.
ELLIS, Mrs Ruth J.
American Dependents School APO 301
Latour, Mo.
ENEMARK,Mr Charles
R.
7 th Log Comptroller APO 47
3030 Carey Ave, Davenport, Iowa.
FENNELL, Mr Chester Civ, Pers. 7 th Log. Comd APO 47 21475 Hillsdale Ave, Fairview Park 26
Ohio
FIEDOROWICZ, Miss Martha J. Hq EUSA, Engr Sec APO 301
2610 Lake Shore Dr. St. Joseph
Mich.
FISCHER, Mrs Amelia A. Hq EUSA Off. of. Surgeon, Med Sec Rm APO 301 % Mrs Edward P. Fis-cher, 5721 Forest Rd. Cheverly, Md.
FISHER, Mr & Mrs Daniel
USOM, RD-PW-H
Marlinton, W. Va.
FOOSE, Miss Helen F.
American Embassy
1824 No. Vine St. Hollywood, Cal.
FRANK,Miss Geraldine
S.
American High School
APO 301
180 E. 42 nd St. Hialeah, Fla.
FRAREY, Mr Melvin E. USOM TC-CD-I (NEF)
FREASE, Mr Forrest
W.
192-10 Tongsung Dong, Seoul
1822-13 th St. Greeley, Colo.
FULTON, Miss Frances Methodist Mission
123 Wilson St. Carlisle Pa.
FUNK, Mr W.C. USOM, RD-PD Idaho Fall, Idaho
GARBUTT, Miss Beth
Staff Officers Mess Hq 7 th Inf Div.APO 7 420 South Thursmond, Sheridan
Wyoming
GABRIEL, Mr Karl F.W. Bando 320
12 Esplanade, Gmunden, Austria
GARVER, Mr Richard A. Chungang University
240 Roche St,
Huntington, Ind.
GEISLER, Miss Lenora
J.
EUSA Sp Svcs Sec APO 301
R2. Lake City. Minn.
[page 62]
GILMORE, Mr George Hq PROVMAAG-K APO 301
GILL, Mr & Mrs John C. Comptroller Hq EUSA APO 301 c/o Mrs Norton Fox, City Park Dr.
Gresbeck, Tex.
GLOVER, Miss Miriam Y.
American Dependent School, APO 301
GORDON, Mr Edgar J. c/o American Embassy
2710 Univ, Ave., Bronx 53, N.Y.
GRANZER, Miss
Loretta M.
CPS Hq 7 th Log Comd APO 47 c/o Joe. F. Granzer, Buckaroo Motel Newcastle,
Wyoming
GRABBER, Mr George Conrad
USOM, TC-ED 3823 Woodley Rd, N. W., Wash, 16 D.C.
GREENHOLT, Mrs Tibbie H.
AG Sec. EUSA APO 301 2518 Rio Linda Blvd, N. Sacramento 15
Calif.
GREET, Miss Joan B.
CPS, Hq 7 th Log Comd ABO 47 PO Box 44, Richmond Beach, Wash.
HAGELEE, Mrs Elsie G. USOM, Minn. 3108 E. Hwy. 1169 Grand Rapids, Mich.
HALL, Mrs Winifred T. American Embassy
9
c/o Van Etten 24 Kimball Rd,Lakewood, N.J.
HAMILTON, Capt Elinor 121 Evac Hosp APO 20
HAN Kap-su, Mr 100-48 Hoehyon Dong
HAN Nak-won, Mr
Hanguk Heagwan 500
HANLEY, Miss Dorothy transportation Sec, 7th Log APO 47
HARRIS, Maj Catherine 121 Evac Hosp APO 20 1600 Elizabeth Blvd., Ft Worth, Tex.
HARRIS, Capt Willard S. 121 Evac Hosp. APO 20 4 Summit Avenue, Albany, N.Y.
HARRIS, Mr E. Richard USAPAK APO 301
1796 Sycamore St. N. W. Wash, D.C.
HAUG, Miss Helen L.
Hq EUSA Chemical Sec APO 301
HASKELL, Miss Grace JA EUSA APO 301
HEIKES, Mr & Mrs George C.
USOM, RD-MD PO Box 795 Los Gatos, Cal.
HESTER, Maj Sue I.
548 th Gen Dispensary APO 301 1081 Helena Dr, Calif.
HEYMAN, Mr & Mrs Alan C.
45 Sagan Dong,
Chnongno Ku
211 West 106 St. N.Y.
25 N.Y.
[page 63]
HILL, Mr Daniel A.
HO AG, Mr C. Leonard
USOM RD-PD
USIS, Taegu
1633 Compton Rd, Cleveland Heights 18, Ohio
Box 468 Middleburg, Vermont
HODGSON, Miss Mary Alice
Sp. Svcs Sec 7 th Log Comd APO 47
403 Atlantic Ave. York,
Pa.
HOHENSTEIN, Dr Walter V.
Assistant Director For Korea, Univ. of Maryland G-I EUSA APO
301
Lake City, Minn.
HOLDCROFT, Mrs Lane USOM, TC-CD South Colby, Wash.
HOLTON, Mrs Earl
Sen Adv. KMA, KMAG Hq APO 102
c/o Mrs Inez B. Holton, Homer,
Illinois
HONG Won-ja, Miss
364-9， Ahyon Dong, Mapo
HOSTETLER, Mr James Christian Children’s Fund, Rt 1, Louisville, Ohio
HYDE, Mr & Mrs Earl M., Jr.
American Embassy
5008 Brookeway Dr, Summer, Md.
HYUN Yong-won, Mr & Mrs
35-35 Tongui Dong, Chongno, Seoul
INMAN, Mr Jerry L.
IRWIN, The Revd M.M. American Embassy
(USIS)
Canadian Mission771 Hamilton Ave, Palo Alto, Cal.
JAMESON, Miss Gloria English House, Ehwa Women’s University 131 N. Pine, San Antonio, Tex.
JERRED, Miss Doris
R.
Engr Dist F.E. APO 301 512 Pacific Ave. Syracuse, N.Y.
JOHNSON, Mrs Virginia C.
ASCOM Library Hq APO 20
622 Wash. Ave. Wilmette, Ill.
JONES, Col Gordon C. Hq I Corps (Group) APO 358
One Winding Way, Mount Holly, N.J.
JONES, Mrs Mary G.
G-4 Section Hq I Corps APO 358
KATZ, Capt Ernest
15 Medical Bn, APO 24 9012 Monte Mar Dr. Los Angeles 35 Cal.
KAUH Kwang-man, Mr Fulbright Commission 31-5 1-ka Changchung Dong
KAYE, Mrs Merwin
USOM, Leg.
[page 64]
KELLY, Miss Marilyn R. American Embassy
2033 Valentine Ave, Bronx 57, N.Y.
KEY, Mrs William D.
PROVMAAG-K APO 301 2901 W. 93 rd Terrace, Leawood Kansas
KIACHKO, Mr & Mrs Leo
Bando 320
CPO Box 572 Tokyo
KILLOREN, The Revd Kenneth E., SJ.
Sogang Jesuit College PO Box 1142
3109 N. Lake
Park, Milwaukee 11, Wis.
KIM, Mrs Agnes Davis Seoul Women’s College
KIM Byung-hak, Mr
366-58 Shindang Dong, Seoul
KIM, Dr Chong-hak
Korea University 421-12 Chongnung Dong
KIM Ji-ran, Mrs 24 Sangdo Dong, Seoul
KIM Quee-young, Mr
175-3 Anguk Dong, Chongno ku, Seoul
KIM, Mrs Naomi Am, Dependent School APO 301 2389 E. Manoa Rd, Honolulu, Hawaii
KIM Suck-ho, Mrs
4-423 Sangdo Dong Seoul
KIM Hyong-min, Mr
40-1 1st Ka, Hoehyon Dong Samil-sa, Seoul
KIM Ki-chan, Lt. Office of Secretary, Air Staff Hq ROKAF
KIM Young-ai, Miss
Bank of Korea
KISRAY, Mr & Mrs Rene Mac
Bando 531
31 Via Cavalier d,Arpino, Rome, Italy
KOH Whang-kyung, Dr 184 Wonhyo-ro 3-Ka
KRISTENSEN, Miss Elna National Medical Center Katrinedalsvej 3 A III Copenhagen, Denmark
KUBAL, Miss Gene J.
Library Svc Center,
Sp Svcs Sec, Hq EUSA APO 301 306 W. Goldsboro St, Crown Point, Ind.
KUREK, Miss Helen F. G-l Hq EUSA APO 301
LAURSEN, Dr & Mrs Lauritz
National Medical Center 141 Gothersgade, Copenhagen K. Denmark
LEE Bom-sun, Dr
Yongdungpo Yonhap
Hosp, 93 4-ka Yongdungpo Dong
LEE Chung-hak, Mr
Diplomat Club, Seoul
[page 65]
LEE Sun-keun, Dr
98-14 1st Street Ch’ongp’a Dong
LEE Young-ha, Dr
2-22 Tongsong Dong, Seoul
LEE Po-hyong, Mr
2-5, 3-ka Myongnyun Dong,Chongo Ku,Seoul
LEE Won-sun, Mr
Korean-American Trading Co Bando 206
473 2nd Ave, N.Y. 16 N.Y.
LEWIS, Miss M. Elizabeth
Naeja Apts
4407 Wakefield Rd, Baltimore 16 Md.
LEWIS, Miss Jeanette
Hq PROVMAAG-K APO 301
2395 Chaison St. Beaumont, Tex.
LENSSEN, Mr J.J.
Bando 624
c/o Clothier, Harrison Rd. Villanova, Penna.
LIBRARY Svc Center
Sp Svcs Sec. Hq EUSA APO 301
LIM, Mr Keun-soo
36-7 Nogosan Dong, Sodaemun, Seoul
LTTLE, Mr & Mrs James G.
Ministry of Public Information
Worcester, Mass.
LOBASZ, Miss Josephine S.
Army Service Club Camp Beavers 7 th Inf. Div. APO 7
442
Lexington Ave., New Haven, Conn.
LOTTRIDGE, Miss Ruth M.
American Embassy
LUHMAN, Mrs Margaret E.
USA Eng. Dist. F.E. APO 301
1321 12 th St. Rockford, Ill.
LUONGO, Capt
Dorothy Seoul Military Hospital APO 301 2031 S. 23 St, Philadelphia 45, Penna.
LANIER, Miss Mary M. 4 th Finance Disbursing Sec, APO 358
Box 1044 Porterville, Cal.
MARTIN, Mrsyuanita R. Ord Sec EUSA APO 301 Route 1, Box 277 Vicksburg, Miss.
MATTIELLI, Mr & Mrs Robert E. EUSA Sp Svcs APO 301 7225 SE 32 nd Mercer Island, Wash.
MATTUSCH, Dr & Mrs Kurt
123 2-ka Namdaemun No, Seoul Pope’s Head, Clifton, Va.
MAUCK, Dr & Mrs Elwyn A.
USOM, Minn. One Circle Ave, Potomac Heights, Indian Head,
Md.
MAURER, Mr Frederick G-l Sec Safety Div. 1st Cav Div. APO 24
Carrolltown, Penna.
MAXWELL, Mr & Mrs Lloyd W. 34 Chong Dong Sodaemun Ku, Seoul
4679 Homer Ave. S.E.
Wash. 23 D.C.
[page 66]
McClelland, Miss
Mary A. American Embassy
1807 Vincent Street, Brownwood, Tex.
McDONALD, Miss Jessie Hq PROVMAAG-K APO 301
1530 E. 59 th St. Chicago 37, Ill
McEACHERN, Miss Carolyn
Army Svc Club, 4 th US Army Missile Comd APO 8 *
McGILL,Miss Theodora Sp. Svcs 1st Cav Div, APO 24
3909 17 th St. N.E. Wash, D.C.
McGOVERN, Mr Melvin Hq I Corps G-l APO 358 1167 Walnut Dubuque, Iowa
McLAREN, Mr Douglas
M.
KCWC Central PO Box 63Bears, Chailey Green, Lewes, Sussex, England
Mclaughlin, Miss
Virginia J-6 Div, UNC APO 301 195 Jewett Pkwy, Buffalo 14, N.Y.
MELODY, Mr Ward B. USOM, TC-AV 25129 W. Roycourt, Huntington Woods, Mich.
MELOY, Mrs G.S., Jr.
c/o CinC UNC APO 301 222 Genesco Rd, San Antonio, Tex.
MERRIAM, Miss
Vreni Korea Journal, UNESCO 112 East Taylor Ave, Phoebus, Va.
MERRIFIELD, Mrs Leslie R.
Hq PROVMAAG-K APO 301
245-24 th St, Pitts¬burgh, Fla.
MEYER, Mr. Dorald
J.
Box 301-6000 APO 301 1902 Benz Ave., Cincinnati 38, Ohio
MILLER, Mr. & Mrs Albert
196 Wonnam Dong, Seoul 30 Wash. Terrace Pittston, Pa.
MILLER, Mrs Edna
Finance & Accounting, EUSA APO 301
30 Wash. Terrace Pittston, Pa.
MILLER, Miss E. Margaret
EUSA G-l APO 301
612 Wayside Drive, Charleston, W. Va.
MILLER, Miss ᅳ Suzanne M.
Hq Det KMAG G-3 APO 102
1615 N.W. 14 th
Gainesville, Fla.
MILLERD, Miss Ruth L. 20 th Fin Dish. Sec APO 20
230 Coolidge St. Chicago Hgts, Ill.
MILLS, Mrs Joy B.
USOM, RDDC 4933 Granada Ave. Riverside, Cal
MIN Yong-gyu, Mr
Yonsei University
MIN Yong-kih, Miss
93-4 Kahoe Dong, Seoul
MIN Sung-kih, Miss MOFFETT, Mr. Samuel H.
Presbyterian Mission
Bd.of Foreign Missions 156 th Ave-N.Y., N.Y.
Ave,
[page 67]
MOORE,Miss Dolores Jean
USOM, EO
1307 69th Ave. NE., Wash. 27, D.C.
MORGAN, Miss Jean Verone
American Dependent School APO 301
9335 Sunny Brook Lane,
Dallas 20, Tex.
MORROW, Mr & Mrs Lynden
Naeja Apts
9401 S.W. 95 th Ct. Miami, Fla.
MURPHY, Miss Sunshine Sp. Svcs Hq EUSA APO 301
101 Hollingsworth St. Leaksville, N.C.
NAGORSKI, Mr Zygmunt USIS, American Embassy 5604 Wilson Lane, Bethesda, Md.
NASON, Miss Natalie E. Education Center Camp Hovey APO 7
RFD #1, Stetson, Maine
NEWMAN, Miss Laura W.
Hq EUSA Provost Marshal Sec. APO 301 3310 Crane St. Lemon
Grove, Cal.
NISSEN, Miss Dorothy J. J-l Division Hq UNC/ USFK APO 301
OH Woon-kyung Kang Mrs
Central POB 93, Seoul
OWENS, Mr Walter
KMA, KMAG, DET APO 102
63 Center St. West Haven, Conn.
PARHAM, Miss Imogene Sp. Svcs Hq EUSA APO 301
PO Box 555 Henderson, N.C.
PARK Jin-nam, Mr
Sogang University PO Box 1142
PARK, Miss Esther
•
Y.W.C.A.
600 Lexington Ave. N. Y., N.Y.
PARKER,Miss Olive B. PATE, Mr Elvin E. Naeja Apts USOM, RD-SPO
Dover, New Jersey
PEARSON, Capt Warren T.
121 Evac Hospital APO 20800 North Sixth St. Burlington, Iowa
PERERA, Miss Olive
Bando 839
83 Oxford Rd. Denham Bucks, England
PI Chyun-deuk, Prof
College of Education, SNU
POPE. Miss M. Canadian Mission
PRESCOTT, Miss Marcaret
USAED FE APO 301
5059 W. Wait St. Seattle, Wash.
PRESSEY, Adm & Mrs George W. Commander, Naval Forces,Korea APO 301 3406
Ala.
Ave.
Alexandria, Va.
PRESSLER, Mr & Mrs Jean
USOM, RD-MD 643 Calapooia St. Albany, Ore.
PRYOR, Mrs Helen S.
USOM, ED-P PO Box
PO Box 14 Cranbury.
N.J.
[page 68]
PURDY, Mr & Mrs Stephen S.
132 Itaewon, Yongsan Ku Seoul
480 W. Gonzales St. Pensacola.
Fla.
QUICK, Miss Elsie M.
American Embassy
c/o Mrs J.S. Garzick, Box 124 Southern Pines, N.C.
RHEE Jihong, Mr.
Cathay Pacific Airways, 222-A Bando
RHODES, Miss Gladys Z. Information Sec, Hq
EUSA APO 301 c/o Hoverson.Old Baltimore Pike, Beltsville Md.
RICHARDS, Miss Florence
EUSA G-2 APO 301
Overseas Press Club, 34 E. 39 th St. N.Y.,
N.Y.
ROBB, Dr Ian S. Canadian Mission
ROBB, The Rev Dale
Presbyterian Mission
410 E. High St. Oxford, Ohio
ROBINSON, Dr J. Courtland
Presbyterian Mission
“Burnside” Stevensen, Md.
ROLPH, Mrs Sylvia E.
EUSA Q.M. Div APO 301 4325 N.E. Failing S. Portland, Ore.
ROSA, Mr & Mrs Joseph American Embassy
Washington, D.C.
ROWEN, Miss Mary Judith
Hovey Service Club,, 7 th Inf Div APO 7
530 Shriver Drive, Des
Moines, Iowa
ROWEN, Mr Paul R.
91-7 Chongpa Dong
%
RUTT, The Rev Richard 32 Yon’gon Dong, Seoul
Korean Miss. 55 Bedford Gardens, London W. 8 Eng.
SAVAREID, Mr & Mrs Loris
Yongdungpo PO Box 3 Oslo, Norway
SHANNON, Mr. Donald E.
SJA Sec Hq EUSA APO 301
3526 Stettinius Ave, Cincinnati,
Ohio
SHANES, Miss Judith
CPO 7 th Log Comd APO 47
1229 E. 28 th St, Brooklyn 10, N.Y.
SHAPIRO, Mr David
Fulbright Commission
20 Hawthorne Terrace, Leonia, N.J.
SHAVER, Miss Mildred A.
American Dependents School, APO 301
68 Williamson Ave.
Hillside, N.J.
SHELAMER, Dr & Mrs Arthur M. USOM, TC-HS Athens, Tenn.
SHIN Tai-whan, Mr & Mrs
132 Songbuk Dong, Seoul
SMART, Mr Alexander B. British Embassy Foreign Off. London S.W. Eng.
[page 69]
SMITH. Mr James H.
Naeja Apts
R.R- I, Roodhouse, Ill.
SMITH, Mr Robert L.
CPO 7 th Log APO 47
Monica, Ill.
SNYDER, Miss AJice
8 th Army Ord APO 301 Charleston Village RD 1, Malvern, Pa.
SOMERVILLE, Mr John Nottingham
1-1 Yonji Dong, Chongno Ku, Seoul
Montreat,
North
Carolina
SONG Keinam, Mr
PO Box 440 Seoul Cent¬ral P.O.
Special Svcs Library
SAC, APO 301
SPOFFORD, Miss Polly US Sig Spt Det APO 301 1401 S.W. 20 St.
Miami 45, Fla.
STEELE, Mr & Mrs E.R. Signal Section, 7 th Log APO 47, Local
842 Orlando Blvd Winter Park,
Fla.
STEELE, Miss Marion
Sp Svcs Lib 7 th Log Comd APO 612
23 Crooked Trail Rowayton,
Conn,
STEENSMA, Mrs
Julianne Church World Service Taejon
Grand Rapids Mich.
STEPHENS, Dr DarJeen B.
USOM, Peabody 3716 Crestview Drive, Nashville, Tenn.
STOCKTON, Miss Elsie Methodist Mission
2211 Ash Ave. Las Vegas, Nev.
STONE, Miss Grace
Sp, Svcs. EUSA APO 301 Calder Place,Beaumont, Tex.
STRACHAN, Mrs
James G.
USOM, CON.
STRUTHERS, Dr & Mrs E.B.
Canadian MissionEdinburgh, Scotland, United Church of Canada
STRUTHMANK Mr Axel Naju, PO Box 1,
Chonnam
Siemens-Bauunion GMBH
SUK, Mrs Sonia S. F.
67-1 2 ᅳ ka Chungmu Ro, Seoul 251 Clay St.,
S.F., Cal.
SUNDEAN, Miss Carol L. High School APO 301
11 Avalon 131 Blvd W.E. Jamestown. N.Y.
SWANTON, Miss Mary Alice
Hq EUSA AG Sec APO 305
27 George St, Newton 58, Mass.
SWARTZ, Miss Hazel
L.
Office of Area
Commander, USA
ASCOM AREA
COMMAND APO 301
14 So. Victor Tulsa 4, Okla.
SZCZESNIAK. Miss Cecilia M. CPS ASCOM Area Comd APO 20 5854 W. Floussant Ave. St Louis
20, Mo.
TARANTINO, Mr Paul A. USOM. SSM
855 Wool St. Duquesne, Pa.
[page 70]
TEPPING, MR Benjamin L.
USOM, PE-S & R
THEIS, Mr & Mrs Jack Methodist Mission
745 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Mass.
THOMPSON, Miss Aleene C.
Judge Advocate Sec 7 th Log Comd APO 47 Tupelo, Miss.
THOMPSON, Mr John R. Hq I Corps Ord Sec APO 358
207 Austin Ave, Maqueketa, Iowa
TIESZEN, Miss Helen
R.
Christian Children’s Fund Marion, S.D.
TODD, Miss Viola
Naeja Apts
c/o Col C.P.
Westpheling 15 Hunt St. Ft. Bragg, N.C.
TOPP, Mr J. Laurence
Bando 642
21 Eulabah Ave. Earlwood NSW Australia
TREMPER, Mrs Edith S. Hq 55 QM Depot APO 20
UNDERWOOD, Miss Ramona
Canadian Mission299 Queens St. W.’
Toronto, Ont. Canada
UNDERWOOD, Mr Richard
Yonsei University
James Underwood Pres. Church Oakfield,
N.Y., N.Y.
VARGAS, Miss Grace Judith
US Army Seoul Military Hospital APO 301 •
VAN LIEROP, The Rev Peter
Presbyterian Mission
Kennedy Apts 47 Claremont Ave. N.Y. 27,
N.Y.
VERDOLAGA, Miss Lourdes
Philippine Embassy
19 ᅳ B Pedro Ladia Project 4 Quezon
City, Philippines
VESTAL, Mr & Mrs Edgar A.
USOM, RDD
VINCENT, Miss Vera L. Sp. Svcs EUSA APO 301 5436 Granada Ave. Riverside Cal.
WADE, Mr James
American-Korean Foundation
2519 Madison Ave. Granite City, Ill.
WALKER, Miss Anne
I.
USOM, EO-C
192 Griswold St, Glastonbury, Conn.
WADSLEY, Mrs Leonard T.
USADE F/E APO 301
PO Box 593 Kailua, Hawaii
[page 71]
WEEKS,Mrs Geraldine L. Protoco Office, UNC APO 301
WEEMS, Mr William R. USOM, RD-ID-I 4 Eustis St. Lexington, Mass.
WEST, Miss Patricia
USOM, SM
WHITAKER, Mr & Mrs Donald P. c/o American Embassy
1018 High St. Millville, N.J.
WHITNEY, Col Carl
L.
Hq I Corps APO 358
51 S. College St.Carlisle,
Penna.
WHITWELL, Mr
Stephen John
British Embassy c/o The Foreign Office, London S.W.l, England
WILLNER, Mr Robert
American Embassy
123 Pendleton St. New Haven Conn.
WOOD, Mrs Katherine A. YWCA, Myong Dong, 1st St., Seoul
Rt #1 Mt. Carmel, Ill.
WOODRUFF, Miss Virginia R.
American Dependent
School APO 301 PO Box 665, Bloomington, Cal.
YI Nam-jik, Mr Bank of Korea, Foreign Dept. Seoul
YI Sang-un, Dr 1-63 Kahoe Dong, Seoul
YO Un-Hong, Mr 140-8 Ke Dong, Seoul
YUN Sae-taek, Mr.
110-35 Kyonji Dong, Seoul
ZINK, Manfred, Mr.
Naju, P.O. Box 1,
Chon-nam
Muenchen, Germany Steinhauserstrasse 14
OVERSEAS MEMBERS Present Address Home Address
ADAMS, Mrs Lucy W.
3634 Happy Valley Rd., Lafayette, Cal
ADAMS, Miss Mildred P.
Div. of Nursing Education, Indiana
Univ., Bloomington,Ind. 924 So. Hawthorne Dr. Bloomington, Ind.
ADAMS, Miss Syble
E.
1005 Country Club Rd. North Little Rock, Ark.
AHN, Miss Angela ALLEN, Miss Eleanor
L.
7 West Ottawa St.
Logansport, Ind.
ANNIS, Mr & Mrs Fred c/o American Embassy, Kabul Afghanistan c/o Mr George H. Annis, Rt. 8
Chillicothe. Ohio.
APPENZELLER, Mrs Ruth
1088 Calore Rd. La Mesa, Cal.
APPLEGATE, Miss Jean M.
Hosp. Branch Lib. Ft. George G. Meade Md. 545 E. Main St.
Lancaster, Ohio
[page72]
Name Present Address Home Address
BABBITT, Mr Harold E. •
Civ. Eng. Dept. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
BACON, Mr Wilbur
43 Wellsboro Rd. Valley Stream, N.Y.
BAKER, Dr & Mrs John M.
3116 Woodley Rd. N.W. Wash. D.C.
BAKER, Mr. & Mrs Russell C.
Box 1693 Hawthorne, Nev.
BALCHEN, Miss Cecilie
Srkedalsveien 1, Oslo, Norway
BARRETT, Mrs Margaret
129 Ne 451th St.Miami, Fla.
BAUMGARDNER, Mrs Emma M.
1222 North Wall, Tracy, Cal.
BEARD, Dr. Belle Boone
Sweet Briar, Va.
BERLIN, Mr & Mrs Ragnar O.M.
Falkoping, Sweden
BERRY, CWO Eva I.
8324 2nd Ave, So. Birmingham 6, Ala.
BERRYHILL, Mr & Mrs John H.
c/o AID Wash., D.C.
BIRRER, Miss Mary BLAIR, Miss Dorothy L.
Yellville, Arkansas, 63 1/2 West 5 th St.
Corning, N.Y.
BLUM, Mr Paul C.
22 Kamiyama-cho Shibuya-KuTokyo, Japan
BORIN, Mr Robert B.
625 So. 25 th St. Lincoln, Neb.
BRAA, Mrs Ulrich
Bad Homburg V.D. Hoehe, Germany, Mariannenweg 4
BRADNER, Mr Stephen
12 Laurel Court Providence, R.I.
BROWN, Maj James W.
1579 Westover Ave. Petersburg, Va.
BROWN. Mr Thatcher M., III
42 Forest Ave. Rye, N.Y.
BUCK,Mrs Pearl BURKHOLDER, Mr Olin
3525 Pleasant Valley, Nashville 4, Tenn.
c/o Dr. G.M. Curry,
[page 73]
CAGLE, Miss Bessie Alene
325 Worth St.Asheboro,
N.C.
CAMPBELL, Miss
Cecelie Ann
1202 Floral St., N.W.
CARR, Mr Harry L.
c/o AID Dept of
State, Wash., D.C.
CARTMEL, Mrs Elizabeth B.
3 Cedar St.Wallingford,
Con
CHAMBERLIN, Mrs Lucille
c/o Am Emb Bangkok Thailand
143 Willow St.Brooklyn
Heights, N.Y.
CHEWNING, Mr Broadus E.J.
2801 S. Jefferson, Roanoke, Va.
CHIEF Librarian, Mr. James Humphry, III
Fifth Ave and 82 nd
St., N.Y. 28 N.Y.
Metropolitan Museum of Art.
CLEMENS, Mr Clive C.
Foreign Office, Whitehall London S.W.1. England
ULEMONS, Mrs William L.
6042 S. Alameda, Corpus Chrst, Texas
CAMPBELL, Mr. Leland Oomachi, Kamamura, Kanagawa, Japan
722 N. Vandeventer, Favetville.
Ark.
COMPTON, Mr Beverley C., Jr. ‘
1110 Rolandvue Ave. Roxton 4, Md.
CONANT, Mr & Mrs Ted
Randoph, N.H.
CONNER, Miss Louise
3778 North Blvd, Baton Rouge 6, La.
COOPER, Miss Joyce
Univ. of Fla.,Gainesville, Fla.
CRAM Dr,. William Arthur
ICA, Washington
CRANE, Dr & MrsP. S.
906 Weatherbee Rd.
Baltimore 4, Md.
CURLL, Mr & Mrs Daniel B., Jr.
20 Maher Ave. Greenwich, Conn.
DASKALOFF, Miss Elena Atanasova
971 Paloma Rd. Del Rey Oaks, Monterey,
Cal.
DAVIDSON,Mr Arthur M.
Rt. 2, Tippecanoe Harrison County, Ohio
DAVIS, Miss Mary S.
c/o Le Francois 42 Fitas
Ave, So. Attleboro,
Mass.
[page 74]
DEVINE, Miss Dorothy
12465 E. Randall Pk, Dr. Miami, Fla.
De HAAN, Mr & Mrs Norman
c/o Anderson 500 W. St. Chicago, all.
DELMARTER, Miss Jean
236 Chilverton St.
Santa Cruz, Cal.
DETLING, Miss Dorothy M.
4131 Campbell, Kansas City, Mo.
DOELZ Mrs F.W.
DOWLING, Mrs Walter
Sea Island, Ga.
ECKHART, Mr
Robert H.
2904 Adams St. Alameda, Cal.
EDMAN, Dr Marion L.
ELROD„Mr J. McRee
Library, Central College, Fayette, Mo.
Rt #1 Athens, Ga.
ELWELL, Miss Ruth
L.
951 Millville Ave, Hami ton, Ohio
EVANS, Miss Loise P.
c/o Mrs Jewel Johnson, Box 4533, Sebastopol, Mississipi
FANG, Mr Chao-ying
c/o Australian National University Library Canberra, A.C.T.
FARLEY, Mr & Mrs Hugh D.
4901 Dorset Ave. Chevy Chase 15, Md.
FAULKER, Mr. Maurice
Assoc. Prof. of Music, Univ. of Cal. Goleta, Cal.
FEAREY, Mrs Robert
State Dept., Wash., D.C.
FIELD, Mr & Mrs Philip Office of AID Repre-sentative c/o US Consulate General Nairobi, Kenya
403 Sycamore St, Shenandoah, Iowa
FLOECK, Miss Marilyn FONTAINE, Mr C.L.
1625 Eye St, NW.Wah. 6, D.C.
FORNER, Maj, Herschel W.
651 W. Locust St, York Pa.
FOWLER, Mrs Lucile M.
933-80 Patton Ave, San Pedro, Cal.
FREI, The Rev Ernest
J.
c/o Philippines Interboard office, POB 461, Manila,Philippines Commission of Ecumenical
Mission 475, Riverside Dr. N.Y.
[page75]
27, N.Y.
GARD, Dr Richard A.
Dept of Religion, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.
GAULT. Dr & Mrs N. L. Jr.
1360 Mayo Memorial Bldg, University of Minn.
Minneapolis 14, Minnesota
GILLIAM, Mr Richard Jr.
College of Law, Univ. of Ky. Lexintgon, Ky.
GINSBURG, Capt & Mrs Arthur
GOLDEN, Dr Archie S.
Wellsville Ave. New Milford, Conn.
GRANDCHAMP, Mrs Jacqueline
20 Bis Ave.Foch-Saint- Cloud(Seine Et Oise), France.
GREEN, Mrs Marshall
American Consulate General Hong Kong
Dept of State, Wash., D.C.
HALL, Mr Walter Vance
warsow. va.
HAMILTON, Miss Durlene Mae Box 161 Stanwood, Wash.
HANLEY, Mrs Colette
J.
1146 Chestnut Hill Dr. Erie, Pa.
HAZARD,Mr Benjamin H. Jr.
1808 Chestnut St. Berkeley 2, Cal.
HELMICK, Maj. Gen. C.G.
4748 Old Dominion Dr. Arlington, Va.
HENTHORN, Mr William Univ of Leyden Nether- land
Cedar Bay Rd, Jacksonvill Fla.
HEUSER, Dr & Mrs Henry K.
ICA Wash. 25, D.C.
5607 Chester Brrok Rd N.W. Wash. 16,
D.C.
HILDEBRAND, Miss Kathryn
1068 Roxburgh Rd, East Lansing, Mich.
HOLDORF. Mr William
J.
2633 W. Wilson Ave. Chicago 25, Ill.
HOLMES, Miss Ruth S.
R #1 Box 794, Venice. Fla
HOMOKAY, Sp5 Duane L.
Buffalo St. Silver Creek, N.Y.
HOWER, Miss Mary Lou
R.R. 3 Bluffton, Ind.
[page 76]
HUGHES, Mr Gwyn M. American International Insurance Co. Hong Kong
c/o
Hughes 67 Seaver St. Stoughton, Mass.
HULEN, Mr Elmer
HUSDAL, Miss
Ragnhild
Skanselien 31, Bergen, Norway
INGLE, Mr & Mrs Marcus G.
Hayes House, Braddock Heights, Md.
Mrs
Hugh
P.
INSTITUTE for Far Eastern Languages
Yale University, New Haven 11 Conn.
JARMAN, Dr & Mrs Burnice H. •
4830 24 th St. N. Arlington, Va.
JENSEN, Miss Odeena M.
2957 Shasta Rd Berkeley, Cal.
JERNIGAN, Miss Dorothy
757 9th Ave, Yuma Ariz, c/o Mrs Hazel Phillips
JEWISH Nat’l Univ. Lib.
Jerusalem POB 503 Israel
JOHNSON. Miss Barbara K.
3 Londergan Place, East Longmeadow, Mass.
JOHNSON, Mr. Thomas E.
KAMP, Miss Elizabeth
•
Rheingasse 12 Bonn, Germany
KARAYANIS, Miss Adamantia
2077 Center Ave. Ft. Lee, New Jersey
KEENAN, Mr Edward A.
39-C Franklin Park, Chew & Duval St. Philadelphia, Pa.
KINNEY, Miss Helen
J.
c/o Am Emb, New Delhi, India
1430 Louisiana St, Lawrence, Mass
KIM, Won-ae Miss
KIRCHHOFF, Mrs
A.A.
2314 61 st St, Lubbock, Tex.
KNEE, Miss Roma D.
c/o Am Emb Bangkok, Thailand
c/o Mrs M.H. Hamstead,8702 Gilbert
Place, Takoma Park
12, Md.
KNEZ, Dr Eugene I.
Smithsonian Inst. Wash., D.C.
KNORR,Lt Col. Ernest A. Jr
9 Whitegate Rd., Clarksville, Md.
[page 77]
KNOWLTON, Mr
Edgar C.
George Hall 116, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii
KO Yuel-sum, Miss
c/o David H. Keller, 2212 Charleston PI Hyattsville, Md.
KOO, Miss Grace
KOREAN Research & Information Office
1828 Jefferson Place N.W.. Wash. 6. D.C.
KOSKI, Mrs William
KOUNS, Col Charles W.
2505 Central Ave. Alexandria, Va.
LADY, Mr Harold W.
4101 West Bradley Lane, Wash. 15 D.C.
LANE, Lt. Col. Mary C.
17 Round Hill Rd, Williamsport, Pa.
LARSEN, Miss Louise
c/o M.E. Boles 3426 Mentone Ave. Los Angeles 34, Cal.
LARSEN. Prof. William
F.
New York Univ. Wash.
Sq, N.Y. 3, N.Y.
LEAVITT,Mr Richard
33 Woodman Rd., Durham, N.H.
LEE, Mr Arthur Randall
c/o Idaho First, National Bank, Idaho Falls, Idaho
LEISTER, Capt. Howard A.
#
Glenn-Ashton Farms, Croydon, Pa.
LEVINSEN, Miss Julie T.
Birkhom Guldbjerg St. Nordfyn, Denmark
Lofgren, Mrs Ruth H.
1421 Farnam St. La Crosse, Wis.
LUCK, Miss Mary Lou
638 North Prospect St. Tacoma, Wash,
LUTZ, Dr & Mrs Dexter
18403 Plymouth Dr. Castro Valley, Cal.
LYON, Capt David K.
35 Ramsdell Ave, Rsolindale 31 Mass.
MAGRUDER, Mrs Carter
2331 S. Pierce St. Arlington, Va.
MAITA, Lt. Col Winifred Z.
MANN, Mrs Everett
J.
247 Springfield Ave. Rochester N.Y.
Rm. 424 State Annex #1, AID, Wash. 25,
[page 78]
D.C.
MARTIN, Dr Samuel
Yale Graduate School, New Haven, Conn.
MASTON, Mr Robert Edward
233-17 th. St. Wilmetter. Ill.
MAUCK, Dr & Mrs Elwyne A.
One Circle Ave, Potomac Hghts, Indian Head, Md.
McBRIDE, Mr John Wesley
3504-3 rd St. No. Arlington 1, Va.
McCARRON, Mr & Mrs James W.
McCAUSLAND, Capt Muriel J.
1115 Cortland St. Peekshill, New York
MCCONAUGHY, Ambassador & Mrs Walter P.
Am Emb Karachi, Pakistan
Dept of State,
Wash., D.C.
2601 Virginia St. Berkeley 9, Cal.
McCUNE, Mrs Evelyn
McGRANE, Mr George Ochanomizu Univ., 35 Otsuka-machi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
MENDELSOHN, Mr & Mrs Isador William
5430 30 th St. N.W. Wash. 15, D.C.
MERCER, Col. A.E.E.
c/o Lloyds Bank Ltd 6 Pall Mall, London S.W. 1
MICKLAUTZ, Mr Ferdinand
c/o Robert Lau 522 B.
Halela St. Kailua Oahu, Hawaii
MILES, Miss Luby H.
c/o Dept of State, Wash., 25, D.C
MILLER, Mrs Mary J.
3221 Vista St. N.E. Wash. D.C.
MONKS, Miss Kathryn American Red Cross, Lindsey Air Station,
APO 533 N.Y. N.Y.
800 Grampian Blvd, Williamsport, Pa.
MOORE, Pfc Harold E.
120-41 197 th St. Albans 12, N.Y.
MORTSON, Mr William Port POBox 4102 Kobe, Japan
1915 Filbert St., S.F., Cal.
MYSTAD, Miss Marit
MUELLER, Mr Heinz E. 146 Shimo-uma,l-Chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo
P.A. Hamburg-Altona,
Rolandsworth 34
MURPHY, Miss Mary Rita
5320 Lowell Ave. Indianapolis 19, Ind.
[page 79]
NADAL, Col Carlos A.
1204 Ash ford Ave. Santurce, Puerto Rico
NEIRBY, Miss Gladys
Hawley, Minn.
NEWTON, Mr Peter B.
42 Elm Ave. Eastcote Ruslip Middx,England
NICHOLS, Miss Susan Lee
OXFORD Book and Stationary Co.
17 Park Street. Calcutta 14, India
O’BRIEN. Miss Olivia
Jonesboro, Ark.
PAETOW, Mr. Wolfgang
Finkenau 15, Hamburg
21, Germany
PEPPIATT, Col. M.E.
PERSELLIN, Capt. & Mrs Robert H.
7412 Pearl St. New Orleans 18. Louisina.
PHILLIPS,Dr Elizabeth
Wake Forest College, Winston, Salem, N.C.
PILTZ, Dr Arne C.G.
Tulevaden 91, Kjursholm, Sweden
PITT, Mr & Mrs Bernard
1662 Waterloo St. Los Angeles, Cal.
PITTS, Dr Forrest Ralph
1993 Onyx, Eugene Ore.
READ, Miss Dorrien
c/o Regional Informa¬tion Office, British Embassy, Bangkok,
Thailand
REISCHAUER, Dr Edwin O.
American Embassy Tokyo, Japan Harvard-Yenching
Institute 2 Divinity Ave. Cambridge 38, Mass.
RICH, Mrs Robert G. Jr.
1123 N.W. 14 th Ave. Gainesville, Fla.
RICHMOND, Mr Alfred L.
4392 1/2 Point Comfort Dr. Akron 19, Ohio.
RICHMOND, Miss Charlotte
Korean Research & Information Office 1828 Jefferson PI.
N.W.
Wash. D.C.
RIDDERVOLD, Dr Hans Olav
RING, Dr & Mrs Carlyle
Lyschagan 14, Ovre Ullern, Oslo, Norway
275 State St. Jamestown, N.Y.
[page 80]
RINGSTED, Dr & Mrs Jorgen
9 Am Emb, Bzngkok, Thailand
Rymarksvej
66,
Hellerup,
Denmark
ROEHM, Miss Carol M.
Straitsmouth Way, Rockport, Mass.
ROWE Young-sil, Miss RUNNALLS, Miss Donna
McGill
Univ.
3625
Oxenden
Ave .Montreal 18, Que, Canada
RUTH, Capt Fred
c/o 1517 East 7 th St. Shawnee, Okla.
SAENZ, Miss Delphine
Albuquerque Dist. Engr. Albuquerque, N.M.
SARGENT, Mr Galen
Dept. of Chinese, Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 3815 Nail Court, South
Bend 14, Ind.
SAUER, The Rev. Charles A.
SAUER, Mr Robert G.
234 E. Walnut St. Painesville, Ohio.
SCHARER, Capt & Mrs Lawrence
63-89 Saunders St. Rego Park 74, N.Y.
SCHNEIDER, Miss Edith M.
SCOTT, Col & Mrs Emmett G.
•
1364 Oakridge, Memphis, Tenn.
SHAVER, Mr. James T. Management Branch, US Army Eng. Dist, Okinawa APO 331
SHAW, Miss Marion A.
SEIDENSTICKER, Mr. Edward 70 Hayashi Cho, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo, Japan Castle Rock, Col.
SHON, Miss Elizabeth
1576 Pensacola St. Honolulu 14, Hawaii
SCOGGIN, Miss Ellen C.
4208 Opalocks Dr. McLean, Va,
SPORN, Lt Col & Mrs Martin
STEINBERG, Capt & Mrs Frederick
Crose St. Cedarhust,
N.Y.
STOREY, Mrs John
POB 300, Yokohama,
c/o D, Rovertson 3
[page 81]
Japan Glenorchy Terrace.
STOREY, Mrs Charles P.
5342 Wateka, Dallas 9,
Texas
STRAUSS, Mr. Frederick G.
SULLIVAN, Mr & Mrs Eugene
U.S. Aid to China, Box 7, APO 63, Inter Area,
Corkin, 9733 Woodridge Lane, Omaha 24, Nebr.
SWANSON, Mr & Mrs G. William
209 E. Washington Jackson, Mich.
TAEUSCH, Mrs Frederich L.
USS SKAGIT(AKA- 102), FPO San Diego, Calif
c/o Mrs E.J.
c/o
C.R.
Taeusch 2415 Warring t. Berkeley 4，Cal.
TOPP, Mr Anthony Lee
c/o Elmhust College, Elmhurst, Ill.
TUCKER, Mrs Robert
TURNER, Miss Evelyn
41 Nichols St. Norwood. Mass.
TURNER, Miss Patricia Ann
Foreign Office London S.W. 1, England
UNDERWOOD, Prof & Mrs H.G.
Kennedy Apt West 116th St. N.Y. 27, N.Y.
UNIVERSITY of Illinois, Serials Department
Urbana, Ill.
VANDERVELD, Mr Leonard, Jr.
230 Mabel Ann Ave. FrankYin Lakes, N.J.
VORAN, Mr Dallas
USOM Thailand c/o American Embassy, Bangkok
VOS, Dr Frits
Hazenboslaan 5, Oegstgeest Netherlands
WHEATON, Dr Philip D. University of Md., Hq Area Comd. APO 403, New York, N.Y. Putnam, Conn.
WALSH, Dr John E. Jr
WESTRING, Gen Gustav Adolf
WHANG, Mr Harry
Mich.
WILEY, Mrs Lucille S.
8215 Balson Ave. St. Louis 32, Mo.
Djuesholm, Sweden
17083 Magnolia Parkway, Southfield,
c/o 1604 West Braddock Rd.
[page 82]
Alexandria, Va.
WILSON, Mr Stanley F.
3434 E. Clarendon Ave., Phoenix, Ariz.
WILLISTON, Mr. Frank G.
415 Thomson Hall, Univ of Wash, Seattle 5, Wash. 4047
N.E., Seattle 5, Washington
WEAVER, Mr Dale
Rocky Mountain Mennonite Camp Divide, Colorado
WOMBLE, Capt
Grace
Rt 2 Box 18 Warthen, Ga.
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