NAT REVIEW
2011
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Parts of the Cell
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What are the main parts?
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
CELL MEMBRANE
• holds the cell together
CYTOPLASM
• fill most of the cell
NUCLEUS
• governing body
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What are the parts unique to
each cell?
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
• Centrioles
for cell division
• Lysosomes
“suicidal sac”
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• Cell Wall
• Plastids
chemical factories
• Chloroplast
for photosynthesis
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CELL TRANSPORT
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How Are Diffusion and
Osmosis Alike?
• Both involve movement of molecules from
higher to lower concentration
• These processes are like rolling a ball
downhill because energy is not required.
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How is Diffusion Different from
Osmosis?
Diffusion
• Movement of
molecules in a liquid,
gas or a solid
• A membrane may or
may not be involved
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Osmosis
• Movement of water
molecules
• A membrane is
involved
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Osmosis: Blood Cells
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What are the raw materials and
product?
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CELL RESPIRATION
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RAW
MATERIAL
Glycolysis Glucose
END
PRODUCTS
ATP
Pyruvic
Acid/
Gross
ATP-4
Net ATP-2
2
2
10
pyruvate
Krebs
Cycle
ETC
Pyruvic
Acid
NADH FADH2
Cytosol /
Cytoplasm
2
matrix
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
34
TOTAL
Site
Gross
ATP-38
(-2) Net
ATP-36
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Keep in Mind
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
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CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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Cell Cycle
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MITOSIS
Division of Somatic Cells
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MEIOSIS
• Division of Sex
Cells or Gametes
• 2 Stages:
Meiosis I
• Produces haploid
number of
chromosomes
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Meiosis II
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Terms to remember:
• Tetrad – a structure containing 4
chromatids that forms during meiosis.
• Homologous chromosome – term
used to refer to chromosomes that
each have a corresponding
chromosome from the opposite sexparent.
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• Chiasma – chiasmata (pl) site
of crossing-over
• Crossing-over – exchange of
genes between pairs of
homologous chromosomes
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MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
TYPE OF CELL
Somatic/ body
cells
Sex/ Germ
cells
# of DAUGHTER
CELLS PRODUCED
1:2
1:4
# of
CHROMOSOMES
BEFORE
2n
2n
# of
CHROMOSOMES
AFTER
2n
Diploid
n
haploid
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Organ System
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Skeletal System
• Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage,
tendons and
ligaments
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Muscular System
• Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and
smooth muscles
throughout the body.
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Circulatory System
• Major Organs:
Heart, blood vessels
and blood
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Nervous System
• Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nerves
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Respiratory System
• Major Organs:
Nose, trachea and
lungs
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Digestive System
• Major Organs:
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and
large intestines.
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Excretory System
• Major Organs:
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
and urethra.
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Female and Male Reproductive
System
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ECOSYSTEM
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COMPONENTS OF
THE ECOSYSTEM
• BIOTIC
• ABIOTIC
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Interactions in the Ecosystem
• Abiotic – Abiotic
• Abiotic – Biotic
• Biotic - Biotic
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ECOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
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• Cooperation
• Competition
• Predation
SYMBIOSIS
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
• Commensalism
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ENERGY FLOW
FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB
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GENETICS
MONOHYBRID
CROSS,DIHYBRID CROSS
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EVOLUTION
DARWIN AND LAMARCK
THEORY
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