PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
AND
MEASUREMENT
HISTORY
History of Psychological Testing
circa 1000 BC. Chinese introduced written tests to help fill civil
service positions
1850 The United States begins civil service examinations.
1890 James Cattell develops a "mental test" to assess college
students . Test includes measures of strength, resistance to
pain, and reaction time.
1905 Binet-Simon scale of mental development used to classify
mentally retarded children in France.
1914 World War I produces need in U.S. to quickly classify
incoming recruits. Army Alpha test and Army Beta test
developed.
1916 Terman develops Stanford - Binet test and develops the
idea of Intelligence Quotient
1920 - 1940 factor analysis, projective tests, and personality
inventories first appear.
1941-1960 vocational interest measures developed
1961-1980 item response theory and neuropsychological testing
developed
1980 - present : Wide spread adaptation of computerized
testing. "Smart" Tests which can give each individual different
test items develop
Early origins
 China 2200BC
 First form of test
 “fitness for office”
 Refined and developed and written
exams were introduced 202BC
 Civil law, military affairs,
agriculture, revenue and geography
4
The start in
psychiatry
 1885 German Hubert von Grashey
 Physician
 Developed the antecedent of the
memory drum
 Conrad Rieger
 Psychiatrist
 Test battery for brain damage
 100 hours to administer
5
History of Psychology (387 BC to Present)
387 BC
Plato suggested that the brain is the mechanism of mental
processes.
335 BC
Aristotle suggested that the heart is the mechanism of
mental processes.
1774 AD
Franz Mesmer detailed his cure for some mental illness,
originally called mesmerism and now known as hypnosis.
1793
Philippe Pinel released the first mental patients from
confinement in the first massive movement for more
humane treatment of the mentally ill.
1808
Franz Gall wrote about phrenology (the idea that a person's
skull shape and placement of bumps on the head can reveal
personality traits.
1834
Ernst Heinrich Weber published his perception theory of
'Just Noticeable DIfference,' now known as Weber's Law.
1848
Phineas Gage suffered brain damage when
an iron pole pierces his brain. His
personality was changed but his intellect
remained intact suggesting that an area of
the brain plays a role in personality.
1859
Charles Darwin published the On the Origin
of Species, detailing his view of evolution
and expanding on the theory of 'Survival of
the fittest.‘
1861
French physician Paul Broca discovered an
area in the left frontal lobe that plays a key
role in language development.
1869
Sir Francis Galton, Influenced by Charles
Darwin's 'Origin of the Species,' publishes
'Hereditary Genius,' and argues that
intellectual abilities are biological in nature.
1874
Carl Wernicke published his work on the
frontal lobe, detailing that damage to a
specific area damages the ability to
understand or produce language
1878
G. Stanley Hall received the first
American Ph.D. in psychology. He
later founded the American
Psychological Association.
1879
Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal
laboratory of Psychology at the
University of Leipzig, marking the
formal beginning of the study of human
emotions, behaviors, and cognitions.
1883
The first laboratory of psychology in
America is established at Johns
Hopkins University.
1885
Herman Ebbinghaus introduced the
nonsense syllable as a means to study
memory processes.
1886
Sigmund Freud began performing
therapy in Vienna, marking the
beginning of personality theory.
1890
The term "Mental Tests" was coined by
James Cattell, beginning the
specialization in psychology now known
as psychological assessment.
James McKeen Cattell


Studied with Galton
“Mental tests and measurements”



Strength of hand squeeze as measured by dynamometer
Rate of hand movement through a distance of 50 centimeters
Two-point threshold for touch


Degree of pressure needed to cause pain



rubber tip pressed against the forehead
Weight differentiation






minimum distance at which two points are still perceived as separate
discern the relative weights of identical-looking boxes varying by one
gram from 100 to 110 grams
Reaction time for sound
Time for naming colors
Bisection of a 50-centimeter line
Judgment of 10 seconds of time
Number of letters repeated on one hearing
Clark Wissler (student) aimed to demonstrate test result could
predict academic performance
9
Francis Galton
(1822-1911)
 Continued with brass instruments
but increased sample size
 Clever ways of collecting data
 1st battery of tests
 Sensory and motor measures
 Height, weight, hand length, head breadth,
arm span, length of middle finger, strength
of hand squeeze, vital capacity of lungs,
highest audible tone, reaction time
10
1890
Sir Francis Galton developed the
technique known as the correlation to
better understand the
interrelationships in his intelligence
studies.
1890
William James published 'Principles of
Psychology,' that later became the
foundation for functionalism.
1890
New York State passed the State Care
Act, ordering indigent mentally ill
patients out of poor-houses and into
state hospitals for treatment and
developing the first institution in the
U.S. for psychiatric research.
1892
Foundation of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
headed by G. Stanley Hall, with an
initial membership of 42.
1895
Alfred Binet founded the first
laboratory of psychodiagnosis.
1896
Writings by John Dewey began the
school of thought known as
functionalism.
1896
The first psychological clinic was developed at the
University of Pennsylvania marking the birth of
clinical psychology.
1898
Edward Thorndike developed the 'Law of Effect,'
arguing that "a stimulus-response chain is
strengthened if the outcome of that chain is
positive."
1900
Sigmund Freud published 'Interpretation of Dreams'
marking the beginning of Psychoanalytic Thought.
1905
Alfred Binet's Intelligence Test was published in
France.
1906
The Journal of Abnormal Psychology was founded
by Morton Prince.
1906
Ivan Pavlov published the first studies on Classical
Conditioning.
Alfred Binet
(1857-1911)
 1904 French commission to identify retardation
 1905 Binet-Simon scale
 Differed to previous tests
 Did not precisely measure a single construct
 Brief and practical
 Pragmatic view of intelligence
 Standardised conditions and norms
 1911 Third version of the B-S scale
 Adult range
 Mental age scoring and later a quotient
 1916 Standford-Binet
 Introduction of IQ
 US use with immigrants
13
The 1905 Binet-Simon
Scale
1. Follows a moving object with the eyes.
2. Grasps a small object which is touched.
3. Grasps a small object which is seen.
4. Recognizes the difference between a square of chocolate and a square of
wood.
5. Finds and eats a square of chocolate wrapped in paper.
6. Executes simple commands and imitates simple gestures.
7. Points to familiar named objects, e.g., “Show me the cup.”
8. Points to objects represented in pictures, e.g., “Put your finger on the
window.”
9. Names objects in pictures, e.g., “What is this?”
10. Compares two lines of markedly unequal length.
11. Repeats three spoken digits.
12. Compares two weights.
13. Shows susceptibility to suggestion.
14. Defines common words by function.
15. Repeats a sentence of 15 words.
16. Tells how two common objects are different, e.g., “paper and
cardboard.”
17. Names from memory as many as possible of 13 objects displayed on a
board for 30 seconds.
14
18. Reproduces from memory two designs
shown for 10 seconds.
19. Repeats a longer series of digits than in
item 11 to test immediate memory.
20. Tells how two common objects are alike,
e.g., “butterfly and flea.”
21. Compares two lines of slightly unequal
length.
22. Compares five blocks to put them in order
of weight.
23. Indicates which of the previous five weights
the examiner has removed.
24. Produces rhymes, e.g., “What rhymes with
‘school’?”
25. A word completion test based on those
proposed by Ebbinghaus.
26. Puts three nouns, e.g., “Paris, river, fortune”
(or three verbs) in a sentence.
27. Responds to 25 abstract (comprehension)
questions, e.g., “When a person has offended
you, and comes to offer his apologies, what
should you do?”
28. Reverses the hands of a clock.
29. After paper folding and cutting, draws the
form of the resulting holes.
30. Defines abstract words by designating the
difference between, e.g., “boredom and
weariness.”
The 1908 scale had 58 problems
1911
Alfred Adler left Freud's Psychoanalytic Group to
form his own school of thought, accusing Freud of
overemphasizing sexuality and basing his theory
on his own childhood.
1911
Edward Thorndike published first article on animal
intelligence leading to the theory of Operant
Conditioning.
1912
William Stern developed the original formula for
the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) after studying the
scores on Binet's intelligence test. The formula is
1912
Max Wertheimer published research on the
perception of movement, marking the beginnings
of Gestalt Psychology.
1913
John E. Watson published 'Psychology as a
Behaviorist Views It' marking the beginnings of
Behavioral Psychology.
1913
Carl G. Jung departed from Freudian views and developed his own
theories citing Freud's inability to acknowledge religion and
spirituality. His new school of thought became known as Analytical
Psychology.
1916
Stanford-Binet intelligence test was published in the United States.
1917
Robert Yerkes (President of APA at the time) developed the Army
Alpha and Beta Tests to measure intelligence in a group
format. The tests were adopted for use with all new recruits in the
U.S. military a year later.
1920
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner published the Little Albert
experiments, demonstrating that fear could be classically
conditioned.
1921
Psychological Corporation launched the first psychological test
development company, not only commercializing psychological
testing, but allowing testing to take place at offices and clinics rather
than only at universities and research facilities.
WWI and group tests
Yerkes created a test to
classify and assign new
recruits:
Army Alpha.
(1) following oral
directions
(2) arithmetical
reasoning
(3) practical judgment
(4) synonym–antonym
pairs
(5) disarranged
sentences
(6) number series
completion
(7) analogies
(8) information
Army Beta
Visual perceptual and
motor tests for illiterate
people
The Army Alpha
The Army Beta
1925
Wolfgang Kohler published 'The Mentality of
Apes' which became a major component of
Gestalt Psychology.
1927
Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud,
published her first book expanding her father's
ideas in the treatment of children.
1929
Wolfgang Kohler criticizes behaviorism in his
publication on Gestalt Psychology.
1932
Jean Piaget published 'The Moral Judgment of
Children' beginning his popularity as the
leading theorist in cognitive development.
1932
Walter B. Cannon coined the term homeostasis
and began research on the fight or flight
phenomenon.
1935
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was
published by Henry Murray.
1936
Egas Moniz published his work on frontal
lobotomies as a treatment for mental illness.
1938
Electroshock therapy was first used on a human
patient.
1939
Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test was published
which eventually became the most widely used
intellectual assessment.
1939
The Canadian Psychological Associated was
founded.
1942
Carl Rogers published 'Counseling and
Psychotherapy' suggesting that respect and a
non-judgmental approach to therapy is the
foundation for effective treatment of mental health
issues.
1942
Jean Piaget published 'Psychology of Intelligence'
discussing his theories of cognitive development.
1942
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) was developed and fast became the most
widely researched and widely accepted
psychological assessment device.
1945
The state of Connecticut passed licensure legislation
for psychologists, becoming the first state to
recognize psychology as a protected practice
oriented profession.
1945
The Journal of Clinical Psychology was founded.
1945
Karen Horney published her feministic views of
psychoanalytic theory, marking the beginning of
feminism.
1949
Boulder Conference outlines scientist-practitioner
model of clinical psychology, looking at the M.D.
versus Ph.D. used by medical providers and
researchers, respectively.
1950
Erik Erikson published 'Childhood and Society,'
where he expands Freud's Theory to include social
aspects of personality development across the
lifespan.
1952
A study on psychotherapy efficacy was published
by Hans Eysenck suggesting that therapy is no
more effective that no treatment at all. This
prompted an onslaught of outcome studies which
have since shown psychotherapy to be an effective
treatment for mental illness.
1952
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM) was published by The American
Psychiatric Association marking the beginning of
modern mental illness classification.
1952
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) first used in the
treatment of schizophrenia.
1953
B.F. Skinner outlined behavioral therapy, lending
support for behavioral psychology via research in
the literature.
1953
Code of Ethics for Psychologists was developed by
the American Psychological Association.
1954
Abraham Maslow helped to found Humanistic
Psychology and later developed his famous
Hierarchy of Needs.
1957
Leon Festinger proposed his theory of 'Cognitive
Dissonance' and later became an influence figure
in Social Psychology.
1961
John Berry introduced the importance of crosscultural research bringing diversity into the
forefront of psychological research and
application.
1961
Carl Rogers published 'On Becoming a Person,'
marking a powerful change in how treatment for
mental health issues is conducted.
1963
Alfred Bandura introduced the idea of
Observational Learning on the development of
personality.
1963
Lawrence Kolberg introduced his ideas for the
sequencing of morality development.
1967
Aaron Beck published a psychological model of
depression suggesting that thoughts play a
significant role in the development and
maintenance of depression.
1968
DSM II was published by the American
Psychiatric Association.
1968
First Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
professional degree program in Clinical
Psychology was established in the
Department of Psychology at The
University of Illinois Urbana/Champaign.
1969
Joseph Wolpe published 'The Practice of
Behavior Therapy.'
1971
First Doctorate in Psychology (Psy.D.)
awarded (from The University of Illinois Urbana/Champaign).
1973
APA endorsed the Psy.D. degree for
professional practice in psychology.
1980
DSM III published by the American
Psychiatric Association.
1983
Howard Gardner (professor at Harvard
University) introduced his theory of
multiple intelligence, arguing that
intelligence is something to be used to
improve lives not to measure and
quantify human beings.
1988
American Psychological Society established.
1990
The emergence of managed care prompts the APA to
become more political, leading to the idea of Prescribing
Psychologists and equity in mental health coverage.
1994
DSM IV published by the American Psychiatric
Association.
1995
First Psychologists prescribe medication through the
U.S. military's psychopharmacology program.
1997
Deep Blue, the supercomputer at the time, beats the
World's best chess player, Kasparov, marking a
milestone in the development of artificial intelligence.
1998
Psychology advances to the technological age with the
emergence of e-therapy.
1999
Psychologists in Guam gain prescription privileges for
psychotropic medication.
2002
New Mexico becomes the first state to pass legislation
allowing licensed psychologists to prescribe
psychotropic medication.
2002
The push for mental health parity gets the attention of
the White House as President George W. Bush
promotes legislation that would guarantee
comprehensive mental health coverage.
Timeline
•1926 The University of the Philippines Department of
Psychology is established within the School
of Education. Agustin Alonzo is chairman.
•1930s The Department of Psychology at the
University of Santo Tomas is established.
•1932 Sinforoso Padilla organizes the Psychological
Clinic at the University of the Philippines.
•1933 Jesus Perpinan sets up the Far Eastern
University Psychological Clinic.
•1938 Angel de Blas, OP, sets up the Experimental
Psychology Laboratory in the University of Santo
Tomas.
•1948 Estefania Aldaba-Lim sets up the Institute of
Human Relations at Philippine Women's University.
•1954 Joseph Goertz establishes the Psychology
Department at the University of San Carlos.
•1961 Fr. Jaime Bulatao establishes the Department
of Psychology and the Central Guidance Bureau at the
Ateneo de Manila University.
•1962 The Philippine Psychological Corporation is
founded. The corporation offers psychological services
and is the main retailer of psychological tests.
The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP)
is founded.
•1963 The PAP holds its first annual convention, leading to its
first publication, Symposium on the Filipino Personality.
•1968 The Philippine Journal of Psychology, the official journal
of the PAP makes its first appearance.
•
The PAP, together with the Philippine Association of Social
Workers, Philippine Economics Society, Philippine National
Historical Association, Philippine Sociological Society, and
Philippine Statistical Association form the Philippine Social
Science Council.
•1970s Psychology becomes the most popular undergraduate
major in many colleges and universities.
•
Psychological testing flourishes as the overseas contract
workers boom begins.
•1975 The Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino is
founded by Virgilio Enriquez
•1975+ Several universities in the Visayas and Mindanao
establish psychology departments.
•1982 The PAP decides the time has come for quality control
in the practice of psychology. It introduces a bill in the Batasan
Pambansa that would require practicing psychologists to be
licensed.
•1985 Amaryllis T. Torres is named an Outstanding Young
Scientist by the NAST "In recognition of her researches in
population, industrial psychology, social development and
participatory strategies, and in evaluation studies, as well as
her work on human development training."
•1986 EDSA Revolution overthrows the Marcos dictatorship.
Psychologists play a key role in the new government's Moral
Recovery Program.
•1987 Ma. Lourdes Arrelano-Carandang's book Filipino
Children Under Stress is published. The book is cited by the
Catholic Mass Media Awards for "its facscinating probe of a
sad social concern, written in lucid language for the lay
reader who cares deeply about out children".
•1988 Alfredo V. Lagmay is named National Scientist by
President Corazon Aquino.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9258 ]
AN ACT PROFESSIONALIZING
THE PRACTICE OF GUIDANCE
AND COUNSELING AND
CREATING FOR THIS PURPOSE
A PROFESSIONAL
REGULATORY BOARD OF
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
•Guidance and Counseling is a
profession that involves the use of an
integrated approach to the development
of well-functioning individual primarily by
helping him/her to utilize his /her
potentials to the fullest and plan his/her
future in accordance with his/her
abilities, interests and needs. It includes
functions such as counseling,
psychological testing, (as to personality,
career interest, study orientation, mental
ability and aptitude), research,
placement, group process, teaching and
practicing of guidance and counseling
subjects, particularly subjects given in
the licensure examinations, and other
human development services.
The emergence of a movement to explore indigenous
psychological concepts and methods inspired attempts
to develop psychological tests and other assessment
instruments that were suitable for Filipinos. Many such
efforts came from thesis and dissertation writers, mainly
in the form of developing local norms, translating English
texts to Filipino or making adaptations using local
situations and scenes (Almonte, as cited in Evangelista,
1990). Continuing efforts on a larger scale, however,
came from the Center for Educational Measurement
(CEM), which has produced, among others, the
Philippine Aptitude Classification Test and the Philippine
Occupational Interest Survey (CEM, 1997-1998).
Many of these locally developed instruments (e.g.,
measures of aptitude and interest) were patterned after
their Western counterparts, using what is called the
"apples to bananas" approach (i.e., changing foreign
names to local names). Others, however, particularly in
the areas of personality and values, resulted from
attempts to "'indigenize from within"' (Evangelista, 1990,
p. 13), starting with the operationalization of constructs
and theories within the cultural context.
The PCSPE (Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine
Education (PCSPE) report stimulated the growth spurt of career
guidance in the country. On the basis of its recommendations, the
government initiated the following steps: (a) the introduction of weekly
1-hour homeroom guidance periods, with emphasis on career
development, in all elementary and secondary schools; (b) the
institution of the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) as a
basis for students' admission into professional degree programs in
college; (c) the development and maintenance of "a responsive
vocational guidance and testing system in aid of human resources
allocation" (Presidential Decree 1412, as cited in Santamaria, 1979, p.
7) by the Bureau of Employment Services; and (d) the delineation of
two major thrusts by the National Manpower and Youth Council
(NMYC; now incorporated into the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority): skills training and vocational guidance for outof-school youth (Santamaria, 1979).
The private sector also responded to the PCSPE-identified needs. De
La Salle University (DLSU, then known as De La Salle College)
launched two projects in cooperation with the NMYC and some private
foundations and industrial firms: one that aimed to develop career
monographs and audiovisual materials (Salazar, 1986) and another
that sought to develop a multiaptitude test battery that was
patterned after the General Aptitude Test Battery (Salazar, 1977).
The Rotary Club of Manila, on the other hand, again came into the
picture as a publisher of career information books.
The emergence of a movement to explore indigenous
psychological concepts and methods inspired attempts to
develop psychological tests and other assessment instruments
that were suitable for Filipinos. Many such efforts came from thesis
and dissertation writers, mainly in the form of developing local
norms, translating English texts to Filipino or making adaptations
using local situations and scenes (Almonte, as cited in
Evangelista, 1990). Continuing efforts on a larger scale, however,
came from the Center for Educational Measurement (CEM), which
has produced, among others, the Philippine Aptitude Classification
Test and the Philippine Occupational Interest Survey (CEM, 19971998).
/wEPDwU
14th Congress
Senate Bill No. 1767
MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS BILL
OF RIGHTS
Filed on October 16, 2007 by
Defensor Santiago, Miriam
AN ACT TO ENSURE THAT
MENTAL HEALTH PATIENTS
RECEIVE THE PROTECTION AND
SERVICES THEY REQUIRE
Scope
National
Legislative status
Pending in the Committee
(11/5/2007)