The World Wars
T/F
World War I was fought in Europe
and Asia
T/F
Hitler ruled Germany during WWI
T/F
Soldiers fought in trenches during
WWI
T/F
The United States was bombed at
Pearl Harbor during WWII by the
Germans
T/F
Machine guns and poisonous
gasses are introduced as
weapons during WWI
T/F
The United States and its allies
won in both WWI and WWII
The World Wars
Timeline
Causes
Map 1: Europe:
Before the World
Wars
Warfare
World War I
Results
Art and
Literature
Map 2: Europe
between the Wars
Hitler’s
Rise to
Power
Causes
Between the Wars
Warfare
In Europe
Results
Causes
World War II
Map 3: Europe
after World War II
Essential Questions
Hitler’s
Germany
Warfare
In Asia
Results
Map – Europe Before the World Wars
Allies
Central
Powers
Great
Britain
Russia
Germany
AustriaHungary
France
Italy
Bulgaria
Ottoman
Empire
Serbia
Timeline – The World Wars
1920-1940
Global Economic Depression
1914-1918
World War I
1910
1915
1914
Archduke
Ferdinand
Assassinate
d WW I
began
1939-1945
World War II
1920
1917
U.S.
entered
the war
1918
Russia
got out of
the war
1925
1919
Treaty of
Versailles
1930
1935
1933 – Hitler
became the
leader of
Germany
1940
1939 – Hitler
Invaded
Poland:
WW II began
1935-1939 –
Germany took
back lands
lost in WW I
1935-1941 –
Japan took
more lands in
Asia
1945→
Cold War
1945
1941 – Japan
attacked
Pearl Harbor:
U.S. enters
WW II
1950
May 1945 –
Germany
surrendered
August 1945
– Japan
surrendered
V. World War I
Causes of World War I – MAIN A
• Militarism – New technologies encouraged
nations to develop and stockpile more
weapons – Led to WWI
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is militarism?
• Partner B: How did this lead up to WWI?
Causes of World War I – MAIN A
• Alliances – to keep balance of power – nations teamed
up for or against one another (Central Powers/Triple
Alliance – Allied Powers/Triple Entente) – Led to WWI
Video
Stop and Think!
Partner A: What is a military alliance?
Partner B: How did these alliances cause
WWI?
Causes of World War I – MAIN A
• Imperialism – nations competed to gain
territories and resources. Germany took
land from
France (Alsace and
Lorraine) creating conflict
between them.
Led to WWI
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is imperialism?
• Partner B: How did imperialism lead up to
WWI?
Causes of World War I – MAIN A
• National Rivalries –a uniting and dividing
force, nations became proud of their land
and culture and were willing to fight for it.
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What does nationalism mean?
• Partner B: How did nationalism lead up to
WWI?
Stop and Think
• M – Partner A explain to Partner B what
the “M” stands for
• A – Partner B explain what the “A” stands
for
• I – Partner A
• N – Partner B
Create a poster – For each cause of WWI,
explain what it means and create a visual.
Militarism explanation
Alliances explanation
Picture
Picture
Imperialism explanation
Nationalism explanation
Picture
Picture
Just prior to World War I, the
nations of Europe believed that the
balance of power could best be
maintained by
1) a system of alliances
2) an international court
3) increases in tariff barriers
4) open agreements, openly arrived at
Growing nationalism and militarism
in Europe and the creation of
secret alliances were
1) reasons for the rise of democracy
2) causes of World War I
3) requirements for economic development
4) reasons for the collapse of communism
I.
_______________________________
A. Formation of secret alliances
B. Conflict over colonies in Africa
C. Military buildup of European armies
and navies
D. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Which title would best complete this partial
outline?
1) Scramble for Africa
2) Causes of World War I
3) Results of World War II
4) Reasons for the United Nations
What was a major cause of World
War I?
1) rebellions in colonial lands in Africa and
Asia
2) expansion of communism into western
Europe
3) militarism in the nations of Europe
4) inability of the League of Nations to keep
the peace
The term militarism can best be
defined as
1) Loyalty to a nation or ethnic group
2) Buildup of armaments in preparation for
war
3) Avoidance of military involvement in civil
wars
4) Control of territories for economic and
political gain
Causes of World War I – MAIN A
• Assassination – of Archduke Ferdinand of
Austria
kick
started the
alliances
immediate cause
of World War I –
“Spark”
Article Activity
Archduke Newspaper Article
• With a partner…
– Create a newspaper article describing the
events of the day. Information that must be
included:
• Who he was and why he was there
• How the terrorist group tried to kill him
• Who actually killed him and how
– Along with the article, you must include three
scenes in chronological order
For example
Archduke Shot!!!
Today, June 28th, the terrorist group The Black
Hand shot and killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
the heir to the Austro-Hungarian thrown, and his
pregnant wife Sophia. He had come to Sarajevo
to inspect the Austro-Hungarian troops there. The
terrorists saw this as a perfect opportunity to try
and get rid of him. As his car traveled down the
city streets of Sarajevo, two men were going to
throw grenades but the streets were too
crowded. A third terrorist was successful in
throwing his grenade but it exploded under the
car injuring several of the Archduke’s attendants.
Finally, on his way to visit his injured attendants
at the hospital after lunch, his driver made a
wrong turn and as he began to reverse, Gavrilo
Princip fired two shots, one in the stomach of
pregnant Sophia killing her and her unborn baby
almost instantly. The second shot hit the
Archduke in the neck, killing him a short time
later. Princip will not receive the death penalty
because he is too young, but he was sentenced
to twenty years in prison.
Scene 1 – First two terrorists
attempting to throw grenades
Scene 2 – Third terrorist
throwing his grenade and
exploding under the car
Scene 3 – Archduke and
wifey shot
The caskets of the husband
and wife
Which statement is best supported by the data
contained in the table?
1) Austria-Hungary could not afford a large military
expenditure in 1880.
2) France spent the greatest amount of money on defense
in 1900.
3) Germany rapidly increased its military spending after
1890.
4) Great Britain attempted to prepare for a long ground war.
What was the immediate cause of
World War I in Europe?
1) start of the civil war in Russia
2) sinking of the British liner, Lusitania
3) assassination of the heir to the throne of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
4) attack on Poland by the German army
Type of Warfare
• Trench: Soldiers fought, lived, and died in
ditches, called trenches, on two fronts
– Eastern Front – Russia
– Western Front - France
Reading activity
Type of Warfare
• New technologies: New weapons
(machine gun, grenades, flame thrower,
tank, poison gas) - very effective against
old style strategies.
New weapons activity
Trench warfare is a phrase that
best describes which event:
1. Imperialism
2. World War II
3. World War I
4. The Holocaust
Type of Warfare
• Women contributed to the war effort
U.S. Position
• The United States remained “neutral” for
the first years of the war. The sinking of
the Lusitania drug the U.S. into the war.
True/False
The sinking of the Lusitania was
significant enough for the United
States to enter WWI
Stop and Think!
• Everyone: Explain to your partner whether
you think the statement was true or false.
If true, what could the U.S. government do
to rally support for their cause?
Art and Literature
• Propaganda: organized information meant
to sway public opinion on a certain issue
Current Propaganda
• Subway
• McDonalds
• Army
Who is represented by the “Mad Brute?”
What is the purpose of this poster?
Who are the three men supposed to represent?
What is the purpose of this poster?
Who is this man supposed to represent?
What is the purpose of this poster?
Art and Literature
• All Quiet on the Western Front:
– Novel about life for soldiers during WWI
– Put-down glory of war
Closure – Propaganda Poster
• Partner As will create a propaganda poster
trying to gather U.S. support to enter the
war.
• Partner Bs will create a poster trying to
gather German support to continue the
war.
Results of World War I
• Treaty of Versailles:
1) ended WWI 2) led to WWII
3) Established League of Nations
• Severely punished Germany:
– Land taken away in Europe – its colonies in
Africa and Asia too!
– Pay compensation for damage caused by
WWI
– Military reduced to defense purposes only
– Accept blame for WWI
Stop and Think!
•
•
•
•
Partner A: What officially ended WWI?
Partner B: Who was punished the most?
Partner A: Give one punishment
Partner B: Give another punishment
Which idea was included in the provision of
the Treaty of Versailles to show the intent of
the Allies to punish the Central Powers for
their role in World War I?
1) All nations shall maintain open covenants
of peace.
2) Freedom of the seas will be maintained.
3) Germany will accept full responsibility for
causing the war.
4) Territorial settlements shall be made along
clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
The Treaty of Versailles contributed
to the economic collapse of
Germany after World War I by
1) mandating economic reforms in Germany
2) requiring that Germany pay for war
damages
3) placing a quota on goods exported from
Germany
4) devaluing German currency
The Treaty of Versailles punished
Germany for its role in World War I
by
1) forcing Germany to accept blame for the
war and to pay reparations
2) dividing Germany into four occupied
zones
3) supporting economic sanctions by the
United Nations
4) taking away German territory in the
Balkans and Spain
What was a direct result of World
War I?
1) Nicholas II was named czar of Russia.
2) Germany lost its colonies in Africa and
Asia.
3) Archduke Franz Ferdinand was
assassinated by a terrorist.
4) The Ottoman Empire expanded.
The Treaty of Versailles angered
many Germans after World War I
because the treaty
1) divided Germany into Communist and
non-Communist zones
2) made Germany restore its emperor
3) required all German-speaking Europeans
to return to Germany
4) forced Germany to pay large war
reparations
Many historians believe that the
harsh terms found in the Treaty of
Versailles helped lead to
1) Italy’s unification
2) Turkey’s modernization
3) revolutions in Russia
4) World War II
League of Nations
• Organization of nations created to keep
peace in the world – encouraged by
President Woodrow Wilson but U.S.A.
never joined – turned out to be very
ineffective.
One goal of the League of Nations
was to
1) Promote peaceful relations worldwide
2) Stimulate the economy of Europe
3) Bring World War I to an end
4) Encourage a strong alliance system
President Woodrow Wilson's ideals
were best represented in the Treaty
of Versailles in its provisions calling
for the
1) division of German colonies among the
Allies
2) acceptance by Germany of full
responsibility for World War I
3) establishment of a general association of
the world's nations – the League of
Nations
4) payment of reparations to the Allies by
Germany
New Map of Europe
• Larger nations (that lost in WWI) were
broken up into smaller nations
Map – Europe Between the World Wars
U.S.S.R.
“Baltic
States”
Great
Britain
Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Austria
France
Hungary
Italy
Turkey
The countries shown in dark gray on this map can best be described as
1) Triple Alliance members before World War I
2) European countries formed immediately after World War
I
3) Axis powers during World War II
4) Common Market members after World War II
VI. Europe Between the World
Wars
Hitler’s Rise to Power - Reasons
• Economic Environment: Germany’s
economy in very bad shape after WWI
– Treaty of Versailles: Germany paid millions to
other nations for WWI damages
– World Economic Depression: people lost
savings, business failed, Germany’s money
became worthless
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Give one reason why
German’s economy was in bad shape
• Partner B: Give the other
Reasons why Hitler came to power
in Germany
• Weimer Republic government before Hitler;
weak and ineffective
• Promise to improve economy
– Stop paying for WWI
– Jobs – military and factory (military supplies)
• Get Germany’s pride back
– Get land back
– Develop a German cultural identity
• Anti-Semitism (hatred of the Jews)
• Anti-Communism
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: Give one reason Hitler was
able to gain influence over the German
people
• Partner B: Give another
• Partner A: Give another
• Partner B: Give another
Give One Get One
• Write down as many things in 60 seconds
as you can that you know about World
War II.
Hitler’s Germany
• Totalitarian Government
– A type of government that has
total control of all aspects of life,
ex. Hitler – Nazi Germany,
Mussolini – Fascist Italy,
Stalin – Communist USSR
– Fascism: A type of government that is totalitarian
and very nationalistic (a lot of national pride).
Examples: Germany, Italy, Spain
– Nazi’s ideas: totalitarian and nationalistic type of
government
• Promote the Aryan “race”
– Nuremburg laws
• Expansion of territory in Europe
• Used propaganda extensively
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is a totalitarian
government?
• Partner B: Who are the three leaders of
totalitarian governments provided and
which countries did they lead?
• Partner A: What is fascism?
• Partner B: What were the Nazi’s ideas?
Which leader is most closely
associated with the rise of fascism
in Italy prior to World War II?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ho Chi Minh
Winston Churchill
Mao Zedong
Benito Mussolini
Which was the major reason for the rise of
dictatorships in Europe in the two
decades following World War I?
1. general illiteracy of the working class
2. stresses caused by the constant threat
of renewed warfare
3. destruction of homes and factories
during World War I
4. widespread economic disorder
Adolf Hitler was aided in his rise to
power by the
1. support of the French government
2. support of the Communist Party in
Germany
3. economic problems of post-World War
I Germany
4. imperialist policy of the Weimar
Republic
Totalitarian societies in the 20th
century could be most consistently
identified by their
1. unwillingness to allow free elections
2. acceptance of a variety of political
beliefs
3. support for a state-controlled
religion
4. denial of public education to their
citizens
". . . The key-stone of the Fascist doctrine is its conception
of the State, of its essence, its functions, and its aims. For
Fascism the State is absolute, individuals and groups
relative. Individuals and groups are admissible in so far as
they come within the State. Instead of directing the game
and guiding the material and moral progress of the
community, the liberal State restricts its activities to
recording results. The Fascist State is wide awake and has
a will of its own. For this reason it can be described as
'ethical'. . . ."
- Benito Mussolini, Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions,
Howard Fertig, 1932
Which statement expresses the main idea of the passage?
1. The people have a right to overthrow ineffective governments.
2. The state is more important than the individuals within it.
3. The state gets its authority from the power of individuals.
4. The establishment of an empire will cause division and chaos.
A map showing the growth of Nazi Germany by
September 1939. Once Hitler had firm control over
a renewed Germany and had found that the other
powers were willing to appease him, Hitler became
more aggressive. In 1936 he reclaimed the
demilitarized Rhineland, violating the treaties of
Versailles and Locarno; in 1938 he invaded Austria
and annexed the Sudetenland; in March 1939 he
occupied the Czech lands, and in August of that
year he signed a non-aggression plan with Russia
which included a clause that divided eastern
Europe into German and Russian zones. Then he
conquered Poland in September 1939.
True/False
Only Jewish people were sent to
camps
True/False
The Holocaust only occurred in
Germany
True/False
Anti-Semitism is the hatred of
Jews
True/False
The Nazis appealed mostly to
middle class, the lower class, the
unemployed, etc.
The Holocaust
• Genocide – mass killing of an entire
culture of people
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What is genocide?
• Partner B: How is the Holocaust an
example of genocide?
Armenian Massacre during WWI
Genocide in Darfur
The Holocaust
• Hitler’s Plan
– Harass the Jews – restrict their rights
– The Nuremberg Laws (Don’t have to write the
white)
• Excluded German Jews from citizenship
• Prohibited German Jews from marrying or having sexual
relations with persons of “German or related blood”
• Deprived of most political rights
• Jewish businesses were taken over by non-Jewish
people
• Everyone was required to carry an ID card, but theirs
specified them as Jews
– Gather them into “Concentration Camps”
– “Final Solution” – total extermination of the Jewish
people
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What was the first step in
Hitler’s plan?
• Partner B: What was the purpose of the
Nuremburg laws?
• Partner A: What was the purpose of the
concentration camps?
• Partner B: What was the final solution?
REICH CITIZENSHIP LAW & DECREE
Only such persons as are of German or kindred
stock and who have proved by their conduct that
they are willing and fit loyally to serve the German
people and Reich are citizens...Reich citizens shall
be the sole possessors of complete political rights.
The passage is an excerpt from the Nuremburg Laws of
1935. The law in the excerpt was designed to
1.protect the rights of German minorities
2.extend citizenship to all people living in Germany
3.put racist theories into public policy
4.insure political freedom
REICH CITIZENSHIP LAW & DECREE
Only such persons as are of German or kindred stock
and who have proved by their conduct that they are
willing and fit loyally to serve the German people and
Reich are citizens...Reich citizens shall be the sole
possessors of complete political rights.
The passage is an excerpt from the Nuremburg
Laws of 1935. The Nuremburg Laws were partly
responsible for
1.the occurrence of the Holocaust
2.the extension of citizenship to minority groups
members
3.the creation of a classless society in Germany
4.increased nationalism for minorities living in
Germany
How does this demonstrate the significance of the
Holocaust?
The Holocaust
Web quest
VII. World War II in Europe Causes
• German aggression – Germany attempted to get
lands they lost in WWI (other lands as well)
• Failure of League of Nations – had no power to
stop Germany’s actions
• Appeasement – Britain and France allowed
Germany to get what it wanted (lands) – to
prevent war
–
–
–
–
Rhineland
Austria
Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
Poland (started WWII)
Stop and Think
• Partner A: One cause of WWII
• Partner B: Another cause
• Partner A: The 3rd cause
Based on the information provided by the diagram, which
statement is a valid conclusion about the 1930s?
1.The United States led international peacekeeping efforts.
2.Aggression led to the start of World War II.
3.The actions of Italy, Germany, and Japan united Europe.
4.Economic and social upheaval led to the rise of democracy
in Asia.
The Japanese, the Germans, and the
Italians pursued a policy of
expansionism before World War II to
gain
1. natural resources
2. warm-water ports
3. manufacturing plants
4. freedom of the seas
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria
in 1931 and Hitler's rebuilding of the
German military in 1935 demonstrate
the
1. success of defensive alliances
2. fear of communist expansion
3. support for the Treaty of Versailles
4. failure of the League of Nations
The term appeasement is best defined as
1. an attempt to avoid conflict by meeting the
demands of an aggressor
2. a period of peace and prosperity, resulting
in cultural achievement
3. a declaration of war between two or more
nations
4. an agreement removing economic barriers
between nations
Before September 1939, the
European response to Hitler’s
actions included
1. Following a policy of appeasement
2. Blockading the coast of Germany
3. Forcing Germany to sign the
Versailles Treaty
4. Creating alliances under the United
Nations Charter
One reason that Britain and France
agreed to appease Hitler at the Munich
Conference was to
1.prevent the start of another world war
2.stop the Nazis from invading the Soviet
Union
3.obey an order from the League of
Nations
4.obtain advanced German military
weapons in exchange
When some European leaders agreed
to Hitler’s demands concerning
Czechoslovakia in 1938, they were
supporting a policy of
1. détente
2. balance of power
3. collective security
4. appeasement
Before World War II, Great Britain
adopted a policy of appeasement in
order to
1. form an alliance with Italy
2. promote democracy in eastern Europe
3. avoid war with Germany
4. demilitarize the frontiers of France
and the Soviet Union
“Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia” (1935)
“Germany Takes the Rhineland Back” (1936)
“Germany and Russia Divide Poland” (1939)
These headlines might be used to illustrate the
weakness of the
1.United Nations
2.Congress of Vienna
3.Warsaw Pact
4.League of Nations
Warfare
• Mobile warfare: modern technology
created quick transportation (airplanes,
motor vehicles, ships). “Blitzkrieg” –
sudden, fast and overwhelming attacks,
tactic used by Germans
Warfare
• Technologies:
– Airplanes: dominant weapon of WWII
– Tanks: allowed quick and powerful
movement
– Rockets: Germans invented and used
them a bit – not very effective in WWII
– Radar: used to find enemies’ airplanes
Key Events
• Invasion of Poland: brought Britain and
France into the war against Germany
(immediate cause of WWII)
• Battle of Britain: air war for control of
Britain
• D-Day: allied invasion of European
continent (in France), began to pushing
Germans back into Germany
Which event is most closely
associated with the start of World
War II in Europe?
1. invasion of Poland by Nazi forces
2. signing of the Munich Agreement
3. building of the Berlin Wall
4. assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Results
• Germany:
– Divided up by
allies into 4 zones
– Nuremberg Trials:
German officials
tried for “Crimes Against Humanity”
Results
• Loss of old European colonies around the
world
• The United Nations created to replace the
League of Nations and keep peace
• Cold War heightened tensions between
the US and the USSR
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in
1931 and Hitler's rebuilding of the
German military in 1935 demonstrate
the
1. success of defensive alliances
2. fear of communist expansion
3. support for the Treaty of Versailles
4. failure of the League of Nations
Map – Europe After the World Wars
Finland
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
U.S.S.R.
Netherlands
Belgium
Great
Britain
West
Germany
Ireland
Poland
East
Germany
Czechoslovakia
France
Austria
Hungary
Romania
Italy
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
Switzerland
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Albania
Greece
Back
VIII. World War II in Asia - Causes
• Japanese imperialism – 1937, Japan took
over areas of China (Japan needed raw
materials) – Failure of League of Nations
What is the best title for this map?
1.Dominance of Manchukuo
2.Japanese Imperial Expansion
3.East Asian Trade Routes
4.Natural Resources of China and
Japan
VIII. World War II in Asia - Causes
• Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked US on December
7th, 1941 (to keep US from stopping imperialist
plans)
The Destruction (Don’t have to
write)
• 4 navy battleships sank and 4 more
damaged
• 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, and 1 minelayer
destroyed or damaged
• 188 aircraft destroyed
• 2,402 killed and 1,282 wounded
USS Arizona
• 1,177 crewmen lost their lives on this ship
alone
Yes or No
If you were a member of Congress at
this time, would you have voted yes
or no in declaring war on Japan?
Stop and Think!
• Each partner: explain why you either said
yes or no.
• Partner A: How is Pearl Harbor similar to
9/11?
• Partner B: How are kamakazi pilots
similar to more recent suicide bombers?
During The War
• Japanese Abuses: used cruel methods to
keep control of lands:
– Rape of Nanking: hundreds of thousands of
innocent Chinese tortured and killed
– Bataan Death March: US prisoners of war
tortured and killed on a long march to prison
camps
Map
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What was the Rape of Nanking?
• Partner B: What was the Bataan Death March?
• Partner A: How are the Japanese soldiers at
this time similar to those of Germany?
• Partner B: What do you think should be the
consequence of Japanese soldiers involved in
the Rape of Nanking and the Bataan Death
March?
During The War
• Island Hopping:
– Term used to describe US plan to defeat
Japan
– Control of an island let US control lots of
territory
• Atomic Bomb:
– US bombed two Japanese cities, Hiroshima
and Nagasaki
– Japan surrendered – ending WWII
Results
• Japan occupied by US Army for 7 years
• US forced Japan to create a democratic
style government (emperor allowed to stay
but had no real power – no “divide”
connection
• US provided economic help to rebuild
Japan. Why? US wanted Japan on their
side in coming Cold War
Stop and Think!
• Partner A: What was one result of WWII in
Asia?
• Partner B: What was another?
• Partner A: What was another?
• Partner B: Do you think these are
appropriate consequences for Japan?
Essential Questions
1) How were the results of World War I
directly related to the causes of World
War II in Europe?
• WW IThe severe punishment of
Germany led to:An environment in
Germany that allowed Hitler to rise to
power
• WW IIHitler’s reasons to rebuild an army
and take over lands
2. How did the memories of World War I
lead some European nations to allow
German aggression?
• They appeased Hitler in order to prevent
another world war
3. How did Hitler use the social, economic and
political conditions in Germany after
World War I to help him rise to power?
• He made promises to make German life
better
• The promises got him elected to power
4. How did the relationship between a
government and an individual citizen
differ when comparing Hitler’s Germany
and Western Democracies?
• Western Democracy → government exists
at the consent of the people
• Hitler’s Germany → people exist to
support the government
5. In what way did each of the allies view
their contribution as essential to the
war effort?
• Britain: fought alone at first – stayed
throughout the war
• USSR: fought Germany while Britain and
the U.S. got ready to fight
• United States: their involvement turned the
tide of the war in favor of the allies
Yes or No
A well organized essay has an
introduction, body paragraphs,
and a conclusion
Yes or No
A well written essay has run on
sentences, sentence fragments,
and misspelled words.
Yes or No
A well written essay includes
examples and details that support
the answer.
Yes or No
A well written essay uses
abbreviations such as JK, W/,
W/O, etc.
Yes or No
A well written essay included
personal pronouns such as I, you,
we, me.
Exemplars – hyperlink!