Practice Support Program
End of Life
Learning Session 3
1
Acknowledgements
• End of Life Practice Support Program Committees:
Dr. Cathy Clelland, Chair, Sheila Balson, Andy Basi, Sherry Bar, Dr. Doris
Barwich, Dr. Clifford Chan-Yan, Louise Donald, Dr. Ian Courtice, Dr.
Romayne Gallagher, Dr. Neil Hilliard, Pamela Hinada, Dr, Bruce Hobson, Dr.
Marcus Hollander, Judy Huska, Pauline James, Dr. Marnie Jacobsen, Dr.
Helena Kadlec, Liza Kallstrom, Dr. Douglas McGregor, Dr. Chris Rauscher,
Pat Porterfield, Della Roberts, Christina Southey
• BC Hospice Palliative Care Association Learning
Centre for Palliative Care: Hospice Palliative End-ofLife Primary Care Provider Education Project
• Fraser Health End of Life Care Program: Advance Care
Planning initiative
• Gold Standards Framework
(http://www.goldstandardsframework.nhs.uk)
2
Welcome back
3
Patient/Family/Community’s voice
(10 minutes)
4
Report back
(60 minutes)
5
PSP Storyboard template for End of Life
Team Name:___________
Date:___________
6
Team members – Team picture
• List team members and roles
7
Our team aim
An aim template for team:
We aim to improve _________(name of process or
topic) in _____(location) so that _______ (a
numerical goal), by ________ (time period)
8
Measures: Sample
Practice Key Measures
Target
Baseline
Current
results
# of pts identified and placed on a registry
% of pts on the registry that had an ESAS and
or PPS (as appropriate)
% patient on registry who have been given My
Voice (or other) and had an ACP conversation
% of patients on a registry with a collaborative
proactive care plan in place
Additional practice measures (only if additional
measures used)
9
What did we do?
• Summary of what you did
(if you tested multiple changes in the action period pick
your top 1 or 2 to share)
10
Study
• What did you learn?
• Did things change from baseline in your measures?
11
Graphs
12
Patient story
13
Provider story
14
Summary of current status
• Successes:
• Challenges and/or barriers:
• What we are planning to test next:
15
All teams share!
16
End-of-life symptom
management & addressing the
question of hydration
(20 minutes)
Based on materials from:
•Mark Turris RN, MSN, CHPCN (C), “Symptom Management in the
Last Days to Hours of Life”, Vancouver Home Hospice Consult Team
•Pat Porterfield, Presentation on “Food & Fluids”, Victoria Hospice
Medical Care of the Dying Course
•Fraser Health Hospice Palliative Care Symptom Guidelines
17
Physical symptoms experienced at endof-life
1. Pain
2. Shortness of Breath
3. Nausea & Vomiting
4. Agitation
18
Physical symptoms/changes experienced
at end-of-life (continued)
5. Fatigue
6. Sleepiness
7. Inability to Swallow
8. Loss of appetite
9. Dehydration
10.Incontinence
11.Confusion
19
Actively Dying
In the context of a progressive life-threatening illness
1. Low level of consciousness – sleep with
occasional periods of alertness or sleeping
continuously
2. Changes in breathing patterns – apnea,
rapid shallow breathing, Cheyne-stokes, &/or
moist respirations (respiratory congestion)
3. Incontinence of urine &/or feces
4. Color & temperature changes – cyanosed
nail beds, pallor (face), coolness of
extremities
20
Managing pain at End of Life
1. Most common is use of sc meds, either
continuation of previous opioid or initiation of
low dose of hydromorphone or morphine
2. Transdermal meds can be continued, but
usually available in too high a dose to initiate
at this time
3. Sublingual & sub-buccal
21
Normal respiratory changes
• Mouth breathing, therefore dry mouth
• Provide mouth care with a soft tooth
brush and water, plus non-petroleum
gel to lips with turns or care
22
Respiratory congestion
• Respiratory secretions – avoid unnecessary
fluids or deep suctioning
• Gurgly respirations – saliva over vocal chords
• Glycopyrrolate 0.1-0.2 mg sc q6-8h regularly;
doesn’t cross Blood Brain Barrier
• Atropine eye drops s/l or 0.4-0.8 mg sc q4h
regularly & prn
• Scopolamine sc 0.3-0.6 mg q4-6 h reg & prn
23
Dyspnea
• “ Opioids, Opioids, Opioids “
• Likely work through opioid receptor, same as for
pain
• Often very low doses help, i.e. Hydromorphone
0.5mg s.c. q4h regularly and 0.1 mg q 30 min
prn
• Poor evidence for inhaled opioids
24
Dyspnea (continued)
• Nozinan: starting dose 2.5 to 5 mg q8h and titrate to effect. Start low
to test tolerance as wide variation in patient response. Elderly
patients generally respond better to nozinan than benzodiazepines.
• Benzodiazepines: Lorazepam 1-2mg q4h sl/sc, midazolam
intermittently or csci 1-4 mg/hr for for severe dyspnea & anxiety
• Non-drug measures – fan, open window
• Oxygen-if available, esp. if pt known to be hypoxic & oxygen has
assisted in the past, and if does not increase restlessness; in
imminently dying phase, do not monitor O2 sats & may remove O2
as death approaches & dyspnea no longer a concern
25
Terminal restlessness
• Pt. unconscious and moving about in bed
• Common - usually multifactorial – system failure,
infections, pain, full bladder, etc.
• Rule out any physical causes such as: pain,
urinary retention, or constipation.
• If all physical causes ruled out – may be
psychological/existential
• If cannot be reversed, needs to be treated
pharmacologically
26
Terminal restlessness (continued)
Neuroleptics first choice for restlessness &
agitation
 Nozinan (methotrimeprazine) 10-50 mg sc q4-8h
and titrate,
 Haloperidol 0.5- 5mg sc q4-8 h
Benzodiazepines: lorazepam 1-2 mg sl/sc q4h
prn on an adjunct basis – a Midazolam
continuous sc infusion 1-4 mg/hr via CADD
Pump for severe restlessness/agitation
27
Food & fluids at end of life
Useful questions to ask in assessing withdrawal
from food & fluids during the illness:
• Is the reduction in intake appropriate to the
phase of the illness? Cancer treatment or
palliation? Importance of performance status.
Consider cachexia/anorexia syndrome
• Is the patient’s mood/relationship with
significant others normal?
• Is the patient satisfied with their ability to eat and
drink? If focus is palliation, this is most
important.
28
Fluids within the terminal phase
• Preference for oral sips and good mouth care
• If concern re the need for hydration in other
forms such as hypodermoclysis or IV, discuss
family’s understanding & expectations:
•
withdrawing from food and fluid is a
common aspect of the dying process
•
parenteral therapy is not nutrition
•
reduced food/fluid is not uncomfortable
•
thirst can be addressed with good mouth
care; hydration does not prevent thirst
29
Burdens of hydration
• Increased fluid can contribute to symptoms such as
edema, ascites, resp. congestion, nausea & vomiting
• Complexity and discomfort associated with
administering fluids may increase agitation and
create a need for restraint (chemical or physical)
• May affect where the patient dies
• Increased need to void
• Dehydration may act as a natural anesthetic
• May prolong suffering/dying rather than living
30
Benefits of hydration
• Reduces cognitive impairment; may improve
delirium/terminal agitation at the end of life esp.
if related to neurotoxicity, hypercalcemia
• May prolong dying/survival (which can be seen
as helpful if pt/family waiting for an event etc.)
• May fulfill pt/family expectations
• Can be initiated as a trial
31
Resources for family to help with
understanding the dying process
• Patient education materials such as
 Booklet: Preparing for the death of a loved one
 Caregiver’s resources
 Virtual Hospice website
• “When death is near” article
32
GPAC Palliative Care Part III:
Grief and Bereavement
(25 minutes)
33
Is this a good death? Who decides?
US Institute of Medicine (1997): “One that is free from
avoidable suffering for patients, families, and caregivers; in
general accord with patients’ and families wishes; and
reasonably consistent with clinical, cultural, and ethical
standards.”
34
Patient perspectives: A “good death”
• Pain and symptom management.
• No prolongation of dying.
• Sense of control:
 Clear approach to decisions and roles.
• Strengthening relationships:
– “Doing for others”; not a burden.
• Continuity of self:
– Before, during, and after illness.
• Meaning and completion.
• Life review, purpose and meaning.
35
Preparations for death
• Education and support for caregivers/family.
• You may need to prepare, guide, and
interpret the experience.
• Dialogue about dying and
preparations that need to be made.
• People who need to visit (and
those who don’t).
• Issue of “unfinished business”.
• Funeral plans/wills.
• ANTICIPATION is essential
36
Explaining the dying phase and preparing the
family..
• Patient withdrawing from world around them
• Refusing tablets, food and drink or basic nursing
care (need to exclude obvious clinical depression)
• Decreased appetite, decreased oral intake
• Decreased circulation, mottling, tachycardia
• Changes in breathing patterns with respiratory
congestion (trapped secretions) or periods of apnea.
• Changes in level of consciousness
• Occasionally confusion, agitation, delirium
• Changes in perception: Awareness of “other”.
37
Can the family do this?
• Practically?
 Elderly couple.
 Singles.
 Confusion/ incontinence/costs.
• Psychologically?
 Mental health or addiction issues.
 Out of keeping with family’s expected role or
usual activity.
38
End of Life care check list for likely home death
• Points to consider when patients enter the dying phase:
 Reconfirm a patient's goals of care, preferred place of
care, what to do in an emergency.
 Connect with home nursing (already in place)
 Ensure that required forms are completed (No CPR
and/or Notification of Expected Home Death).
 Discontinue non-essential medications.
39
End of Life care check list (continued)
• Arrange for subcutaneous (SC) / transdermal
medication administration or a drug kit to be placed in
the home when a patient is no longer able to take
medications by mouth.
• Arrange for a hospital bed +/- pressure relief mattress.
• Arrange for a Foley catheter as needed.
• Leave an order for a SC anti-secretion medication
(e.g., atropine, glycopyrrolate).
40
Useful websites
When a home death is preferred:
http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/hcc/pdf/expected_home_death.pdf
41
If home death not an option………
• Identify alternatives in your area.
• If hospice
 May differ in each Health Authority but will require involvement of
palliative care team and clarification of goals of care (No CPR; No
dialysis; prognosis < 3 months; no IVs; no further acute
interventions).
 Per diem cost (~ $30/day).
 More stable re symptom management.
 Private rooms and support for families.
 Do you need a back-up plan?
42
At the time of death
• Management of terminal symptoms.
• Support, with all team members, including
spiritual care
• Acceptance of dying as a normal process.
• Acknowledge the death
• Patient/family as the unit of care.
• Effective communication
• Check with family about all practical
aspects
43
What equips GPs to give quality care in the
last days of life?
• Strong relationships with Community Nurses and
local palliative care teams.
• Good access to these resources.
• Shared clinical practice guidelines.
• Adequate remuneration for the time intensive
nature of the work.
• Availability and familiarity with local “medication
kits” or pharmacy arrangements.
44
Supporting grief and bereavement
45
Definitions
• Bereavement: the loss of a significant person and also
the period of adjustment for the bereaved after the loss.
• Grief: the normal response to the loss of someone or
something precious.
• Mourning: the social expression of grief after a death,
associated with rituals and behaviours within the
appropriate religious and cultural context.
46
Classes of grief
• Typical (Normal)
• Anticipatory
• Complicated
• Disenfranchised
• Unresolved
47
Understanding normal grief and how to support
it
• 85% of grief experiences follow a normal pathway - it’s
not about fixing it.
• In the context of a death, grief is a complex lifelong
process that involves transforming a relationship rather
than detaching from it.
• We all grieve differently - allow for diversity.
• It often gets worse before it gets better.
• You can’t prevent grief, but you can try to develop
elements of resilience.
48
Understanding normal grief and how to support
it (continued)
• Lifestyle Management
– What is helpful for them
– “Homework”
• Education
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Normalize the process not “going crazy”
What to expect
What is helpful
Giving hope
Key phrases
Clichés to avoid
Resources
• Pharmacology
49
Communication strategies to support grieving
• Use the deceased’s name.
• Acknowledge the death – “I am sorry James is gone”.
• Talk about the deceased and memories, ask about “What
are you remembering about James today?”
• Bring closure to the death “Do you have questions about
James’ final illness or treatment?”
• Talk about grief feelings: “How has James’ death affected
you?”
50
Key phrases
• “I am sorry”
• “It must be hard for you”
• “What would be most useful right now?”
• “Do you want to talk about it?”
• “Do you have someone you would like me to call?”
• “What do you miss most about James?”
• “What would you like me to do for you?”
• “What are your supports?”
51
Clichés to avoid
• “ I understand” or “ It’s for the best”
• “There was a reason” or “ It’s God’s will”
• “I know how you feel”
• “Time heals”
• “You will get over it”
• Avoid giving examples of those who are “worse off”
• Disallowing patient's feelings “ You should be getting over
this by now”
• Giving early advice
52
Complicated grief
• Need to recognize early because:
 Symptoms of complicated grief post loss are highly
predictive of impairment and complications at 13 and
24 months post loss.
 Rate of depression is 15-35% during the first year after
loss of a spouse.
 Suicide risk especially after loss of a child, loss of a
spouse (older men) and sudden traumatic loss.
 Higher rates of morbidity, mortality, health care
utilization, alcohol, tobacco, sedatives and impaired
immune function.
53
Resources
• Every member of staff should know how to access.
• Handouts / leaflets.
• BC Bereavement Helpline and other counseling/ grief
support resources.
• Local hospice society.
• Legal issues/ custody issues / public guardian and trustee
• Specialist areas – children, teenagers, mental health and
addictions.
54
Practical tips for the office
• An immediate phone call to family/ caregiver.
• Inform and debrief with all staff in the office.
• Send a card – some staff may want to write
something too.
• Ensure all appointments are cancelled.
• Phone CHNs to thank and debrief.
• A follow up visit at 4 - 6 weeks.
• Another at 6 months.
55
Billing criteria for new incentive
payments
(10 minutes)
56
Case study – Mr. James Lee
• Mr. James Lee is a 74 yr old retired
electrician.
• Has a history of COPD, hypertension and
was diagnosed with Prostate cancer 6 yrs
ago (at age 68 yrs).
• Followed by both an urologist and a radiation
oncologist and maintained on hormone
therapy.
• His COPD has been managed in a shared
care manner with a respirologist.
• Every fall you have undertaken a review of
his COPD Action plan and this has kept him
14053
COPD CDM
fairly
stable.
57
Office visit
• Last year, (5 yrs after the original diagnosis) James
indicated that he was having pain in his back and
shoulder.
• The radiation oncologist organized radiation for pain
relief and coordinated changes in hormone therapy;
the radiation relieved the pain initially.
17100 Office Visit
58
Conferencing & Telephone Advice
• Fax your request to the oncologist and he calls the
next day re: some interim management and
development of a plan to manage his symptoms.
• Total GP time for conferencing with oncologist 20
minutes.
• Communicate this info to James by phone after
end of conference call with oncologist.
14077 or 14016 GP Conferencing with specialist
10002 Oncologist billing code (non-urgent up to 1
week)
14076 GP Telephone Follow-up with Patient
59
Counseling visit for patient
• At the next appointment, you discuss the Advance
Care Plan and undertake counseling James on the
outlook of his prognosis and his related anxieties –
25 min counseling visit.
17120 Office Counselling
60
Urgent advice
• James is feeling quite poorly. You decide to urgently
consult his respirologist on options for management in
the community
• Respirologist calls you within 20 minutes and you
discuss James’ current status
17100 Office Visit
14018 Urgent (<2hr) Telephone advice from Spec/GP
with spec training
10001 Respirologist billing code for the urgent telephone
advice
61
Office counseling for family members
• You arrange a meeting with the daughter to discuss
her concerns. You undertake counseling with her that
takes 30 minutes.
00120 Office Counselling (for daughter)
62
Daily MRP care, discharge planning fee
• When you are not on call, there is a decline: admitted
to hospital in respiratory failure.
• He is seen by the respirologist on call in consultation.
• James remains in hospital 5 days.
• A 30 minute discharge planning care conference (may
be by phone for 14077 but in person only for 14017).
• You providing MRP care daily and he is first patient
seen each day; respirologist support.
13008 Hospital acute care visit X 5 (Daily MRP care)
13338 First patient visit of the day incentive X 5 days
14077 or 14017 Discharge Planning care conference X 2
units
63
Palliative care planning fee
• Post acute care discharge James is now ready for
referral to BC Palliative Care Benefits Plan and a
Home Care Referral for assessment of the home.
• Discuss a safety net.
• Complete BC Palliative Care Benefits Plan referral and
the No CPR form.
• 40 min palliative planning session and office visit.
17100 Office Visit
14063 Palliative Care Planning Fee
64
Community patient conferencing fee
• You contact the Home Care nurse to discuss the likely
trajectory and anticipated events. You and the nurse
discuss the care plan, agree on channels of
communication and ensure the MOA is aware of these
priority arrangements. 15 minutes total conferencing
time.
14077 or 14016 Conferencing with Allied Care
Professional
65
House call
• Joint visit with the Home Care Nurse and assess their
current goals of care and capacity to remain at home.
• Following the visit, you and the Home Care Nurse
review and revise the plan of management based on
input from James and his family – 20 min.
14077 or 14016 Conferencing X 1 unit
00103 House Call
1X200 Out of office age appropriate visit fee for
additional pts seen when medically necessary at
same house call
66
Support of home care nurse
• Home care nurse agrees to call you at least weekly
regarding the situation and you decide to visit every
couple of weeks. Plans are made for an expected death
at home.
13005 Advice about patient in community care if brief
advice (not billable on same day as a visit)
14077 or 14016 if fulfills conferencing requirements
00103 Home Visit
1X200 Out of office age appropriate visit fee for
additional pts seen when medically necessary
at same house call
67
Other fees
• 00127 +/- 13338 Terminal care facility visit
(depending on patient Dx/condition only regardless if
in “palliative bed” or not - acute/LTC/hospice).
• 00115 Urgent LTC visit 0800 – 2300, 7 days/wk.
• 00114, +/- 13334 Routine long term care visit.
• 00112, 01200-2 + out of office visit Specially called
to see in acute care or hospice.
• 13008/13028 +/- 13338 Acute care visits.
• 14015 Facility Patient Conferencing for FSFP not
participating in Attachment.
68
Continuing the improvements in
your local community
(30 minutes)
69
You’ve had a head start!
The involvement of families and community
members in your improvement work will help you
sustain
 More partners in care
 Accountability and encouragement from team mates
 Maximizing community and family support
70
We can all work as one to
continue improving changes in
our practice and community!
71
Table Discussion
With your community team discuss what you would
like to improve in the practice and community, is it:
 A specific change?
 A measured outcome from your efforts?
 An underlying culture of improvement?
 Relationships established in the community?
 A combination?
(20 min)
Source: NHS Improvement leader’s Guide: Sustainability, NHS Institute for
Innovation and Improvement, 2007
72
Sustainability of Clinical Redesign
in Your Practice
(20 minutes)
73
What are you trying to sustain
With your community team discuss what you would
like to sustain in the practice and community, is it:





A specific change?
A measured outcome from your efforts?
An underlying culture of improvement?
Relationships established in the community?
A combination?
Source: NHS Improvement leader’s Guide: Sustainability, NHS Institute for
Innovation and Improvement, 2007
74
Strategies to sustain the changes
• Be clear about the benefits (use measurement)
• Establish and document standard processes and
have a plan for ongoing training
• Establish an ongoing measurement processes
• Make changes to job descriptions and policies
and procedures to reflect change
• Celebrate success!
Source: NHS Improvement leader’s Guide: Sustainability, NHS Institute for
Innovation and Improvement, 2007
75
Predictors of sustainability
• Staff, providers and patients can describe why they
like the change and it’s impact
• Providers and staff are confident and can assist in
explaining to others
• Job descriptions reflect new roles
• Measurement is part of the practice and used to
monitor progress
• The change is no longer ‘new’, but ‘the way we do
things around here’
Source: NHS Improvement leader’s Guide: Sustainability, NHS Institute for Innovation
and Improvement, 2007
76
Table discussion: Sustainability activity
• At your table, develop a plan for increasing the
probability of sustaining your improvement work
• Use one or more of the strategies outlined in the
previous slide, or come up with others
• Share your ideas with the group
(10 min)
77
This is just the beginning!
• What would you like to
achieve in the coming
months?
• How will you know that
you’ve achieved it?
• What small change can
you make in the near
future that will make
further improvements?
78
Next steps …
• Ongoing support
• Informal meeting
and calls
79
Thank you!
80