Eukaryotic Cells
vs.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Key Question- What is the difference
between a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
cell?
 Initial Thoughts
What is a Cell?

Cell – Basic unit of living things.
Organisms are either:
 Unicellular – made of one
cell such as bacteria and
amoebas.
OR
 Multicellular – made of
many cells such as plants
and animals.
Cell Theory

The cell theory states that:
 All
living things are made of one or more cells.
 Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
 All cells come from other cells.
The Discovery of Cells
before
nucleus
true
nucleus
Cell Types

Two categories:
1. Cell that have
membrane-bound organelles

Called Eukaryotic Cells
2. Cells that do not have
membrane-bound organelles

called prokaryotic cells
 Unicellular organisms such as
bacteria are examples of
prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes
1.
2.
3.
Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope
Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes
Have membrane bound Organelles (golgi,
ER, lysosomes…etc)
4.
5.
6.
DNA – double-stranded and forms
chromosomes (highly organized)
Can be uni- OR multicellular organisms
Ex: animals, plants, fungi
Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane
continued:

allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste
to be removed
 This
is referred to as selective permeability.
*(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)*

keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and
water within the cell is called homeostasis
Overview of Organelles

Nucleus Largest
organelle in the cell and it is the most inner
compartment of the cell
 contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on
strands called chromosomes
 “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction


Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are
made here
Overview Cont’d

Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein);
thought of as “factories”

Cytoplasm-
clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends
all organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of
membranes
 Rough
ER: with ribosomes
 Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes

Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes
and sends them to needed places in the cell

Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive
enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria

Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of
the cell



release energy for the cell
It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell
Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a
membrane

Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products
Eukaryotic plant cell

Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant
cells contain some organelles that are not found
in animal cells.
Plant Cell Organelles

Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It
provides the cell with extra support.

Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and
converts it into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the
chloroplast.

Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in
the plant cell.
Prokaryotes
1.
2.
NO nucleus
NO membrane bound organelles (just
ribosomes)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ALL are unicellular
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller
and more simple)
DNA – single strand and circular
Ex: ALL Bacteria
Similarities
1.
Contain all four biomolecules
(lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)
1.
Have ribosomes
2.
Have DNA
3.
Similar Metabolism
4.
Can be unicellular
5.
Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
Plant cell
Eukaryote VS. Prokaryote Picture
Part of Cell
Part of Factory
Capsule
Security Gate
Cell Wall
Outer Fence around the factory
Chloroplast
Solar Panel
Cytoskeleton
Moving Belt where items are inspected
Steel Support, Interior Walls
Cilia/Flagella
Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator
Enzyme
Worker; Assemblage Machinery
Golgi Complex
Distribution/Packaging Department
Mailroom
Mitochondrion
Generator, Engine Room, Power Source
Nucleoid
Storage of pre-production material
Nucleus
Supervisor’s Office, Boss
Corporate Office, Central Operations
Plasma Membrane
Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door
Ribosomes
Assembly Line Track
RER
Production Line
SER
Shipping Dock
Vacuole
Storage Area
Scientists to Remember

Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed
“cells” in cork

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
 Father
of Microscopy
 Saw tiny living things in pond water.
Scientists
Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed “cells”
in cork
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) – Saw
tiny living things in pond water.
 Matthias Schleiden (1838) – Plants are
made of cells.
 Theodor Schwann (1839) – Animals are
made of cells.
 Rudolf Virchow (1855) – New cells
come from existing cells.

Scientists

Janet Plowe (1931) – Cell membrane is
a physical structure.

Lynn Margulis (1970) – Organelles
were once free-living cells.
Microscopes
Light Microscope – magnifies tiny organisms
up to 1,000 times.
-Uses light and lenses.
-We use these.


Electron Microscope – magnifies
up to a million times.
-Uses electrons.
Shapes of Prokaryotes
Cocci =
spherical
(round)
 Bacillus =
(rod
shaped)
 Spirilla =
helical
(spiral)

Evidence 2Comparing Fungi and Bacteria

Day 1




1. On the bottom of the plate (the side that has the agar): label
the plate with your name, period, lab station number (along the
edge and as small as possible)
2. Equally divide the bottom of the plate into five equal sections.
3. Take a “sterile” cotton swab and rub on any surface (DO NOT
put swab in/on/around any human orifice) . Quickly rub the swab
on the plate. Write on the bottom of the plate where the swab
came from. Dispose of the swab in the special container.
4. When all four sections are done (one section is blank), turn
the plate upside down so that the side with the agar is facing up.
Evidence 2Comparing Fungi and Bacteria

Day 2
 1.
Draw a picture of EXACTLY what you see.
Color pencils will be used.
 2. Using the microscope what shapes can you
identify. (cocci, bacillus, spirilla)
 3. Be sure to draw a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell. Also be sure to draw a fungal
and bacterial cell. (Reflection)
Analysis Q’s
1.
What type of cell are Fungi and Bacteria?
(prokaryotic or eukaryotic)
2.
If bacteria is too small to see, why can you
see them on the agar plate?
3.
What was the purpose of leaving one of the
parts of the plate empty?
4.
Are fungi cells more closely related to
bacteria or animal cells? Why?
Summary
In a well developed paragraph:
 What did you think before about prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells? (look back at your initial
thoughts)
 What did you learn about prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells? Be specific! (look back at
your evidence section).
 What evidence do you have that you learned
this?
 Further Thoughts
Make sure this is thoughtful and thorough.
Reflection

Draw a picture of a fungal and bacterial cell.
*Be sure to note similarities and differences.
Big Idea

Come up with your own Big Idea.