Work in the 21st Century: An
Introduction to IndustrialOrganizational Psychology
by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte, 1/e
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Industrial-Organizational
Psychology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Module 1:
Fundamentals of I-O Psychology
• Importance of I-O psychology
– Importance of work in people’s lives
• What is I-O psychology?
– SIOP (Division 14 of APA)
– Fields of I-O psychology
• Personnel psychology
• Organizational psychology
• Human engineering
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Demographics of I-O Psychologists
• In 2000, I-O psychologists represented
about 6% of all APA members
• In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA
were women
• Average salaries:
– Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000
– Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000
4
Where I-O Psychologists
are Employed
Figure 1.1
Where I-O Psychologists
are Employed.
Source: SIOP Survey (2002).
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5
SIOP as a Resource
• www.siop.org
–
–
–
–
–
History of I-O psychology
Membership information (incl. students)
Quarterly newspaper: TIP
JobNet
Educational institutions that offer graduate
training programs in I-O psychology
– List of SIOP publications
6
Important Dates in the
Evolution of I-O Psychology
Figure 1.2
Important Dates in
the Evolution of
I-O Psychology
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Brief History of I-O Psychology
• 1876-1930
– Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill
Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham
– World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests
– 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to
Lillian Gilbreth
• Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering
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Brief History of I-O Psychology
(cont'd)
• 1930-1964
– Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations
– Human relations movement
• Theories of motivation
• Emotional world of the worker
• Studies of job satisfaction
– WWII
– Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII
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Challenges to I-O in 21st Century
• I-O psychology needs to be:
– Relevant
– Useful
– Grounded in scientific method
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Module 2: How This Course Can
Help You
• Knowledge about 21st century workplace
– Course will address issues such as work stress,
work-family balance, workplace discrimination,
& leadership
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Changes in the Workplace
Since 1980
• Personal computing
• Telecommuting &
virtual teams
• Videoconferencing
• Providing a service vs.
manufacturing
“goods”
• Nature of work more
fluid
• Teams vs. the
individual
• Little stability
• Family-friendly
workplaces
• Greater diversity
• Global workplace
Milton Montenegro/Getty Images
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Preparing for a Career in I-O
Psychology
• Education & training
• Getting into a graduate program
– Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s)
– Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics)
• More emphasis on coursework than major
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Module 3: Multicultural & CrossCultural Issues in I-O Psychology
• Multiculturalism
– Culture defined
• System in which
individuals share
meaning & common
ways of viewing
events & objects
• Sharing of meanings
& interpretations
Royalty-Free/CORBIS
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Multicultural Nature of Work in
the 21st Century
• Why should multiculturalism be important
to you?
• Why is multiculturalism important for I-O
psychology?
– Issues surrounding the global economy,
expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality
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Theory of Cultural Influence
• Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions
• Individualism/collectivism
• Power distance
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Masculinity/femininity
• Long-term vs. short-term orientation
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Cultural Differences Among
Countries
Figure 1.3
Cultural Differences
among Countries
Source: Hofstede, 1993, p.91.
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Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence
• Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension
of individualism/collectivism
– Horizontal cultures – those that minimize
distances between individuals
– Vertical cultures – accept & depend on
distances between individuals
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Cultural Determinants in the
Workplace (Triandis)
Figure 1.4
Triandis’s View of
Cultural Determinants
in the Workplace
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Module 4:
Themes & Course Structure
• Themes:
A) Unified Science
B) Holistic Approach
• Parts of the book:
1) Introduction
2) Industrial Psychology
3) Organizational Psychology
4) Work Environment
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Module 4 (cont’d)
• Resources
– Paper (I-O Journals/Books)
– Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org)
• Case study
– Provides example of complexity of work
behavior
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Permissions
Slide 5: Figure 1.1 adapted from 2002 SIOP Survey. Used by permission of the Society for Industrial & Organizational
Psychology.
Slide 12: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Milton Montenegro/Getty Images, Source Image ID: AA005305,
Filename: SS40056.JPG
Slide 14: McGraw-Hill Education Digital Image Library, Royalty-Free/CORBIS, Source Image ID: DBU2005, Filename:
DBU2005.JPG
Slide 17: Figure 1.3 from Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management
Executive 7, p. 91. Copyright 1993. Reprinted by permission of Academy of Management Executive via the Copyright
Clearance Center.
Slide 19: Figure 1.4 adapted from Triandis, H. C. and Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1997). Cultural theory and the meaning of
relatedness. In P. C. Earley and M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational
psychology, pp. 13-51. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This material is used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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