Chapter 20
Mass Society and Democracy
Section 1
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Section 1 Targets
• Describe how new sources of
energy and consumer products
transformed the standard of living
for all social classes in many
European countries.
• Summarize how working-class
leaders used Marx’s ideas to form
social parties
I. The Second Industrial
Revolution
• Stunning material growth
st
• 1 – Textiles, railroads, iron &
coal
nd
• 2 – Steel, chemicals,
electricity and petroleum
A. New Products 1870 to 1914
• Steel for iron (lighter, smaller,
& faster) machines & engines,
• Electricity (heat, light &
motion)
A. New Products
• Thomas Edison created the
light bulb in the United States
• Joseph Swan (Britain)
• opened homes & cities to
electric lights
Thomas Edison
http://www.bu.edu/webcentral/learning/fireworks2/graphics/thomas_edison.jpg
A. New Products
• telephone, Alexander
Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1_e.jpg
A. New Products
• radio, Guglielmo Marconi
http://infonib.nib.unicamp.br/~sabbatin/marconi.jpg
Guglielmo Marconi
New Products
• internal-combustion engine
• Henry Ford, automobile
• Assembly line production
• Provided a new source of
power for transportation
• Ocean liners, airplanes,
automobiles
Henry
Ford
& the
Model
T
The Automobile
Many new forms of
transportation were
created in the Industrial
Revolution, but none
affected more people on a
daily basis than the
automobile. It was the
invention of the internalcombustion engine that
made the automobile
possible.
New Products
• Orville & Wilbur Wright
made the first flight in a fixedwing plane at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina
B. New Patterns
• Wages increased
• prices fell
• transportation cost reduced
• Advanced industrial core vs.
agricultural areas
• These provide food & raw
materials
20% or more were
living in large cities
by 1870.
Germany, France,
Switzerland,
Luxemburg, Belgium,
and the Netherlands
Industrialization
and urbanization
created the need
for markets and
raw materials.
C. Toward a World Economy
• Steamship & railroad created a
world economy
• Capital invested abroad
• Foreign countries provide
markets
• Europe now had capital,
industries & military might
II. Organizing the Working
Classes
• Desire to improve their
working and living conditions
A. Marx’s Theory
• 1848, The Communist Manifesto
• Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
• Appalled at the horrible conditions
in factories
• Oppressors vs. Oppressed have
been fighting since the beginning
of time
Karl Marx
http://ausbeutung.efghost.com/karl.marx.gif
Karl Marx
“Proletarians
of the World,
Unit!”
A. Marx’s Theory
• Bourgeoisie- owned the means
of production or the oppressors
• proletariat –depended on the
Bourgeoisie or the oppressed
• Dictatorship – government in
which a person or group has
absolute power
A. Marx’s Theory
• All of the world history was a
“history of class struggles” - the
oppressor versus the oppressed.
This struggle would end in open
revolution & the overthrow of the
bourgeoisie by the proletariat. A
classless society would emerge, &
the state would wither away.
B. Socialist Parties
• German Social Democratic Party,
under the direction of Marxist
leaders
• Worked to pass laws that would
improve conditions for the
working class
• Party was divided between Pure
Marxists who wanted a violent
revolution
B. Socialist Parties
• German Social Democratic Party
• Revisionists, rejected the
revolutionary approach and
argued that workers must
continue to organize in mass
political parties and even work
with other parties to gain reforms
C. Trade Unions
• strike, a work stoppage called
by members of a union to
pressure an employer into
meeting their demands
• 1900, 2 million workers in
Britain
• By 1914, 4 million
Section 2:
The Emergence of Mass Society
I. The New Urban
• Lack of jobs & land drove people
from rural areas to the cities
• Jobs in factories & service trades
• Improvements in sanitation, water
supply and services made cities
more livable
II. Social Structure of Mass
Society
• New elite: Landowning aristocrats joined
by wealthy industrialists, bankers and
merchants
• Middle Class
• Upper middle class – lawyers, doctors,
civil service, accountants, etc.
• Lower middle class – shopkeepers &
traders
A. The New Elite
• Landowning aristocrats joined by
wealthy industrialists, bankers
and merchants
B. The Middle Class
• Believed in hard work
• Concerned with the “right way of
doing things”
C. The Working Class
• 80% of the European population
• Landholding peasants, farm
laborers, sharecroppers
• Unskilled laborers – day laborers
& domestic
C. The Working Class
• Improved working conditions,
more money, 10 hour workday
and the invention of the weekend
improved life for urban workers
III. The Experiences of Women
• 19th century, women struggled to
change their status
A. New Job Opportunities
• More jobs opened up for women
(secretaries, phone operators,
salesclerks)
• Low paying white-collar jobs
B. Marriage & the Family
• Birth control=smaller families
• More focus on childhood
• Girls should stop working when they
married
• Togetherness/ Family Christmas
created
C. The Movement for Women’s
Rights
• Feminism - movement for women’s rights
• Began during the Enlightenment
• Florence Nightengale (famous British
nurse) & Clara Barton (US Civil War
Nurse) established nursing profession
• “Women in white”
IV. Universal Education
• State supported schools established
• Boys and girls 6-12
• Need for skilled workforce
• Democracy=need for educated voters
• literacy, or the ability to read
V. New Forms of Leisure
• More money, more spare time
• Amusement parks
• Sports Teams & movies
• entertained large crowds
• distracted them from the realities of
their work lives
Steeplechase swimming pool at Coney Island, New York, c. 1919
The New Team Sports
Sports were by no means a new
activity in the late nineteenth
century. Soccer games had been
played by peasants and workers,
and these games had often been
bloody and even deadly. However,
in the late nineteenth century,
sports became strictly organized.
The English Football Association
(founded in 1863) and the
American Bowling Congress
(founded in 1895), for example,
provide strict rules and officials to
enforce them.
87 cents
about 2 ounces
$1.78
The diet consisted of all
meat and carbohydrates
with no fresh
vegetables.
Section 3:
The National State &
Democracy
Objectives
• Discuss how new political
parties and labor unions
challenged the governments of
western Europe.
• Explain how international
rivalries led to conflicts in the
Balkans and World War I
I. Western Europe & Political
Democracy
• Progress towards constitutions,
parliaments and individual liberties
• Political democracy
• Universal male suffrage
• Political parties & larger organizations
• People now part of the political
process
A. Great Britain
• Two-party parliamentary system
• *Liberal Party & Conservative Party
• Led by aristocratic landowners
• *Reform acts of 1867 & 1884 increased
the number of adult males who could
vote
• Later, by World War I (1917) all males
over age 21 and women over age 30
could vote
A. Great Britain
• Liberal party developments
• 1. trade unions grew
• 2. New party, Labour Party
• Voted on a series of social reforms
• Benefits for sickness and unemployment
• Small pension for those over 70 and
compensation for those injured in
accidents while at work
B. France
• Third Republic gained a republican
constitution
• ministerial responsibility - the idea
that the prime minister is responsible
to the popularly elected legislative
body & not to the executive officer
• France fails to develop a strong
parliamentary system
• A dozen of political parties, frequent
changes of government leadership
C. Italy
• United in 1870, but had little sense
of unity because of the difference
between the industrialized north
and the poverty stricken south
• Turmoil between labor and industry
• Weak and corrupt government
II. Central & Eastern Europe:
The Old Order
• Germany, Austria- Hungary and
Russia pursued policies that were
quiet different
A. Germany
• Two-house legislature
• *Lower house of the German
parliament, the Reichstag
• *William II, emperor controlled
the armed forces, foreign policy
and gov’t bureacracy
• *Otto von Bismarck (prime
minister) worked to keep Germany
from becoming a democracy
William II
Otto von Bismarck
A. Germany
• *Germany had become the
strongest military and industrial
power in Europe
• Demands for democracy
• Conservative forces (landowning
nobility & big industrialists) tried to
block the movement for democracy
• Supported a strong foreign policy
B. Austria-Hungary
• *Francis Joseph, Austrian emperor
ignored the parliamentary system
• He appointed & dismissed his own
ministers and issued decrees, or laws
• Troubled by conflicts between the
various nationalities
• Hungary had a parliament that worked
C. Russia
• *Czar, Nicholas II believed in
absolute power
• Industrialization began late, but
developed rapidly
• Socialist parties developed by Karl
Marx emerged
• Discontent and opposition to the
czarist regime grew
Nicholas II
C. Russia
• Workers protesting outside the
Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
were killed, this “Bloody Sunday”
caused workers to call strikes
• Nicolas II was forced to grant civil
liberties and create a legislative
*assembly or Duma
• Reforms proved short-lived
III. The United States & Canada
• Between 1870 and 1914
• United States becomes an industrial
power
• Canada faced problems of national
unity
A. Aftermath of the Civil War
• Old south destroyed, 1/5 of the adult white
male population had been killed
• Four million slaves freed
• *13th amendment to the Constitution
abolished slavery
• *14, amendment gave citizenship to African
Americans
• *15th, amendment gave African Americans
the right to vote
B. Economy
•
•
•
•
Shifted from agrarian to an industrial nation
By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities
Steel and iron (Carnegie Steel Company)
Europeans migration to both North & South
America
• 11 million between 1870 & 1900
• By 1900, the world’s richest nation, but 9%
of Americans owned 71% of the wealth
C. Expansion Abroad
• Samoan Islands, Hawaii
• Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani was
deposed by American military
forces
• Annexed Hawaii in 1898
• Puerto Rico, Guam and the
Philippines were taken for Spain
after the Spanish-American War
Queen
Liliuokalani
D. Canada
• Unity was difficult to achieve because
of distrust between the Englishspeaking and French-speaking peoples
of Canada
• Wilfred Laurier, became the first
French-Canadian prime minister in
1896
• He was able to reconcile these two
major groups
IV. International Rivalries
• Fearing France, Otto von Bismarck, helped
make the *Triple Alliance of 1882
(Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy)
• William II fires Bismarck and begins to
make changes. He dropped his treaty with
Russia
• This brought Russia and France together
• *1907, Great Britain, France and Russia
form the Triple Entente
Triple
Alliance of
1882
V. Crises in the Balkans
• Once controlled by the Ottoman
Empire, these provinces gradually
gained their freedom
• 1878, Greece, Serbia, Romania
and Montenegro became
independent states
• Tensions grew between AustriaHungary and Russia to control his
area
Balkans
V. Crises in the Balkans
• 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed
Bosnia and Herzegovina
• This outraged Serbia
• Russia supported Serbia in its move
for independence
• Germany demanded that the Russians
accept Austria-Hungary’s annexation
of Bosnia and Herzegovina or face war
with Germany
V. Crises in the Balkans
• Weakened by the RussoJapanese War of 1905, Russia
backed down
around 1920
between 1900 and
1920
after 1900
Section 4:
Toward the Modern
Consciousness
Section 4 Targets
• Describe how innovative artistic
movements during the late 1800’s
and early 1900’s rejected traditional
styles
• Explain how extreme nationalism and
racism led to an increase in antiSemitism
• Summarize how developments in
science changed how people saw
themselves and their world
I. A New Physics
• Science offered a certainty of
belief in the orderliness of
nature
• Isaac Newton’s views of the
universe (a giant machine) will
be replace with (time, space &
matter)
I. A New Physics
• *Marie Curie, French
scientist that discovered the
element radium which gave
off energy, or radiation
• Albert Einstein, Germanborn scientist, published his
special theory of relativity
Marie Curie
http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/radhistory/mpcurie.gif
Albert Einstein
http://home.pacbell.net/kidwell5/einstein.jpg
I. A New Physics
• Einstein’s theory stated that
space and time are not
absolute but are relative to the
observer
• Matter and energy reflect the
relativity of time and space
• Ideas lead to the “Atomic Age”
II. Freud & Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud, doctor from Vienna
• Proposed a series of theories that
raised questions about the nature of
the human mind
• 1900, The Interpretation of Dreams
• *Human behavior was strongly
determined by past experiences and
internal forces of which people were
largely unaware
http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/57491.jpg
Sigmund Freud
II. Freud & Psychoanalysis
• Repression of such
experiences began in
childhood, so he devised a
method known as *psychoanalysis
• unconscious & repression
Psychoanalysis
II. Social Darwinism & Racism
• Herbert Spencer
• Social progress came from
“the struggle for survival” as
the “fit” – the strong –
advanced while the weak
declined “Social Darwinism”
III. Anti-Semitism & Zionism
• *Anti-Semitism - hostility
toward & discrimination against
Jews
• *Pogroms – organized
massacres
• Zionism – a movement for Jews
to return to Palestine (the ancient
land of Israel)
IV. The Culture of Modernity
• Artist and writers rebelled
against the traditional literary
and artistic styles, these
changes produced
modernism
B. Painting
• 1870 to 1914
• *Impressionism, artists
began to reject the studios
and went out into the
countryside to paint nature
directly
B. Painting
• Claude Monet, impressionist
who painted pictures in which
he sought to capture the
interplay of light, water & sky
Waterlilies
http://www.washacadsci.org/meadowlark-gardens/Flowers/waterlilies.claude%20monet.large.jpg
Waterlily
Pond
Painting
• Postimpressionism
• Vincent van Gogh
• Interested in color and
believed it could act as its own
form of language
• Paint what you feel
Starry Night
http://www.lip.pt/~catarina/starry-night.jpg
Sunflowers
Painting
• 1888 first Kodak camera (George
Eastman)
• Modern Art
• Pablo Picasso
• Cubism, used geometric designs
to recreate reality in the viewer’s
mind
still-life-on-a-pedestal-table
http://www.poster.net/picasso-pablo/picasso-pablo-still-life-on-a-pedestal-table-1931-2201190.jpg
Woman with
a Flower
C. Architecture
• Functionalism, building like the
products of machines, should be
functional, or useful
• Louis H. Sullivan, buildings virtually
free of external ornamentation
• Frank Lloyd Wright, geometric
structures with long lines and
overhanging roofs.
Frank Lloyd Wright
D. Music
• Igor Stravinsky
• The Rite of Spring
Postimpressionism
He believed it could act
as its own language.
They should
paint
what they feel.
Chapter Summary