IMPACT - Connecting Long Term and Post-Acute Care Organizations to the Healthcare System of the Future February 2013 Drs. Larry Garber and Terry O’Malley Agenda Problems with care transitions What is Long Term and Post-Acute Care (LTPAC)? IMPACT – addressing LTPAC needs ONC’s S&I Framework - Developing national standards for transitions of care datasets LAND & SEE – software to facilitate integrating LTPAC into electronic health information exchanges (HIE) 2 Communication & Adverse Events • Poor care coordination increases the chance that a patient will suffer from a medication error or other health care mistake by 140% (Lu, et al., 2011) • Communication failures between providers contribute to nearly 70% of medical errors and adverse events in health care (Gandhi, et al., 2000) • 150,000 preventable ADEs ($8 Billion nationwide wasted) each year occur at the time of admission due to inadequate knowledge of outpatient medication history (Stiell, et al., 2003) 3 Problems With ED Visits • Physicians in the Emergency Department (ED) lack important or critical patient information 32% of the time • 15% of ED admissions could be avoided if the ED had outpatient information (Stiell, et al., 2003) 4 Problems After Hospital Discharge • 1.5 Million preventable adverse events annually nationwide from discharge treatment plans not followed (Forster, et al., 2003) • When multiple physicians are treating a patient following a hospital discharge, 78% of the time information about the patient’s care is missing (van Walraven, et al., 2008) • 20% of Medicare patients are readmitted within 30 days. Preventable readmissions waste $26B nationwide annually (McCarthy, et al., 2009) 5 Ambulatory Care is Just as Bad • 68% of specialists receive no information from the referring PCP prior to referral visits • 25% of PCPs do not receive timely post-referral information from specialists (Gandhi, et al., 2000) 6 Is Massachusetts Different? • Preventable readmissions waste $577 Million in Massachusetts annually • MA ranks 35th in the nation on measures of quality relating to coordination of care, such as preventable hospitalizations for chronic conditions and hospital readmissions (McCarthy, et al., 2009) 7 National care transitions experts overwhelmingly identified “improving information flow and exchange” as the most important tool to improve care transitions (ONC, 2011) 8 An Odd Twist of Fate • 2008 – Economy crashed • 2009 – ARRA passes, including the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health – $27 Billion for hospital and MD practice EHRs – Must use the EHR in a “Meaningful” way, including improved communication with others that have EHRs • But Long Term and Post-Acute Care was left out! 9 Yet Post-acute Care Costs are Rising faster than acute care costs Source: MedPAC, 2011 What is LTPAC? 11 Intensity of Care High The Spectrum of Care Outpt. Behav. Health CBS Outpt. Rehab Adult Day Care Psych Hospital Home PACE Health Acute Care Hospital Hospice Facility Physician Office Home Hospice Outpatient Testing/Pharmacy/DME Living at Home Low Acuity of Illness High Adapted from Derr and Wolf, 2012 12 Traditional Long-Term and Post-Acute Care (LTPAC) Intensity of Care High Home PACE Health Hospice Facility Home Hospice Living at Home Low Acuity of Illness High Adapted from Derr and Wolf, 2012 13 Intensity of Care High IMPACT’s View of LTPAC Outpt. Behav. Health CBS Outpt. Rehab Adult Day Care Home PACE Health Hospice Facility Physician Office Home Hospice Outpatient Testing/Pharmacy/DME Living at Home Low Acuity of Illness High Adapted from Derr and Wolf, 2012 14 Intensity of Care High The Spectrum of Care Outpt. Behav. Health CBS Outpt. Rehab Adult Day Care Psych Hospital Home PACE Health Acute Care Hospital Hospice Facility Physician Office Home Hospice Outpatient Testing/Pharmacy/DME Living at Home Low Acuity of Illness High Adapted from Derr and Wolf, 2012 15 How is LTPAC Different Than Acute Care or Typical Office-Base Care? 16 Type of LTPAC Patient • Closer to end of life • Greater number of health concerns, meds, healthcare providers, and care settings • Reduced cognitive capabilities • Increased risk of adverse events • Reduced mobility; increased risk of falls • Increased transportation issues/costs • Less financial and social support • More legal issues 17 Type of LTPAC Organization • Limited financial and human resources • Fewer incentives for EHRs or HIE participation – Less likely to have risk-sharing contracts – Not part of HITECH/Meaningful Use • Limited technological infrastructure: – LAN/WIFI – IT Security/Policies/Backup/Redundancy – EHR, if present, likely to be ASP model • Being asked to care for increasingly more complex patients MU’s Impact on LTPAC • Meaningful Use defines the datasets that Hospitals send when patients are discharged • ~40% of Medicare patients are discharged to traditional LTPAC settings (SNF, Home Health, Inpatient Rehab Facility, etc…) • These patients are the sickest population and account for ~80% of Medicare costs Sources: http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2011/pacexpanded/index.shtml#ch1 http://www.medpac.gov/documents/Jun11DataBookEntireReport.pdf 19 IMPACT Grant February 2011 – HHS/ONC awarded $1.7M HIE Challenge Grant to state of Massachusetts (MTC/MeHI): Improving Massachusetts Post-Acute Care Transfers (IMPACT) 20 IMPACT Objectives & Strategies • Facilitate developing a national standard of data elements for transitions across the continuum of care • Develop software tools to acquire/view/edit/send these data elements (LAND & SEE) • Integrate and validate tools into Worcester County using Learning Collaborative methodology • Measure outcomes 21 Developing National Standards to Support LTPAC Needs 22 Datasets for Care Transitions • Traditionally – What the sender thinks is important to the receiver • Future – Also take into account what the receiver says they need 23 MA DPH Universal Transfer Form • Started with DPH’s 3-pg Discharge Form • Sought input from LTPAC “receivers” • Reviewed existing forms and datasets: – MDS – OASIS – IRF-PAI – INTERACT • Sought expert opinions • Resulted in 7-page UTF 24 Massachusetts Paper UTF Pilot 25 14x14 Sender (left column) to Receiver (top) = 196 possibly transition types Transitions From (Senders) Inpatient Acute Care Hospital Emergency Department Outpatient services Behavioral Health Inpatient Long Term Acute Care Hospital Inpatient Rehab Facility Skilled Nursing/Extended Care Home Health Agency Hospice Ambulatory Care (PCP, PCMH) Emergency Medical Services Behavioral Health Community Community Based Organizations Patient/Family 26 Transitions to (Receivers) In Patient ED Outpatient Behavioral Acute Care Services Health Hospitals Inpatient LTAC IRF SNF/ECF HHA Hospice Amb Care EMS BH CBOs Patient/ Community (PCP) Services Family Prioritize Transitions by Volume, Clinical Instability and Time-Value of Information Transitions to (Receivers) In Patient ED Out patient Transitions From (Senders) Services In patient ED Out patient services LTAC IRF SNF/ECF HHA Hospice Ambulatory Care (PCP) CBOs V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=M CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H IRF SNF/ECF HHA Hospice V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=M CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=L CI = M TV = M V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=L CI = L TV = L V=L CI = L TV = M V=M CI = M TV = M V=H CI = L TV = H V=M CI = M TV = H V=L CI = L TV = H V=M CI = M TV = H V=L CI = M TV = H V=M CI = M TV = M V=M CI = L TV = L V=L CI = L TV = M V=L CI = L TV = H V=L CI = H TV = H V=M CI = H TV = M V=L CI = M TV = M V=M CI = M TV = M V=L CI = M TV = H Black circles = highest priority Green circles = high priority Patient/Family 27 V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=H CI = H TV = H V=L CI = H TV = H V=M CI = H TV = H LTAC 27 Amb Care (PCP) V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = L TV = M V=H CI = L TV = L V=L CI = M TV = L V=L CI = L TV = M CBOs V=H CI = L TV = H V=M CI = L TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = L V=M CI = L TV = L V=M CI = L TV = M Patient/ Family V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = L V=H CI = M TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = L TV = H V=H CI = L TV = L V=L CI = M TV = M V=L CI = L TV = L “Receiver” Data Element Survey • • • • 1135 Transition surveys completed Largest survey of Receivers’ needs 46 Organizations completing evaluation 12 Different types of user roles 28 11 Types of Organizations 29 12 User Roles 30 Findings from Survey • Identified for each transition which data elements are required, optional, or not needed • Each of the data elements is valuable to at least one type of Receiver • Many data elements are not valuable in certain care transition 31 A single paper form can’t represent this variability in data needs Transitions to (Receivers) In Patient ED Out patient Transitions From (Senders) Services LTAC IRF SNF/ECF HHA Hospice In patient ED Out patient services LTAC IRF SNF?ECF HHA Hospice Ambulatory Care (PCP) Black circles = highest priority Green circles = high priority CBOs Patient/Family 32 32 Amb Care (PCP) CBOs Patient/ Family Five Transition Datasets 1. Report from Outpatient testing, treatment, or procedure 2. Referral to Outpatient testing, treatment, or procedure (including for transport) 3. Shared Care Encounter Summary (Office Visit, Consultation Summary, Return from the ED to the referring facility) 4. Consultation Request Clinical Summary (Referral to a consultant or the ED) 5. Permanent or long-term Transfer of Care to a different facility or care team or Home Health Agency 33 Five Transition Datasets Shared Care Encounter Summary: • Office Visit to PHR • Consultant to PCP • ED to PCP, SNF, etc… Consultation Request: • PCP to Consultant • PCP, SNF, etc… to ED Transfer of Care: • Hospital to SNF, PCP, HHA, etc… • SNF, PCP, etc… to HHA • PCP to new PCP 34 Five Transition Datasets Transitions to (Receivers) In Patient ED Out patient Transitions From (Senders) Services LTAC IRF SNF/ECF HHA Hospice Amb Care (PCP) 5 3 In patient ED 1 Out patient services 5 LTAC IRF 5 SNF?ECF HHA Hospice Ambulatory Care (PCP) CBOs Patient/Family 35 5 4 2 CBOs Patient/ Family Additional Contributor Input •State (Massachusetts) – – – – – – MA Universal Transfer Form workgroup Boston’s Hebrew Senior Life eTransfer Form IMPACT learning collaborative participants MA Coalition for the Prevention of Medical Errors MA Wound Care Committee Home Care Alliance of MA (HCA) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – NY’s eMOLST Multi-State/Multi-Vendor EHR/HIE Interoperability Workgroup Substance Abuse, Mental Health Services Agency (SAMHSA) Administration for Community Living (ACL) Aging Disability Resource Centers (ADRC) National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare National Association for Homecare and Hospice (NAHC) Transfer of Care & CCD/CDA Consolidation Initiatives (ONC’s S&I Framework) Longitudinal Coordination of Care Work Group (ONC S&I Framework) ONC Beacon Communities and LTPAC Workgroups Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)/Geisinger MDS HIE Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)(MDS/OASIS/IRF-PAI/CARE) INTERACT (Interventions to Reduce Acute Care Transfers) Transfer Forms from Ohio, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey •National Two Care Plan Datasets Transfer of Care Consultation Request Care Plan Shared Care Encounter Summary Home Health Plan of Care (CMS-485) 37 Situation-specific Data Elements Variable Base on Situations: A. Setting B. Diagnoses C. Medications D. Treatments E. Procedures A. B. C. D. E. 38 Care Plan Permeates Datasets 39 How do they compare to CCD? • 175 element CCD • 325 element IMPACT for basic LTPAC needs • 480+ elements for Longitudinal Coordination of Care Testing the IMPACT Dataset 41 Pilot Sites to Test the Datasets • 9/2011 – Applications sent to 34 organizations • Selection Criteria: – High volume of patient transfers with other pilot sites – Experience with Transitions of Care tools/initiatives • 16 Winning Pilot Sites: – St Vincent Hospital and UMass Memorial Healthcare – Reliant Medical Group (formerly known as Fallon Clinic) and Family Health Center of Worcester (FQHC) – 2 Home Health agencies (VNA Care Network & Overlook VNA) – 1 Long Term Acute Care Hospital (Kindred Parkview) – 1 Inpatient Rehab Facility (Fairlawn) – 8 Skilled Nursing and Extended Care Facilities 42 Nursing Facility Pilot Sites • • • • • • • • Beaumont Rehabilitation of Westborough Christopher House of Worcester Holy Trinity Nursing & Rehab Jewish Healthcare Center LifeCare Center of Auburn (+EMR) Millbury Healthcare Center Notre Dame LTC Radius Healthcare Center Worcester 43 IMPACT Learning Collaborative: Testing the Care Transitions Datasets 16 organization, 40 participants, 6 meetings over 2 months, and several hundred patient transfers… 44 Learning Collaborative Surveys • Surveys directly on envelopes carrying IMPACT packet, filled out by sender as well as receiver. • Online survey at completion of pilot 45 Analyzing data elements helped 46 Senders found the data 47 Receivers got most of their needs 48 Home Care needed even more! 49 Comment from Pilot Site Survey “While we knew what ED's and hospitals required, we didn't realize Home Health Agencies needed much more than what we typically sent.” -Skilled Nursing Facility 50 Advancing Interoperable HIE Identify need for electronic HIE Ballot Needed Standards Regular/On-going communication with CMS, ONC, HIT Policy and Standards Committee regarding need for and status of standards Fill gaps in standards: Work with ONC S&I, HL7, other Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) 51 Identify gaps in HIE standards New World of Standards Development National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) Office of the Deputy National Coordinator for Programs & Policy Office of the Deputy National Coordinator for Operations Office of Policy & Planning HIT Policy Committee Defines “Meaningful Use” of EHRs Office of Science & Technology (formerly known as the Office of Standards and Interoperability (S&I)) S&I Framework convenes public and private experts, and proposes HIT/HIE standards Office of Provider Adoption Support Office of State & Community Programs 52 Office of the Chief Privacy Officer IMPACT Office of Economic Analysis & Modeling HL7 ballots standards Office of the Chief Scientist Secretary of HHS makes standards part of “Meaningful Use” and EHR Certification S&I’s Longitudinal Coordination of Care WG Longitudinal Coordination of Care Workgroup LTPAC Care Transition SubWorkgroup Patient Assessment Summary SubWorkgroup • Identifying the key business and technical challenges that inhibit long-term care data exchanges • Establishing the standards for the exchange of Patient Assessment Summary (PAS) documents • Defining data elements for LTPAC information exchange using a single standard for LTPAC transfer summaries • Providing consultation to transformation tool being developed by Geisinger to transform the noninteroperable MDSv3 and OASIS-C into an interoperable clinical document (CCD+) http://wiki.siframework.org/Longitudinal+Coordination+of+Care 53 • Providing subject matter expertise and coordination of SWGs • Developing systems view to identify interoperability gaps and prioritize activities Longitudinal Care Plan SubWorkgroup • Near-Term: Developing an implementation guide to standardize the exchange of the Home Health Plan of Care (former CMS 485 form) • Long-Term: Identify and develop key functional requirements and data sets that would support a longitudinal care plan Original S&I ToC Use Case Scenario 1 - Provider to provider: User Story 1 - Hospital/ED to PCP • Discharge Instructions • Discharge Summary User Story 2 - Closed Loop Referral • Consult Request • Consult Summary Scenario 2 - Provider to patient: User Story 1 - Discharge Instructions and Discharge Summary to patient’s PHR User Story 2 - Closed Loop Referral where copies of Consult Request and Consult Summary are sent to patient’s PHR 54 Relationship to S&I ToC Scenarios Type 3 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 2 Consult Summary Type 4 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 2 Consult Request Type 5 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 1 55 LTPAC “Poster Child” Scenarios Type 3 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 2 Consult Summary • ED to SNF • Anticoagulation • CHF Type 4 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 2 Consult Request • SNF to ED Type 5 Dataset: • Scenario 1 & 2/User Story 1 • Hospital to Home Health Agency • HHA PCP (HH POC Subset) S&I Care Plan Use Case Scenario 1 - Complete handoff of care from the sending care team to a receiving care team (Hospital to SNF) Scenario 2 - Between care team members during shared care : User Story 1 – Between PCP and Home Health Agency for HH Plan of Care (CMS-485) User Story 2 – Between PCP and outside Physical Therapist Scenario 3 – Between providers and patient 57 Timeline for Standards Development • October 2012 MA HIway go-live in 10 large sites with CCD and LAND • February 2013 Preliminary Implementation Guide completed • May 2013 Pilot electronic Transfer of Care Datasets between 16 central Massachusetts organizations using MA HIway, LAND & SEE • July 2013 Finish Implementation Guides using the S&I Framework and Lantana, incorporating pilot feedback • November 2013 HL7 Balloted/Reconciled/Published Implementation Guides in Consolidated CDA 58 Getting Connected: LAND & SEE 59 LAND & SEE • Sites with EHR or electronic assessment tool use these applications to enter data elements – LAND (“Local” Adaptor for Network Distribution) acts as a data courier to gather, transform, and securely transfer data if no support for Direct SMTP/SMIME or IHE XDR • Non-EHR users complete all of the data fields and routing using a web browser to access their “Surrogate EHR Environment” (SEE) 60 Surrogate EHR Environment (SEE) • Acts as destination for routed CCD+ documents • Software hosted by trusted authority, accessed via web browser • SEE is accessed via the HIE’s web mailbox • Non-EHR users able to use SEE to view, edit, send CDA documents via HIE or Direct to next facility • Can select document type (e.g. Transfer of Care or INTERACT SBAR) to display section flags indicating their optionality • Can reconcile 2 documents to create a third • SEE users able to locally print copies of the documents or subsets of the documents 61 Using SEE for LTPAC Workflows • SNF patient getting sicker – Subset of Transfer of Care dataset that is in SBAR (INTERACT) is flagged for completion by nurse online – Can re-use data received from hospital – Can re-use clinical assessment data (function, cognition, wound) from last MDS – Completed SBAR printed for chart • Patient transfer to Emergency Department – Can re-use hospital, MDS, OASIS or SBAR data – Multiple users (nurse, social worker, clerk, etc…) can work on different sections online at same time – Completed ToC dataset sent electronically to ED – Subset can be printed for ambulance team 62 LTPAC Communication Today – Paper! Home Health Non-standard EHR OASIS PCP Hospital Billing Program MDS Nursing Facility 63 LTPAC Communication with LAND & SEE LAND & SEE fill in gaps Home Health SEE Non-standard EHR OASIS CCD+ OASIS LAND CCD+ Hospital SEE CCD+ MDS Nursing Facility 64 LAND Billing Program MDS CCD+ PCP The Future with LTPAC EHR Standards Home Health EHR OASIS CCD+ CCD+ CCD+ Hospital EHR MDS CCD+ Nursing Facility 65 PCP Advantages of LAND & SEE • Most role-based authentication uses EHR, using work that local organizations have already done • Most users (docs & nurses) only work out of 1 system • Data re-used whenever possible • No blended central clinical data repository • Case/discharge managers or nurses can control when and where to route documents because they’re the ones that know when and where! • Non-EHR users get same HIE transport functionality as EHR users • Relatively low-cost to deploy and support • Easily scalable and replicable 66 Standard Configurations of LAND Necessary to support some advanced characteristics of IMPACT: • MDS XML documents from Nursing Facilities • OASIS XML documents from Home Health agencies • Expanded data set beyond what is in a standard CCD 67 Outbound LAND configurations • Merge a standard CCD and a second XML document that contains additional data elements into a “Transfer of Care” CDA document • Transform data element transmitted via an HL7 2.x Results interface from an EHR into a “Transfer of Care” CDA document • Transform an MDS XML file into a CCD* • Transform an OASIS XML file into a CCD* *Exploring the use of Pennsylvania’s “KeyHIE Transform” (AKA “The Gobbler”) as cheaper alternative 68 Inbound LAND configurations • Transform a “Transfer of Care” CDA document into a free-text document • Transform a “Transfer of Care” CDA document into a free-text document and transmit it to an EHR via an HL7 2.x Transcription interface • Transform a “Transfer of Care” CDA document into discrete data elements and transmit them to an EHR via an HL7 2.x Results interface • Transform a “Transfer of Care” CDA document into a standard CCD and a second XML document that contains additional data elements 69 Next Steps for Pilot Sites Update gap analysis using expanded dataset Catalog which data elements are captured (and by whom using what vocabulary) electronically, on paper, or not at all with current standard process Of those captured electronically (including CCD, MDS & OASIS), identify process (technology & workflow) to make these available to LAND (for Phase 2). Identify workflow to review new documents in SEE Notification by email or text message, and to whom? View online vs. print? Who does it and where? Can any of the data elements received be electronically filed discretely for re-use using LAND? Identify workflow to update and send SEE document with current info when discharging to Home Health or ED transfer How can standard and non-standard data elements be collected and added online using SEE to the documents being sent? How will copies be printed for patient and ambulance? Additional computers, printers, or chairs required? IMPACT Timeline for Next Steps Dates Activity 9/2012 – 3/2013 Integrate pilot sites into state HIE using LAND & SEE 4/2013 – 5/2013 Pilot site Go-lives with state HIE using LAND & SEE 2/2013 – 9/2013 Ballot updated datasets in S&I Framework and HL7 6/2013 – 7/2013 Make SEE available under Open Source License 4/2013 – 9/2013 Evaluate hospital (re)admissions & total cost of care 71 Sharing LAND & SEE • LAND – Orion Health’s Rhapsody Integration Engine http://www.orionhealth.com/solutions/packages/rhapsody – We’ll make some standard configurations available • SEE – Written in JAVA – Baseline functionality software and source code that can connect to Orion’s HISP mailbox via API available for free starting ~July 2013 (Apache Version 2.0 vs. MIT open source license) – Innovators can develop and charge for enhancements, for example: • Integration with other vendors’ HISP mailboxes • Automated CDA document reconciliation 72 Disseminating the Seeds IMPACT Advisory Committee Massachusetts Care Transitions Forum Massachusetts QIO (MassPRO) Another Galaxy Worcester Galaxy Another Galaxy Pilot Sites Core Project Team Pilot Sites Pilot Sites Another Galaxy Core IMPACT Team 73 Core Project Team Pilot Sites Core Project Team Another Galaxy Another Galaxy Pilot Sites Pilot Sites Core Project Team Core Project Team Questions? TOMalley@Partners.org Lawrence.Garber@ReliantMedicalGroup.org Bibliography • • • • • • • • Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, Gandhi TK, Bates DW. The Incidence and Severity of Adverse Events Affecting Patients after Discharge from the Hospital. Annals of Internal Medicine 138: 161-167. 2003. Gandhi, Tejal K., Sitting, Dean F., Franklin, Michael, Sussman, Andrew J., Fairchild, David G., and David W. Bates. “Communication Breakdown in the Outpatient Referral Process.” Society of General Internal Medicine (September 2000): 226- 231. doi:10.1046/j.15251497.2000.91119.x. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1495590/. Kaelber DC, Bates DW. Health information exchange and patient safety. J Biomed Inform. 2007 Dec;40(6 Suppl):S40-5. Epub 2007 Sep 7. Lu, C. Y. and E. Roughead. “Determinants of Patient-Reported Medication Errors: A Comparison Among Seven Countries.” International Journal of Clinical Practice (April 6, 2011): 65: 733–740. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02671.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02671.x/pdf. Overhage JM, McDonald CJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of clinical information shared from another institution. Annals of Emergency Medicine 39[1], 14-23. 2002. Stiell A, Forster AJ, Stiell IG, van Walraven C. Prevalence of information gaps in the emergency department and the effect on patient outcomes. CMAJ. 2003 Nov 11;169(10):1023-8. Van Walraven, C., Seth, R., Austin, P. & Laupacis, A., 2002. Effect of discharge summary availability during post-discharge visits on hospital readmission. J Gen Intern Med, Volume 17, pp. 186-92. Walker J, Pan E, Johnston D, Adler-Milstein J, Bates DW, Middleton B. The Value of Healthcare Information Exchange and Interoperability. 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