Citations
MRS. FRENCH
RESEARCH PAPER
Citation or Documentation
 No citations in the introduction (Nothing from a note card)
 If it is a well-known fact (Kennedy assassination) you can use it and not
document it
 If it is not a well-known fact, you must document, so cannot be used in the
introduction
 Same for conclusion
 Exception—something that really helps wrap it up; rare
 These rules are on a PARAGRAPH by PARAGRAPH basis
 Cards
 Cards are in order with your outline
 As you write from card, BE AWARE of what is coming
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(CONTENT AND SOURCE)
Look at card
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Paraphrase if quoted
Write in a sentence, KNOWING WHAT IS COMING NEXT
RULE 1- Same source, same page
 After each sentence you write, look to see if the source and
pg # has changed
 If not, keep writing
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 5).
 If all sentences came from Smith and were on the SAME
page, document at the end of the paragraph.
 NOTE:
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Last name page # (no comma)
What if there is no author?
Where is the period?
Where are quotation marks if quoted?
Next paragraphRULE STARTS OVER FOR EACH PARAGRAPH
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 5).
 If it is all from Smith again and all from the same
page, cite it (Smith 5). This will continue as long as
it is from page 5 of Smith.
Same source, another page
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xx. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 10).
 This time the sentences you wrote came from cards taken
on page 10, so cite (Smith 10).
 Maybe the next paragraph is all from page 10 of Smith.
 How do you cite? (Smith 10)
RULE 2- Same source, different pages (within the paragraph)
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(Smith 5). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (10). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx (22). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (18).
 Once you have established Smith as your source, you do not
need to repeat his name if just the page # changes.
 If you go to a new paragraph, the rules starts over and you
must again establish the source.
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 12).
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (8). Xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (15). Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx (22).
RULE 3- Different sources within the paragraph
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 14). Xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Jones 3). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (14). Xxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 16). Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (8). X
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Jones 4).
 REMEMBER:
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You must re-establish the source when it changes
 Next Paragraph: Rules start over. Re-establish source.
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 28). Xxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (21). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Jones 30). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(14). Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 6).
Same information from two different sources
Pick one source and use it. Choose the card that
will help balance your sources throughout your
paper.
2. Cite both. Good choice for very important
information.

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 5; Jones 13).
 NOTE:
1.
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Use a semicolon between sources
If you combine information
from two different sources to make one sentence
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 8; Jones 12).
 Smith 8 is the first part of the sentence and Jones 12
is the second part.
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Yes, these look alike. It’s just how it’s done.
After a citation with two different sources,
you must re-establish your source
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Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 3; Jones 10). Xxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 5). X
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (17).
 Once the source has been re-established, just use the
page #.
If you combine information from two pages
of the same source into one sentence

Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (Smith 3; 10).
 NOTICE:
 Use a semicolon
REMEMBER
 You are using transitional sentences. Do not put
a citation after your own transitional sentence.
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If the sentence is at the opening of the paragraph, just cite at
the end as normal.
If the transitional sentence is at the END of the paragraph, cite
AFTER the last documented sentence, not after your sentence.
 NOTE:
 As you write, keep your eye on the next card for source and
page #
REMEMBER
 The citation is BEFORE the period. Xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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(Smith 3).
Quotation marks are before the citation. “Xxxxxxxx” (Smith 32).
Nothing between author and page # (Smith 3).
NEVER USE “pg.”
No author? Use first word of the title.
“Titanic”
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Titanic
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quotes if an article
underline if a book
Proper heading and title
Header
Times New Roman
12 point font
3-5 pages in length
WITH YOUR FINAL PAPER, TURN IN
 Your outline
 with
changes
 Your notecards
 IN ORDER YOU USED THEM
 Your handwritten draft
 Your typed draft
 with revisions
 Put your FINAL DRAFT on top