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Action Step 1: Determine a specific speech goal
that is adapted to the audience and occasion.
Action Step 2: Gather, evaluate, and organize
information to develop the body of your speech.
Action Step 3: Organize the introduction and
conclusion of your speech.
Action Step 4: Create presentational aids.
Action Step 5: Adapt verbal and visual materials to
the needs of your specific audience.
Action Step 6: Practice!
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To
To
To
To
inform
persuade
motivate
entertain
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Informative speaking “informs” listeners by
increasing their knowledge on something.
Informative speaking answers questions such
as “who,” “when,” “what,” “where,” “why,” and
“how to.”
Informative speaking should be:
– Intellectually stimulating
– Relevant to the audience
– Creative
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Claim/Proposition of Fact: statement
designed to convince an audience that
something does or does not exists or occur,
is or is not true.
Claim /Proposition of Value: statement
designed to convince an audience that
something is good, bad, fair, unfair, moral,
immoral, etc.
Claim/Proposition of Policy: statement
designed to convince an audience a particular
action should be taken.
Claims of Fact
Claims of Value
Claims of Policy
Pharmaceutical
advertising affects
prescription drug
prices
Pharmaceutical
advertising of new
prescription drugs on
TV is better than
marketing new drugs
directly to doctors.
Pharmaceutical
companies should be
required to refrain
from advertising
prescription drugs on
TV.
Inadequate lighting
near campus has
caused an increase in
crime
The safety of college
students should take
priority in campus
planning
Campus officials
should adopt a safety
plan for the college
campus
Weight Loss
advertising affects
cosmetic surgery
procedures among
young adults
Weight Loss
Weight Loss
advertising is harmful advertising should be
to the self-concepts of limited in the media
young adults
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Audience analysis is the study of the intended
audience for you speech.
Audience Adaptation is the process of
tailoring your speech’s information to the
needs, interests, and expectations of you
audience.
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Demographics:
– Gender
– Age
– Knowledge / interest of subject
– Group Affiliation
• Religion
• Ethnicity
• Group memberships
– Socioeconomic factors
• Occupation
• Income
• Education
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What are expectations of your speech?
What is the length of your speech? Other time
restraints?
What is the size of your audience?
Where will the speech be given?
What equipment will be available?
What is the occasion of the speech?
What time of day will the speech be given?
A
specific goal includes the
following information:
◦ Your general Goal
◦ Your intended Audience
◦ Your specific topic
 General
Goal: To inform
 Specific Goal: To inform my
classmates on the history of WWII
 General
Goal: To persuade
 Specific Goal: To persuade my
friends to recycle aluminum