The Founding of the
British Colonies and
Colonial Life in the 1600’s
APUSH Unit 2 Module 2
Wool
Depression –
late 1500’s
Enclosure System
Reasons for European Emigration
(Why leave England?)
Spain overextended
and began to lose
holdings: naval
supremacy,
Netherlands,
Caribbean
Primogeniture
Creation of
economic
entity of
Joint Stock
Co.
Economic
Beating of Spanish
Armada in 1588
(Philip II) est.
English Naval
Supremacy
Strong leader
in Elizabeth
(1558-1603)
Political
MUCH LATER (1840’s) –
Cath/Prot struggles along
with economic issues drive
Irish to US
LATER
Failure of
Puritan
Revolution
(1649-1653)
English
soldiers used
to controlling
“Native”
population in
Ireland
“Golden Age of
Literature”
Renaissance of Sorts
Growing
Population
Protestant
Reformation
Religious
Social /
Cultural
Geography of British American
Colonies
Map of the 13
Colonies
Complete your own map of the
13 colonies – start off just
labeling in pencil or black pen
You will need 4 colored pencils
for later
The Colonies
You will need to have available:
1. Your map / region chart
2. Your colony charts
3. 4 colored pencils
4. Your book notes
The Chesapeake
The
Chesapeake
Make a key and have color #1
represent the Chesapeake
OUTLINE the Chesapeake
Colonies in that color:
• Virginia
• Maryland
• North Carolina
I know…This map has North Carolina in
the Lower South when it SHOULD BE IN
THE CHESAPEAKE!
Virginia and Jamestown
First British colony of Jamestown founded in 1607
Joint Stock Company
Starving Time 1609-1610 (15% survival time in first few years)
John Smith
John Rolfe and Tobacco
Lots of money but: hurt the soil, single crop economy, plantation
style led to indentured servitude / slavery
Two Anglo-Powhatan Wars ended in “formal separation”
60 years after settlement, only 10% of the Native American
population remained
House of Burgesses and English Charter with English rights for
colonists
Maryland - Catholic
Haven
Founded in 1634 by Lord
Baltimore
Baltimore wanted heavy
religious toleration, but ended
up with the Act of Toleration
(1649) - tolerant of all
Christians
Grew Tobacco
What are the Characteristics of the
Chesapeake Bay Colonies?
Add them to your comparison chart!
Problems in the Chesapeake
Poor single men
On the frontier - issues with the
Native Americans
Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676
Frontiersmen (Bacon’s group) vs.
“haughty” landowners (Tidewater
gentry)
Former servants vs. those with land
and money
Made landowners concerned about
indentured servants -> leads to the
adoption of African slavery
Indentured Servitude
Certificate
Let’s Come Back to the
Carolinas Later…
New England
New England
Make a key and have color #2
represent the New England
OUTLINE the New England
Colonies in that color:
• Massachusetts
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New Hampshire
• Northern Massachusetts that
will become Maine
I know…This map has North Carolina in
the Lower South when it SHOULD BE IN
THE CHESAPEAKE!
Side Note: Puritans? Separatists?
Predestination?
Calvinism and Puritans
Calvinists believed in Predestination:
Good works could not save those predestined for hell.
No one could be certain of their spiritual status.
Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of
“conversion.”
Puritans were Calvinists who totally wanted to reform (purify)
the Church of England
Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant
Reformation back in England.
All Separatists were Puritan, but not all Puritans were
Separatists
Separatist Beliefs
Separatists were Puritans who believed only “visible saints”
(those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans
their elect status) should be admitted to church membership.
Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects,
Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”
Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of
England.
At first they went to Holland for 12 years in 1608, but worried
that their children were being “Dutchified”
They then traveled to America
Back to New England
Colonizing New England
Plymouth Colony
Settled in 1620 by 102 people arriving on the Mayflower
(half were Separatists)
Were supposed to settle in Virginia, but they missed and
instead were squatters
Signed the Mayflower Compact
Agreement to form a rough government and submit to
majority rule
Led to adult male settlers meeting to make laws in town
meetings
Rough first winter (1620-1621) – only 44 survived
Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant
1691: only 7,000 people
Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629: non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.
Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England; they
didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”
Acted like they were a Joint Stock Company so people wouldn’t think they
were separatists…
1630:1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships
Established a colony with Boston as its hub.
John Winthrop – first governor of Massachusetts
Had a calling from God to lead Massachusetts (served for 19 years)
We shall be as a city on a hill
“Great Migration” of the 1630s
Turmoil in England (leading to the English Civil War) sent about 70,000
Puritans to America.
11,000 of which went to Mass Bay
How Covenant Theology Affected
Puritan Society
or Puritans Creeping On Each Other
“Covenant of Grace”:
A special agreement between Puritan communities
and God
Puritan communities were representatives to the world
“Social Covenant”:
An agreement between members of Puritan
communities with each other
Required mutual watchfulness
No toleration of deviance or disorder
No privacy
The Scarlet Letter
Land Division in Sudbury, MA: 1639-1656
Life in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Economy based on:
Furs
Fishing
Ship Building
All male property holders could participate in
town meetings
All people (even non-believers) were subject to the
law and had to pay to maintain the church
Even though it was a theocracy (government with
church in charge), ministers and clergy could not
hold public office
New England Rebels
Gasp!
Roger Williams and
Rhode Island
1636: Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island
Wanted total separation from Anglican Church
Condemned Mass Bay for treating Native Americans unfairly
Said that the civil government could not regulate religious behavior
WAS EXILED!
Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI
Universal manhood suffrage -> later restricted by a property
qualification.
Opposed to special privilege of any kind = freedom of opportunity
for all.
Religious freedom for all
RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the
Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious
dissenters
More liberal than any other colony!
Anne Hutchinson
Intelligent, strong willed, well spoken woman who
threatened patriarchal control
Was a leader in the antinomianism controversy of 1638
Literally means “against the law”
Carried the doctrine of predestination to its logical end:
if you are already saved you are exempt from worrying
about how you act = the truly saved didn’t need to obey
the laws of God or man
Claimed that here ideas were from direct revelation
This led her supporters to decry her as a heretic
Banished
Went to Rhode Island and later New York
Hutchinson and her family were all slaughtered by
Native Americans…
Salem Witch Trials
Read The Crucible
1692 - 19 people put to death
on accusations of witchcraft
by adolescent girls in Salem,
MA
Stopped in 1693 when the
governor’s wife was accused
Poor (accusers) vs. Wealthy
(accused)
Founding New England and
the Colonies in 1650
What are the Characteristics of the
New England Colonies?
Add them to your comparison chart!
The Restoration Colonies
After the Puritan Revolution / English Civil War and the
King (Charles II) was Restored to the Crown in 1660
The Plantation (Southern)
Colonies
The Plantation
Colonies
Make a key and have color #3
represent the South
OUTLINE the Southern
Colonies in that color:
• South Carolina
• Georgia
• West Indies (not on your
map)
I know…This map has North Carolina in
the Lower South when it SHOULD BE IN
THE CHESAPEAKE!
The West Indies and Jamaica
Provided a market for American agricultural growers
Grew sugar cane and therefore rum
Required HUGE acreage, which led to many slaves
Started the slave plantation system
Led to restrictive slave codes
The Carolinas - 1670
New and “weird” political system
designed by John Locke
Tied to the West Indies
Carolinas sent them Indian slaves
and food
Massacred Savannah Indians in 1710
Rice as an export crop
Brought in African slaves to raise rice
Influenced by slavery in West Indies
Centered on Charleston
North Carolina - Misfit Middle
Child
Broke off from “Carolina”
in 1712
Settled by poorer outcasts
from VA who couldn’t
compete with the tobacco
barons
seen as poor, irreligious, and
immoral by the aristocratic
colonies to the North and
South
NC Traded with Pirates!
Were the final defeat for
the coastal Indians
South Carolina vs. North
Carolina
South Carolina
North Carolina
Wealthy – Charleston
Where those too poor to
afford land in SC or VA
went
Plantations for growing
rice in the tidewater
Tidewater means the
coastal regions where
land was most valued at
this time
Became more similar to
the Chesapeake with a
focus on tobacco
Georgia - Debtor’s
Colony
Last of the original 13 founded in 1733
Both a buffer colony from
Spanish Florida and a
debtors’ colony created by
Oglethorpe
Founding place of
Methodism
Slowest growing of the
original colonies
What are the Characteristics of the
Plantation Colonies?
Add them to your comparison chart!
Don’t forget the West Indies!
The Middle Colonies
“The Breadbasket”
The Middle
Colonies
Make a key and have color #4
represent the Middle Colonies
OUTLINE the Middle Colonies
in that color:
• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
I know…This map has North Carolina in
the Lower South when it SHOULD BE IN
THE CHESAPEAKE!
The Quakers (Background)
Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious
practices.
Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.
Important Differences:
They met without paid clergy in simple meeting houses
Believed all were children of God - refused
to treat the upper classes with deference.
Kept hats on.
Addressed everyone as commoners - ”thees”/“thous.”
Wouldn’t take oaths.
Pacifists.
Pennsylvania
Founded by William Penn (Quaker) as a grant from the king in
1681
Best advertised Colony
Religious Freedom
Quakers treated Native Americans well
Bought land from them (instead of taking it)
Went among the Native Americans unarmed
BUT non-Quaker Europeans arrived and messed things up
No tax-supported church
Representative assembly elected by landowners
Very diverse colony
New Netherland Becomes
New York
Dutch Exploration into the
Americas
1600s: Golden Age of Dutch
history.
Major commercial and naval power.
Challenging England on the seas.
3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars
Major colonial power (mainly in the
East Indies)
• Hudson was
financed by
Dutch West
India Co.
New Amsterdam Harbor 1639
Company town (Dutch West India Co)
run in interest of the stockholders.
No interest in religious
toleration, free speech, or democracy
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church (including
Quakers) were persecuted.
Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws established
after repeated protests by colonists
Cosmopolitan: diverse population with many different
languages.
New York
Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the
Duke of York, (before the British controlled the area!)
1664: English soldiers arrived.
Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.
Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.
Renamed “New York”
England gained strategic harbor between her northern &
southern colonies.
England now controlled from Maine to Carolinas
New Amsterdam 1664
What are the Characteristics of the
Middle Colonies?
Add them to your comparison chart!
Colony Comparisons
Let’s practice reading charts and maps!
Life
Expectancy
Comparisons:
New England
vs. the
Chesapeake
Philadelphia and Boston Compared
Urban
Population
Growth
Ethnic Groups
Seeds of Colonial Unity and
Independence
Dominion of New England (1686)
Imposed on New England by James II
Was an English version of a “unified” America
New England, NY, and the Jersies
Created by London to enforce mercantilism
Led by Sir Edmond Andros
Limited town meetings, courts, press, schools…leading
to taxation without representation
Timeline of Changes in England and Their
Effect on America
English
Civil
War
Begins
1642
1649
King
Charles
I is
killed
Charles II escapes to
Europe and Oliver
Cromwell leads
England until he is
killed
1651
-
---America is Ignored by England---
1658
Restoration
Period -> New
Colonies
1660
Charles
II
Becomes
King
Charles II is
succeeded by
his brother
James II (who
tried to bring
Catholicism
back to
England)
1685
Dominion
of New
England
Salutary
Neglect
(ignored
again)
1688
Glorious
Revolution
overthrows
James II with
William and
Mary