Matter Notes
 Create pages 22 and 24 in your
notebook and title it “Matter Notes”
 Create an entry for these pages in
your Table of Contents complete with
date, title, page #s
 Turn to page 22 so Mr. Herlihy knows
you are ready to begin
Matter
• anything that has mass and takes up
space (volume)
Mass vs. Weight
– Examples:
•
•
•
•
a brick has mass and takes up space
a desk has mass and takes up space
a pencil has mass and takes up space
air has mass and takes up space
All of the above examples are considered matter because
they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything
that would not be considered matter?
Atoms
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
Taking a closer look will reveal that
atoms are composed of smaller parts
• smallest possible unit into
which matter can be
divided, while still
maintaining its properties
• over 100 different kinds
of atoms exist (≈ 90 occur
naturally
and ≈
25is made
in
For example,
what
the
labs) smallest possible unit
into which
long essay
can be
• cannot
be aseen
by the
divided and still have some meaning?
naked
eye or even an
optical microscope
• can combine, or bond, to
create additional types of
matter
• always moving when above
the temperature of
absolute zero
Atoms are so small that…
•
•
•
•
•
•
it would take a stack of about
50,000 aluminum atoms to equal
the thickness of a sheet of
aluminum foil from your kitchen.
www.deckersfoods.com
if you could enlarge a penny until
it was as wide as the US, each
of its atoms would be only about
3 cm in diameter – about the
size of a ping-pong ball
a human hair is about 1 million
C-C-C-C-C-… + 999,995 more
carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains
roughly 1 trillion atoms.
1 trillion atoms 
a speck of dust might contain
.
3x1012 (3 trillion) atoms.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
it would take you around 500
years to count the number of
atoms in a grain of salt.
Just one of these grains
Let’s Experiment
In order to try to gain an idea of how
small an atom really is, you will complete
the following activity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cut a strip of 11 in. paper in half.
Place one half on the table.
Cut the remaining piece in half.
Continue cutting and placing the
strips on the table as many times as
you can.
5. Make all cuts parallel to the first one.
1st
cut
2nd
cut
3rd
cut
Results
• How many cuts were you able to
make?
• Do you think you could keep cutting
the paper forever? Why or why not?
You would have to cut the paper in
half around thirty-one (31) times to
get to the size of any atom.
Combining Atoms
• There are over one hundred different types of
atoms and they oftentimes combine to make new
substances known as molecules and compounds
Molecule
Compound
Results from the
bonding (covalent) of
two or more atoms
A substance that
contains two or more
different elements
(atoms)
Example – Oxygen Gas (O2)
Example – Water (H2 O)
Compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Element
• a pure substance made up of one kind of
atom
• cannot be broken down or separated into
simpler substances by physical or chemical
means
• Over 100 kinds of elements exist
– 90 occur naturally on Earth
– 25 were made by scientists in labs
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
Comparing Atoms, Molecules,
Compounds, and Elements
Molecule
Atom
What’s
the
matter?
Element
Compound
(or molecule)
Combining Molecules/Compounds
• a combination of two or more substances
that do not combine chemically, but
remain the same individual substances is
known as a mixture
• can be separated by physical means
• two types
• Heterogeneous
• Homogeneous
Based on the prefixes
“hetero” and “homo,”
what do you think are
characteristics of these
two types of mixtures?
Mass vs. Weight
Mass
•
•
Weight
a measure of how much
matter an object is made of
does not change, regardless
of where something or
someone is
Mass = 59 kg
Weight = 579 N
•
•
the force of gravity on an
object
equal to the mass of the
body times the local
acceleration of gravity
Why do you
Misconception
think the
Alert!
person’s
Does gravity
weight is
always pull
less on the
things down?
moon?
Mass = 59 kg
Weight = 96 N
http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html
TIME FOR A MINI-LAB
 Get out your Lab License
 Pay attention and read directions, it is a simple
lab but will be messed up if not done carefully
 You should be able to finish before the end of
class, so no fooling around or you will not get
done and will not have another chance to finish
in this classroom
Heterogeneous Mixture
• “hetero” means different
• consists of visibly different substances or
phases (solid, liquid, gas)
• a suspension is a special type of
heterogeneous mixture of larger particles
that eventually settle
• Example:
Trail Mix
Notice the
visibly
different
substances
Homogeneous Mixture
• has the same uniform appearance and
composition throughout; maintain one
phase (solid, liquid, gas)
• commonly referred to as solutions
• Example:
Salt Water
Notice the
uniform
appearance
Physical Properties of Matter
• any property of matter that can be
observed or measured without changing
the identity of the matter
• Examples
color
shape
taste
state/phase
D=m
density
V
Chemical Properties of Matter
• any property of matter that
describes a substance based on its
ability to change into a new
substance
• Examples
flammability
reactivity with vinegar
reactivity with oxygen
Iron + Oxygen  Iron oxide (rust)
4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
Chemical or Physical Property?
1.
Paper is white
Physical Property
2.
Boiling point of H2O is 100oC
Physical Property
3.
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and creates
hydrogen gas
Chemical Property
4.
Nitrogen does not burn
Chemical Property
5.
Sulfur smells like rotten eggs
Physical Property
Physical Change
• a change in shape, size, color, or state
• a change without a change in chemical
composition
• a change that is reversible
• Examples
tearing paper
cutting your hair
change in state
Chemical Change
• a change in which a substance becomes another
substance having different properties
• a change that is not reversible using ordinary
physical means
• Changes that usually cause heat, sound, light, odor,
fizzing/foaming, color changes
You usually need more than one of the above
characteristics to be considered a chemical
change!
• Examples
combining sulfuric acid and sugar
burning a piece of wood
soured milk
Chemical or Physical Change?
1.
Bending a Paper Clip
Physical Change
2.
Baking a cake
Chemical Change
3.
The sublimation of carbon dioxide
Physical Change
4.
Crushing an aluminum can
Physical Change
5.
Vinegar and baking soda combining to create salt and
water
Chemical Change
5 Physical States of Matter
• Bose-Einstein
(Newest State)
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma
Solid
• particles are
tightly compact
• particles vibrate
without the ability
to move freely
• definite shape and
volume
• Solid Animation
Liquid
• particles are
tightly compact,
but able to move
around close to
each other
• no definite shape,
but definite
volume
• Liquid Animation
Gas
• particles can easily
spread out or move
close together
• particles move
freely and with a
lot of energy
• no definite shape
or volume
• Gas Simulation
States of Matter Continuum
The physical states of matter result from the
amount of energy the particles composing the
matter have. Basically, more energy means more
movement for the particles and less energy means
less movement.
Taken from: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_becondensate.html
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Create page 23 in your ISN and title it Solid/Liquid/Gas
Descriptions and create a table of contents entry. Cut out
the identical rectangles and glue them on this page
On the front for each phase/state you should have…
 A picture of what the molecules look like
 2 descriptions of how the molecules
“behave/act/move” and why
On the bottom for each phase/state you should have…
 3 examples of each phase/state
 One characteristic that makes that phase
DIFFERENT from the other two phases