CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Complete the vocabulary then read and answer the study guide questions.
MODULE 1
Vocabulary
Psychology
humanistic psychology
applied research
empiricism
natural selection
counseling psychology
structuralism
levels of analysis
clinical psychology
functionalism
basic research
psychiatry
Study Guide
1. Discuss the prescientific area. Where did the scholars come from and what were they interested in?
2. Explain the influence of the Greek philosophers.
3. In the 1600’s the views of the Greek philosophers were revived. Where did this occur, by who, and how?
4. Where, when and by who was the first psychological laboratory founded?
5. How has the field of psychology evolved? Explain the historical roots of psychology and the key people and
movements it has gone through until the 1960’s.
6. What is the nature-nurture debate?
7. What are the three main levels of analysis of the biopsychosocial approach and how do they work together?
8. What are the subfields of psychology and what is the difference between clinical psychology and psychiatry?
9. Describe some effective study techniques.
MODULE 2
Vocabulary
hindsight bias
replication
theory
operational definition
critical thinking
culture
hypothesis
Study Guide
1. How can hindsight bias make research findings seem like common sense?
2. How does overconfidence affect our everyday judgments?
3. How do critical thinking and the scientific attitude work together?
4. How is scientific research guided by psychological theories?
5. Explain how laboratory experiments can help discover principles of behavior.
6. Discuss how psychological research can be generalized across cultures and genders.
7. Why do psychologists study animals and what should be the ethical parameters in conducting experiments
on animals and people?
8. How can personal values affect research and its application?
MODULE 3
Vocabulary
survey
scatter plot
control condition
mode
range
population
illusory correlation
experimental condition
dependent variable
standard deviation
random sample
double-blind
random assignment
mean
statistical significance
correlation
placebo effect
independent variable
median
Study Guide
1. Explain the three types of descriptive research, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each.
2. Describe correlational research (positive and negative) and explain how they can aid the process of
prediction.
3. Explain the problems with correlational research (cause-effect, illusory correlations, order in random
sequences).
4. How do experiments help researchers determine cause and effect?
5. What two things help build confidence in research findings? Why?
6. What is the difference between a dependent and independent variable?
7. Why are statistical principles important?
8. How can bar graphs misrepresent data?
9. What are three principles of making generalizations from samples?
10. How do psychologists decide if statistical differences are meaningful