Chapter 15
AP European History Review
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Golden Age of the Netherlands = Urban prosperity + urban consolidation + transformed agriculture + overseas
empire (Amsterdam Bourse) + extensive trade (tulip bubble)
Louis XV and Duke of Orleans = decline of French economy + lessening monarchial power
John Law/Mississippi Bubble = decline of French economy
Cardinal Fleury = worked to block influence of nobility + helped repudiate part of national debt
George I of England = first of Hanover dynasty + sided with the Whigs
Stuart Pretender = James Edward, son of James II
Walpole = saved financial integrity + originator of cabinet system + sustained peace abroad + supported status
quo at home + brought stability
George II = limited Walpole’s power + beginning the era as a world power
House of Commons/House of Lords
Rotten Boroughs = corruption in units of electors of House of Commons
King John III of Sobieski = King of Poland that led the army to rescue Vienna from Turkish siege
Leopold I = Political leader over the Hapsburgs
Hohenzollerns = leading family in Prussia
Frederick II “ The Great” = Upset Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia + set Austria-Prussian rivalry over
Germany
Romanovs = Dynasty of Russia brought to power by an assembly of nobles + brought stability and bureaucratic
centralization to Russia.
Peter I “The Great” = 5 goals to make Russia a westernized power + laid foundations of a modern Russia + failed
to lay foundations for a stable state
Successful and Unsuccessful Paths to Power 1686-1740
SWEDEN (will become irrelevant internationally for a long period of time) Descending
Military:
Great Northern War (1700-21) = invaded Poland = Russia strengthened forces
Battle of Poltava = defeated by Russia
They had exhausted military resources and underestimated Russian winter
Economy:
Exhausted their economic resources in the battles = lost monopoly on Baltic coast
Leadership:
Charles XIII = Russian winter + too ambitious
Nobles wanted to reassert power over the monarchy + argued amongst each other
OTTOMAN EMPIRE (“Sick Man of Europe”) Descending
Military:
Retreat after the siege of Vienna = army weaker + lost land to foreigners
Economy:
No manufacturing + only export raw materials + trade controlled by other nations = weak
Leadership:
Weak central government = nobles competed for power + resisted consolidation
POLAND (disappears from map until after Treaty of Versailles) Descending
Military:
Not enough taxes to support army = small army
Economy:
Nobles didn’t pay taxes + used feudalism + ununified
Leadership:
Weak king + “Sejam” excluded reps from corporate bodies + any member can veto meeting + corruption by
bribes + required unanimous vote – “veto liberum” = no progress
AUSTRIA Descending
Military:
Not strong + little money
Invaded by Prussia = Maria Theresa defends inheritance
Economy:
Conquered Balkans + western Romania = trade
Leadership:
United by Hapsburgs + opposition by nobles (Magyars) = pragmatic sanction conditions decline when Maria
takes throne
PRUSSIA Ascending
Military:
Expanded by Frederick I = strong army
Economy:
Transformation from feudal to subservience = better
Leadership:
Frederick William = great elector
Unified small territories and nobles + created “states”
Frederick William I = King (builds up army)
Chapter 16
AP European History Review
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Pugachev’s Rebellion = largest uprising + promises of own land to peasants then not delivering
Game Laws = English legislation that gave landowners more rights
Neolocalism = moving away form home
Primogeniture = inheritance belonging to the eldest child
Puerpal Fever/Foundling Hospitals
Jethro Tull = methods that permitted land to be cultivated for a longer period of time
Charles Townsend = crop rotation
Robert Blackwell = animal breeding
Enclosure Movement vs. Open Field
James Kay = Flying shuttle
James Hargreaves = Spinning Jenny
James Watt = Steam Engine
Henry Cort = Iron
Social Classes of the Old Regime
 Separation of nobility and poor
 Urban labor force
 Aristocrats 1-5% population, but most political power
English Aristocrats
French Aristocrats
 Smallest, wealthiest, best
 Divided between “Nobles of
defined, and most socially
the robe” and “Nobles of the
responsible.
Sword”
 Made up House of Lords and
 Exempt from taxes and could
the corrupt House of
collect feudal dues
Commons
 Exclusive hunting and fishing
 Owned 25% of all land
rights
 Dominated society and
politics
Eastern European Aristocrats
 (Poland) exempt from taxes +
right of life or death over
serfs
 (Austria) broad judicial
powers over peasantry +
exempt from taxes
 (Prussia) made up
bureaucracy + judicial
authority of serfs
 (Russia) right to transmit
noble status to wife or child +
judicial protection of
rights/property +power of
serfs +exempt from taxes
 “Aristocratic Resurgence” = nobility’s reaction to threat of position and privilege
 Family Economy = household is basic unit of production and consumption.
Northwestern Households
Eastern Households
 Married couple, children in early years, and
 Married before 20 years, children born to younger
servants
parents
 Small =no more than 5 or 6 members
 Wives older than husbands
 More than two generations rarely lived together
 More than 9 in a household
 Premarital sex was common
 3 or 4 generations
 Left family at young age to begin own family
 Married, but still lives with parents
 Nuclear Family Structure
 Extended Household
 Family members work elsewhere to send wages
 Functioned on serfdom and landlord domination
home
 Depended on land availability
 Everyone in the family is involved in earning
money
Effects on Women:
 Woman cannot sustain herself = marriage is economic necessity
 Sustains the household
 Chief goal is to accumulate enough capital for a dowry
 Marriage is joint economic undertaking
 Limits number of children to have
 More economic pressure if childbirth