A & P 1 – Unit 1 Review
Mary Stangler Center for Academic Success
This review is meant to highlight basic concepts from Unit 1. It does not cover all concepts presented by your instructor. Refer
back to your notes, unit objectives, labs, handouts, etc. to further prepare for your exam.
1. Define and fill in the table:
a. Atom –
Subatomic Particle
Charge
Location
Molecular weight
Proton
Neutron
Electron
2. Define and answer the following:
a. Element –
b. Atomic number is used to identify elements on the periodic table…what is the difference between
atomic number and atomic mass?
3. Give the chemical symbol of the 6 major elements and the 6 lesser elements that make up the human body:
4. Define and answer the following:
a. Isotope –
b. What are radioisotopes & how are they used in medicine?c. Ion –
d. What is the relationship between an electrolyte and an ion?
5. Name the following types of chemical bonds:
a. A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons:
b. A bond formed when two ions of opposite charge are attracted to each other:
c. A bond formed between two molecules; it occurs because of attractive forces between a positively
charged area of one molecule and a negatively charged area of another molecule:
6. Differentiate between a polar and non-polar covalent bond.
7. Explain the difference between a compound and a molecule.
8. The most important inorganic molecule is water - answer and define:
a. Why is it so essential?
b. Hydrophilic:
c. Hydrophobic:
9. Define the following:
a. Acid b. Base c. pH –
10. Explain how catabolism and anabolism work together.
11. Organic chemistry is the branch of science that studies Carbon. What makes the carbon atom so important to
living systems?
12. List the four macromolecules that make up all living things and describe their major functions.
13. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide?
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14. Describe the structure and function of each type of lipid:
a. Triglycerides
b. Phospholipids
c. Cholesterol
15. What subunits make up a protein? How many of these subunits are there? What are some functions of
proteins?
16. Enzymes are made up of proteins, what are some of their functions and how do they work?
17. How do we get energy from ATP?
18. Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
19. Define the following cell organelles:
a. Cell membrane :
f. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) :
b. Cytoplasm:
g. Golgi:
c. Nucleus:
h. Mitochondria:
d. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
i. Vesicles:
e. Ribosome:
20. Write the equation for cellular respiration (aerobic):
21. Compare and contrast passive and active transport. Refer to energy use, concentrations gradient, and list the
main types for each one.
22. Osmosis & Tonicity – explain what happens to a cell when placed in each of the following solutions:
a. Isotonic:
b. Hypertonic:
c. Hypotonic:
23. Differentiate between endocytosis and exocytosis, give examples if applicable.
24. What is cancer? How can it spread to other areas of the body?
25. What is a nucleotide? How does it relate to DNA?
26. Describe the structure and function of a gene.
27. Explain what happens in each phase of the cell cycle.
a. Interphase
b. Mitosis
i. Prophase
ii. Metaphase
iii. Anaphase
iv. Telophase
28. Define the following:
a. Histology –
b. Longitudinal section –
c. Cross section –
d. Oblique –
29. Give the major function of each type of tissue:
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Nervous
d. Muscular
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30. Identifying Epithelial Tissue (Membranes) – Epithelial Tissue is named by its class, cell shape, and specialized
structures. Name the following epithelial tissues using the clues provided, give an example of where the tissue
might be found in the body, and give its general function.
a. Four Types of Simple Epithelia
i.
___________________________ – one layer of flat cells
ii.
___________________________ – one layer of cube-shaped cells
iii.
___________________________ – one layer of column-shaped cells
iv.
___________________________ – looks stratified, but is single layer, not all reach free surface
b. Four Types of Stratified Epithelia
i.
___________________________ – multiple layers of flat cells
ii.
___________________________ – multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
iii.
___________________________ – multiple layers of column-shaped cells
iv.
___________________________ – changes shape, between squamous and cuboidal
31. Connective tissue – describe the general structure, basic function, and give an example of where it might be
found in the body for each:
a. Fibrous:
i. Loose areolar
ii. Loose reticular
iii. Dense regular
iv. Dense reticular
b. Adipose
c. Cartilage
i. Hyaline
ii. Elastic
iii. Fibrous
d. Bone
i. Compact
ii. Spongy
e. Blood
32. Describe the structure, function and location of nervous tissue.
33. Describe the structure, function, and location of muscular tissue.
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
34. Define the following terms relating to tissue growth:
a. Hyperplasia
c. Metaplasia
b. Hypertrophy
d. Neoplasia
35. Define the following terms relating to tissue shrinkage or death:
a. Atrophy
b. Necrosis
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
a.
b.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
36. Cancers are named for their tissue of origin, name the following cancers:
a. _______________________ – originate in epithelial tissue (membranes, glands)
b. _______________________ – originate in blood-forming tissue (bone marrow)
c. _______________________– originate in lymph nodes
d. _______________________– originate in pigment cells of epidermis (melanocytes)
e. _______________________ – originate in bone, other connective tissue, or muscle
37. Anatomic Directional Terms – give the direction for the following:
_____________or Ventral – front side
h. Distal – ______________point of attachment
_____________ or Dorsal – back side
i. Ipsilateral – on ______________ side of body
Superior – toward the _____________
j. Contralateral – on ______________side of body
Inferior – away from the ______________
k. Superficial – _____________ body surface
Medial – toward __________ of the body
l. Deep – ________________ body surface
Lateral – away from the ____________of the body
m. Supine – facing___________
Proximal – ___________ point of attachment
n. Prone – facing ____________
38. Body Regions – describe the following:
Axial:
Appendicular:
39. Thoracic Cavity & Membranes – define the following membranes and determine their position:
Mediastinum:
Pericardium:
i.
_______________Pericardium – inner layer
ii.
_______________ Pericardium – outer layer
iii.
Pericardial _______________ – space between layers
iv.
Pericardial _______________– lubricates layers
Pleura
i.
_____________ Pleura – inner layer
ii.
_____________Pleura – outer layer
iii.
Pleural ________________ – space between layers
iv.
Pleural ________________ – lubricates layers
40. Abdominopelvic Cavity & Membranes- Define the following cavities/membranes and determine their position:
Abdominal Cavity:
Pelvic Cavity:
Peritoneum :
i.
________________ Peritoneum – inner layer
ii.
________________Peritoneum – outer layer
iii.
Peritoneal _____________________ – space between layers
iv.
Peritoneal _____________________ – lubricates layers
41. Define Homeostasis:
42. Negative Feedback – define and give an example of negative feedback:
43. Positive Feedback – define and give an example of positive feedback:
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