Radio Frequency ID
Presentation By: Group 3
Nikki Baker
Lauren Bright
Julie Kim
Kristin Harbin
Jessica Tipp
1
Introduction
How many people have a car…
2
RFID is everywhere!
3
Objectives
•
•
•
•
What is RFID
History
How RFID works
Case Studies
–
–
–
–
Walmart
GoSt.Louis
Healthcare
Animals
• Issues and Concerns
• Future Trends
4
Overview
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Om
7TtgNlwM (time: 1:50-4:11)
5
Brief History
• Radar discovered in 1935
• 1950-1960 Companies began to use
for security purposes
• 1970s - First patent for an active
RFID tag, Gov’t began to use to
track nuclear materials, Agriculture
began to use to track cows
• Today it is used all over the place
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1338/1
6
How RFID works
•
Divided into four parts
1. A scanning antenna
–
–
–
Puts out radio-frequency signals
Provides a means of communicating
with the RFID tag
It provides the RFID tag with energy
to communicate
2. A transceiver -reader
3. A transponder - the RFID tag
4. A writer
http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2
7
Parts of RFID
• http://www.aimglobal.org/services/R
FIDSpotlight.asp (middle of video)
8
How RFID Works
Writer
RFID Tag
(Transponder)
http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2
Scanning
Antenna
Transceiver
9
Types of
RFID Tags
Active Tag
Battery Powered
Cost2
More than $10
Passive
Reader Powered
Less than $1
Distance1 100 feet or more
Typically a few feet
Size1
Can be as small as a grain
of rice
Must be able to fit a
battery
Lifespan1 As long as battery lasts
As long as tag is in tact
Memory1
Smaller around (12K)
Larger (512K)
1.
http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=47,
2.
www.rfidhut.com/pages/How-much-does-RFID-Cost.html
10
Tag Frequency
Distance
What?
Sample
Low Frequency
125 KHz (Up to Very close proximity
20 inches) 2
tag, tag must be close
to reader1
Smart cards,
speedpass1
High Frequency
13.56 MHz (Up
to 10 feet) 2
Short proximity1
Healthcare1
Ultra High
Frequency
860-960 MHz
(Usually 3-20
feet) 2
Highly used, longer
proximity1
Supply chain
distribution1
1.
http://www.rfidradio.com/?p=16,
2.
www.barcoding.com/rfid/private/barcoding-inc-RFID-Report.pdf
11
Cost of RFID
• Global
– RFID spending including all hardware, systems
and integration is estimated to have reached
$4.96 billion worldwide in 20071
• RFID Systems
– UHF Readers cost between $500-$2000
• A low frequency reader can be under $100
– Antennas cost $250 and up
– Tags cost anywhere from less than $1 to $50
– Many more administrative and setup costs2
1) http://www.rfidjournal.com/faq/20, viewed March 23, 2009
2) Hasselbacher, N. (2008). “RFID: It’s all in the numbers,” Converting Magazine, Vol. 26, Iss. 12, pg. 38.
12
• Began in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas
• Low-Cost Focus
• Employs more than 2 million associates
worldwide
– 1.4 million in the U.S.
• Serve more than 100 million customers per
year
13
http://walmartstores.com/AboutUs, viewed April 8, 2009
RFID at Wal-Mart
• June 2003
– Wal-Mart announced that its suppliers
would have to RFID tag crates and pallets
as an improvement over barcodes1
– Top 100 suppliers were supposed to
comply by January 20052
– Wal-Mart was the first major retailer to
demand suppliers use RFID, though the
technology is 50 years old2
1) Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol.3, Iss.2, pg. 44, 16 pgs.
2) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some suppliers gain from failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld.
14
Benefits of RFID for
Wal-Mart
• Save billions of dollars in supply chain
efficiency1
• Reduce out of stock items
– Average U.S. out-of-stock rate: 8%
– Estimated potential lost sales from out of
stock items
• 3.4% for retailers
• 2.6% for suppliers2
1) Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic
Commerce Research, Vol. 3, Iss.2, pg. 44, 16 pgs.
2) Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on
Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
15
Out of Stock Causes
Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly
Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
16
Out of Stock Consumer
Responses
Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly
Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
17
RFID and Out-OfStocks
• University of Minnesota Study
• 24 Wal-Mart stores
– 12 RFID enabled
– 12 Control stores
• Watched improvements over 29 weeks
• Concluded that RFID is responsible for
21% improvement in out-of-stocks
Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly
Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
18
Daisy Brand Dairy
Products
• Fully compliant with Wal-Mart’s mandate
• Extended RFID into other parts of their business
process as well
• Claim that RFID cut in half the time to load delivery
trucks1
• Knows when pallets arrive at Wal-Mart and when
they are unloaded
• Can tell if promotions take place as planned2
1) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,”
Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009
2) Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek,
http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561, viewed
February 25, 2009.
19
Texas Instruments Inc.
• Fully implemented Wal-Mart’s mandate
• Only uses the technology on shipments
going to Wal-Mart
– Reduces their hardware investment
• Compliant for under half a million dollars
20
Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld,
www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009 .
Problems with
Implementation
• Wal-Mart has had difficulty getting suppliers
to implement RFID
• The price is large enough that suppliers are
taking their chances with being non-compliant
– $15,000-$20,000 just for tags, readers, and
middleware for a small supplier
• They also have to pay for training and
handling the new RFID information
21
Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009 .
Wal-Mart is Tired of
Suppliers Not Taking Them
Seriously
• January 2008
– Announced that suppliers will be charged a $2 fee
for each pallet shipped to the Sam’s Club
distribution center in DeSoto, Texas without an
RFID tag1
– Sam’s will then affix a tag to the pallet2
– These tags cost suppliers $.10-.25 per tag
– The fee will escalate along with the length
of non-compliance, up to $3 per tag3
1) Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some Suppliers Gain from Failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld, www.computerworld.com, viewed February 25, 2009.
2) Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek, http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561,
viewed February 25, 2009.
3) Wailgum, T. (2008), “Wal-Mart is Dead Serious About RFID,” CIO, http://www.cio.com/article/print/173702, viewed February 25, 2009.
22
New Developments
• January 2009
– Wal-Mart requires Chinese suppliers to use RFID tagging to
label shipments
• Wal-Mart has 1,000 Chinese suppliers
– Because of recent safety concerns, these Chinese suppliers
are required to include information such as their name and
factory info, as well as any subcontractors involved in
production1
• 2009
– RFID tags on individual selling units in Sam’s Club2
1) http://www.rfidnews.org/2008/11/06/walmart-to-require-rfid-tagging-from-chinese-suppliers, viewed February 25, 2009.
2) Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly
Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
23
GoStLouis
Executive Director: Nancy Lieberman
• Non-profit organization,
encourages individuals and
families in the region to adopt a
healthy lifestyle by getting fit,
staying active, and eating a
nutritional diet year round
• Founded in 2000
• In 2008 had 18,000
participants
• Uses RFID technology for its
timing of races
24
www.gostlouis.org, viewed March 20, 2009 and Interview of Nancy Lieberman
Chronotrack
Partner: Bob Finnegan
• Business started in August 2008
• Has vast knowledge of RFID
technology and used this knowledge to
create a new way to time races.
• Innovated the D-Tag
Interview by Bob Finnegan
25
D-Tag
• Updates race HF chip technology
• Uses a disposable UHF tag
• Cost and time savings
– Only costs 15 cents
• First time that GoStLouis used this
technology
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB02LEqQkLU
http://www.chronotrack.com/home/,, viewed March 20, 2009 and interview by Bob Finnegan
26
Chronotrack
• In 2009 will be the number 1 timing system in US.
• Future of Chronotrack - working on Triathlons and
other uses but we will have to see what they do.
27
Interview by Bob Finnegan
RFID in Healthcare
28
Main uses of
RFID in Healthcare
Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
• Patient tagging
• Locating staff, visitors, and assets
Error Prevention
• Theft prevention and cost control
• Pharmaceuticals anti-counterfeiting
• Recording procedures (e.g. for defense of lawsuits)
• Drug trials compliance
• Patient compliance (e.g. taking drugs)
• Track and trace most medicines, consumables, and assets
29
http://www.idtechex.com/research/articles/rapid_adoption_of_rfid_in_healthcare_00000470.asp
“An exploratory study of radio
frequency identification (RFID)
adoption in the healthcare industry.”
• The Global market for RFID tags and
systems in healthcare in 2006 was $90
million
• Estimated to steadily increase to $2.1 billion
by 2016
• Problems leading to marginal adoption:
– high implementation and operation costs
– lack of standardization
– unawareness of importance
Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare industry.” European Journal of
Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.
30
RFID Adoption in
Healthcare
• Web-based survey
administered to
“decision makers”
at 865 US hospitals
• 126/865 completed
surveys
• 56/126 of the
respondents
were CIOS
Hospitals Surveyed
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Already
evaluated
In-process of
evaluation
Planning to
evaluate
Already in
use
Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare industry.” European Journal of
Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.
Not
considering
31
RFID Adoption in
Healthcare
• Factors studied
– Technology push
• Perceived benefits
• Vendor pressure
– Need pull
• Performance gap
• Market uncertainty
– Presence of champions
Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare industry.” European Journal of
Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.
32
RFID Adoption in
Healthcare
Results:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Presence of champions- most critical factor in adoption of RFID
Performance gaps from existing systems influence RFID adoption
Technology knowledge- significant moderator of adoption
Organizations may adopt RFID during market uncertainty
Financial resources- non-determinant of RFID adoption
Perceived benefits of RFID- important driving factor
RFID is not expected to reduce overhead costs
Vendor pressure does not lead to RFID adoption
unless marketed to top managers
• RFID is in an early adoption stage
Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the healthcare industry.” European Journal of
Information Systems: Including a Special Section on Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.
33
“Key drivers for the continued use of
RFID technology in the emergency
room”
• ABI research forecasted that in 2007 revenue in RFID software and
services would decrease to $3.1 billion, 15% decrease from 2006
• Demand for RFID technology in healthcare has not been very strong
• Expectation-confirmation model
(ECM) theory to assert that
improving users’ experience with
IT can enhance satisfaction and
lead to continued usage
• Survey given to 85 caregivers
who worked in the ER in
5 hospitals in Taiwan
Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the emergency room.” Management
Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.
34
RFID Adoption in
Healthcare
Benefits of RFID in hospitals:
• Automated admitting
• Reduction in medical errors
• More efficient screening and treating
processes
When RFID is implemented
• Patients can be tracked from time they enter
the hospital to the time they leave
• Wristbands are scanned and all medications
can be tracked
• Entrance/exit to specific area can be
monitored
Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the emergency room.” Management
Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.
35
Results
When the following objectives are met an
experience with RFID can improve caregiver
satisfaction levels
• Caregivers must perceive RFID to be useful
• RFID must have good interoperability
• RFID must provide some relative advantage
Improved satisfaction leads to continued use
Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the emergency room.” Management
Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.
36
RFID and Animals
Livestock tracking- cattle, pigs, and sheep
• Used for animal health and wellness, tracking
and tracing, and carcass-quality information
• National Animal Identification
System (NAIS) proposed
by the USDA in 2003
– Producer participation is voluntary
except in MI where cattle have to
be tagged in hopes to eradicate
bovine tuberculosis
http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/3725/2, viewed April 2, 2009
37
RFID and Animals
• In 2007 World RFID spending
on farming and animals was
$233 million.
• In 2017 it is estimated to reach
$2.93 billion
• China is the largest RFID
market largely due to animal
population
– Asian countries are developing
new high frequency tags with
50-400% greater read range.
http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/3725/2, viewed April 2, 2009
38
RFID and Animals
• Current tags used
– Passive tags, low frequency, with a coil antenna
• Can withstand water and damage
– Must be located within a few inches of the reader so
producers have to force animals through checkpoints
– Impossible to read the tags in large numbers simultaneously
• New tag just released Feb. 2, 2009
– RFID vendor Digital Angel
– Battery-powered r.Tag
– Can be read up to 100 ft
away and reader can read
up to 310 tags at once
– Weatherproof
– Costs about $3.50/tag
http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/4581/1, viewed April 2, 2009
39
RFID and Animals
• Humane Society of the US has long been
the biggest user of RFID microchips, it tags
and scans thousands of animals per year
• Problems occur because the various tags
used operate at different frequencies
• Pets are sometimes euthanized before
being identified due to this problem
http:www.rfidjournal.com/article.view/1976/1, viewed April 2, 2009
40
Issues
• Research study found that only
13.7% of respondents knew about
RFID technology1
• Another study done in 2005 found
that approximately 75% of
consumers interviewed had no idea
what RFID was2
• Often times, consumers are not
even aware they are being “tracked”
by RFID devices
• At the very least, consumers need a
basic idea of what RFID is and
does2
1)
2)
Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical
Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs
Glasser, D., Goodman, K., and Einspruch, N. “Chips, Tags and Scanners: Ethical Challenges for Radio Frequency
Identification”
41
Tracking
•
With RFID, anything can be
tracked
– Consumer
• Purchases
• Spending habits and
preferences
– Currency
• Chips embedded into
credit cards
– People
• Hospital patients,
equipment
• State drivers license,
passports
42
Willey, Lorrie. (2007), “RFID and Consumer Privacy: Let the Buyer Beware!”, Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 10, Iss. 2; pg. 25, 13 pgs.
Privacy
What defines privacy?
• Laws will keep changing as society
keeps changing
• Why do we care as managers?
• Violating privacy of
consumers leads to distrust
• Benefits of having consumer
information leads to
competitive advantage and
market share
• Viagra
• Cheese
• Consumers benefit from the
conveniences from better
CRM
Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring
2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy:
An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and
Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs
Chopra, S. and Sodhi, M. (2007), “In Search of RFID’s
Sweet Spot”, Wall Street Journal/MIT Sloan.
<http://sloanreview.mit.edu/businessinsight/articles/2007/1/4913/in-search-of-rfids-sweetspot/>
43
http://sickfacebook.com/images/facebook_privacy.gif
Main Concerns
• Physical
– Border security?
– Bodily harm?
• Tumors?
– Problems in
Hospitals
• Malfunctions in
equipments
• False alarms
Landro, Laura. (2008), “The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching
You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.
44
State Licenses & Passport Cards
• Enhanced Driver’s
Licenses
– Available in
Washington since
Jan. 2008 and in NY
since Sept. 2008
– Other border states –
MI, VT, AZ, intend to
offer them as well
45
Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1; pg 72, 3 pgs.
State Licenses & Passport Cards
•
•
•
•
Cards use electronic product code
(EPC) tag, much like bar codes.
Tags are inexpensive and under
ideal conditions can be read from
about 150 feet away.
Identification cards can be read at
longer range than many other
RFID tags and people are more
likely to carry them at all times.
If you can get identification
numbers out of the cards, then its
relatively easy to counterfeit them,
by loading a stolen ID number onto
a blank, off-the-shelf chip.
46
Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1; pg 72, 3 pgs.
State Licenses & Passports
•
•
•
EPC tags can be disabled
when a reader issues a “kill”
command.
Could cause disruption if
someone killed a large
number of cards in a group.
Attacker could also use this
tactic to harass individuals
since a killed card is likely
to draw suspicion.
Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1; pg 72, 3 pgs.
47
Consumer Privacy
• CASPIN and American
Express
• In 2005, AmEx filed an
application with the US Patent
Office for a new “Method and
system for facilitating a
shopping experience” – in
other words, would monitor the
shopping patterns of its users
with respect to time, and
location within a store
Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global
Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.
48
Consumer Privacy
•
Broken Arrow Affair
– Wal-Mart in Broken Arrow,
OK and Procter & Gamble in
Cincinnati, OH - 750 miles
away from each other
– Wal-Mart placed technology
in stores so that researchers
from P&G could detect when
Max Factor Lipfinity lipsticks
were removed from the
shelves
– Once taken from the shelf, a
video monitor evaluated how
consumers handled the
product without their
knowledge
Hildner, Laura. (year unknown) “Defusing the Threat of RFID: Protecting Consumer Privacy Through Technology-Specific Legislation at the
State Level”, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 41; pg. 133, 44 pgs.
49
Consumer Privacy
Concerns:
• Increased threat of identity
theft, and lack of safeguards
to protect people’s identities.
• According to Cohen, “the
average American is in at
least 50 databases… and
that’s just counting
commercial databases”
Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy: An Empirical Study”, Journal of
Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.
50
The Informed Patient
– Hospitals are relying on electronic tracking
systems
• to keep tabs on equipment and lab
specimens
– EKG monitors and ventilators so
they can readily be located in an
emergency
– Surgical sponges so they don’t get
sewn up inside patients
• to monitor the location of patients and
staff.
– Tagging arriving patients to cut
waiting times in emergency rooms
– Tracking employees to help
supervisors move them to
understaffed areas
Landro, Laura. (2008), The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching
You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.
51
The Informed Patient
•
Study published in 2008 in the Journal of the
American Medical Association (JAMA) warned
that systems using high-frequency radio waves
could interfere with the functioning of medical
devices.
– Could stop a hospital pump from operating
– Switch off a ventilator
– Interfere with a pacemaker
“If the risk of patient harm is one in a million but
the benefit of using the technology prevents
harm to every patient, the hospital needs to
carefully assess the balance”. – John
Halamka, CIO at Boston’s CareGroup Health
Systems
52
Landro, Laura. (2008), The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.
The Informed Patient
• Number of hospitals in recent
years began using RFID tags
in maternity units to prevent
baby kidnappings.
• In Shawnee Mission, Kansas,
a system installed in 2000
would experience
interference from cellphones
and electrical storms, setting
off as many as 100 false
alarms a day.
Landro, Laura. (2008), The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal. (Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.
53
Future of RFID
• Government use of RFID
– Homeland Security
– Police Department
– Correctional Facilities
• Verichip
• Supermarkets
• Other potential uses
54
Government:
Homeland Security
• Fusion of RFID technology with biometric
identification
• “Smart Borders”
– verify and process entry of people
• Prevent entrance of contraband, potential
terrorist, unauthorized aliens
– Entry-exit system
• Record arrival and departure of foreign
visitors and guests
– Non-intrusive inspection technologies
• Rapid and more thorough screening of goods
– Monitor borders to detect illegal intrusions
• Smuggled goods, illegal immigrants
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
55
Government:
Homeland Security
• Additional Technologies
– Vehicle, driver, passenger,
and personal identification
border crossing system
– Access control for vehicles
– Imported goods traceability
and security systems
– Air cargo, baggage, and
passenger control programs
56
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
Government: Police
• Evidence Handling
– More effective means of recording, locating, and
tracking evidence
– Send notifications or sound alerts if evidence is
removed from its secure location or if handled by
an unauthorized person
• Property Crime
– Identify and recover stolen merchandise
• Easier to catch thieves and prevent them from selling
stolen goods
– Identify counterfeit merchandise
• RFID tags are very difficult to forge or copy
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2007.
57
Government: Police
• “Smart guns”
– 2004 Applied Digital Solutions partnered
with gun manufacturer FN Manufacturing
to produce and RFID enabled gun
• If RFID chip implanted in officer’s hand
matches with a scanning device inside the
handgun the trigger unlocks
58
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
Government:
Correctional Facilities
•
Alanco Technologies TSI
Prism RFID tracking system
– 5 components:
1. Tamper detecting wristwatch
transmitter for inmates
2. Belt-mounted transmitter worn
by prison staff
3. Strategically placed array of
receiving antennae
4. Computer system
5. Proprietary application software
59
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
Government:
Correctional Facilities
• 1999- 1st operational TSI Prism system installed in
a Calipatria, CA minimum-security prison
• By 2002 successfully completed 90 day testing
program (California Dept of Corrections)
• Results:
– Aided in early detection of an escape attempt resulting in
inmate’s capture in 1 hr 30 min
– Accurately identified participants in an inmate assault
– Successfully resisted inmate attempts to tamper with
system
– Provided a continuous headcount at 2 sec intervals,
reduced staff time requirements, readily identified officers
and their locations when a duress alarm went off
60
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007.
VeriChip
• www.verichipcorp.com
• Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lvd6mb1C
oBQ (1:20-end)
• Only FDA approved implantable RFID chip for
humans
• Uses include:
– Patient identification
– Infant protection
– Wander protection
61
www.verichip.com, viewed April 2, 2009
Supermarkets
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eob5
32iEpqk
•Speedier checkout1
•Contaminated foods can be
tracked easier and faster2
1.Loebbecke, Claudia. Emerging Information System Applications in Brick-and-Mortar Supermarkets: A Case Study of Content Provision and
RFID-based implementation. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), 2005 <pacis-net.org>
2.Gaudin, Sharon. Food Poisoning Outbreaks Could Prove a Boon to RFID. 26 Jan 2009. Computerworld, Vol. 43, Iss. 4, pg. 10.
62
Other Potential Uses
• Marketing
• Scan the contents of refrigerator
or pantry
• Catch shoplifters
• Pet door only opens for your pet
• Car refuses to start unless
YOUR drivers license is
detected
• Handbag able to scan contents
The possibilities are endless…
Sutherland, Max. Wake up Call! The Future of RFID is Dawning. Jan 2005. www.sutherlandsurvey.com
Gray, Andrew. Spies in Your Shopping Basket? 2004. <www.andrewgray.com>
63
What does this mean for
us as managers…
• RFID is all around us
– Car keys
– Security
• Future of business
– Supply Chain Management
– Product innovation
• As a manager you need to understand the
technology to know how it can save you money and
improve efficiency
• According to a review in 2007 of 12 issues related to
the future RFID literature :
“Adoption of RFID seems to be a question of
when, not if, for most firms.”
Viehland, Dennis & Wong, Aron, “The Future of Radio Frequency Identification”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce
Research. Curico: Aug 2007. Vol. 2, Iss. 2 pg 74, 8 pgs.
64
References
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Chen, C., Wu, J., Sheng Su, Y., Yang, S. “Key drivers for the continued use of RFID technology in the
emergency room.” Management Research News, Vol.31, Iss.4, pg. 273-288.
Chopra, S. and Sodhi, M. (2007), “In Search of RFID’s Sweet Spot”, Wall Street Journal/MIT Sloan.
http://sloanreview.mit.edu/business-insight/articles/2007/1/4913/in-search-of-rfids-sweet-spot/
Finnegan, Bob, Partner of Chronotrack, interviews by phone by Jessica Tipp, April 2, 2009.
Gaudin, Sharon. Food Poisoning Outbreaks Could Prove a Boon to RFID. 26 Jan 2009. Computerworld,
Vol. 43, Iss. 4, pg. 10.
Gaudin, S. (2008), “Some suppliers gain from failed Wal-Mart RFID edict,” Computerworld.
Glasser, D., Goodman, K., and Einspruch, N., (2007), “Chips, tags and scanners: Ethical challenges for
radio frequency identification”, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 9; 101-109.
Gray, Andrew. Spies in Your Shopping Basket? 2004. <www.andrewgray.com>
Hardgrave, B.; Langford, S.; Waller, M.; and Miller, Rl (2008), “Measuring the Impact of RFID on Out of
Stocks at Wal-Mart,” MIS Quarterly Executive, Vol. 7, No. 4, pgs. 181-192.
Hasselbacher, N. (2008). “RFID: It’s all in the numbers,” Converting Magazine, Vol. 26, Iss. 12, pg. 38.
Hildner, Laura. (year unknown),”Defusing the Threat of RFID: Protecting Consumer Privacy Through
Technology-Specific Legislation at the State Level”, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol.
41; pg. 133, 44 pgs.
Hunt, Daniel, Albert Puglia, and Mike Puglia. RFID A Guide to Radio Frequency Identification. Hoboken,
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References
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Krotov, V. (2008), “RFID as a Disruptive Innovation,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied
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Landro, Laura. (2008), “The Informed Patient: The Hospital Is Watching You”, Wall Street Journal.
(Eastern Edition), Nov 12, 2008. pg D.1.
Lee, C., Shim, J. “An exploratory study of radio frequency identification (RFID) adoption in the
healthcare industry.” European Journal of Information Systems: Including a Special Section on
Healthcare Information, Vol.16, Iss.6, pg.712-724.
Lieberman, Nancy, Executive Director of Go St.Louis, interviewed by phone by Jessica Tipp, March 26,
2009
Loebbecke, Claudia. Emerging Information System Applications in Brick-and-Mortar Supermarkets: A
Case Study of Content Provision and RFID-based implementation. Pacific Asia Conference on
Information Systems (PACIS), 2005 <pacis-net.org>
Naone, Erica. (2009), “RFID’s Security Problem”, Technology Review. Jan/Feb 2009, Vol. 112, Iss.1;
pg 72, 3 pgs.
Sutherland, Max. Wake up Call! The Future of RFID is Dawning. Jan 2005. www.sutherlandsurvey.com
Razzouk, N., Seitz, V., and Nicolaou, M. (Spring 2008), “Consumer Concerns Regarding RFID Privacy:
An Empirical Study”, Journal of Global Business and Technology. Vol. 4, Iss.1; pg. 69, 10 pgs.
Viehland, Dennis & Wong, Aron, “The Future of Radio Frequency Identification”, Journal of Theoretical
and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. Curico: Aug 2007. Vol. 2, Iss. 2 pg 74, 8 pgs.
Wailgum, T. (2008), “Wal-Mart is Dead Serious About RFID,” CIO,
http://www.cio.com/article/print/173702, viewed February 25, 2009.
Weier, M. (2008), “Wal-Mart Gets Tough on RFID,” InformationWeek,
http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205900561, viewed February 25,
2009.
Willey, Lorrie. (2007), “RFID and Consumer Privacy: Let the Buyer Beware!”, Journal of Legal, Ethical
and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 10, Iss. 2; pg. 25, 13 pgs.
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References
Websites Used:
1.
http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/crcl/vol41_1/hildner.pdf, viewed April 17, 2009
2.
http://sickfacebook.com/images/facebook_privacy.gif (photo), viewed April 18, 2009
3.
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4.
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http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/1338/1, viewed April 10, 2009
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http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2, Viewed March 22, 2009
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67