GCSE Population
By the end of the lesson I will
understand about the changes in
population
What do these images say
about death rates?
What do these images
say about death
rates in LEDC’s?
What does this picture
tell you about how
death rates have
changed over time ?
The Demographic Transition
Model
Task: Match the statements
with the correct stages of the
DTM
Demographic Transition Model
Natural Increase
Assess your work!
Match the statements to your
work.
Level 1
• All of the statements have been placed in the
correct places, evidence from the graph has
been used correctly and every reason used
to explain has been linked to other aspects
of the graph, each is backed up with
information added from the work covered on
this topic.
Level 2
• All of the statements have been placed in the
correct places, evidence from the graph has
been used correctly and every reason used
to explain has been linked to other aspects
of the graph.
Level 3
• All of the statements have been placed in the
correct places, evidence from the graph has
been used correctly and every statement
has more than one reason used to explain.
GCSE Population
By the end of the lesson I will
understand about the structure of
populations
Why are death rates falling in
some LEDC’s?
Why are death rates falling in
some LEDC’s?
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Population Pyramids
High death rate
Low death rate
Dependants
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High birth rate
Low birth rate
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• Dependants : the number of ‘children’
(under 15) and ‘elderly people’ (over 60)
• Economically active : the adults (1659) who work, pay taxes and support
the dependents.
United Kingdom
United Kingdom 2050
Herefordshire
Gloucester
Cheltenham
Forest of Dean
Eastbourne
Milton Keynes
Brighton and Hove
Population Structure
We are learning about the effects
of elderly and young populations
Why is this population pyramid
shaped oddly?
High number
of male
workers
High number
of males.
Ratio of
364:100!
Eastbourne
What are the problems with
a high proportion of
elderley residents?
Milton Keynes
What are the problems with
a high proportion of
young families residents?
High number
of male
workers
High number
of males.
Ratio of
364:100!
Population
We are learning about the link
between population and
resources.
Describe the glass
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Describe the glass
The glass
is half
emptyPessimism
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The glass is
half full Optimism
Pessimist - Thomas
Malthus, 1778
• We are all going to die!
Unless we do
something about it. The
world is heading
towards disaster
population will outgrow
food/ resources. This
will lead to ‘war, famine
and disease unless
‘men curbed their sinful
lusts’.
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Optimists - Esther Boserup, 1965
• ‘Necessity is the mother of
invention’ Increase in
population leads to increase
in technology. As demand for
food increases farming
becomes more intensive to
meet demand.
QuickTime™ and a
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Define the following:
• Underpopulation:
• Overpopulation:
• Optimum Population:
China’s one child policy
We are learning about China’s
anti-natalist policy to control
population.
How is China’s population
changing?
Little Emperors
CONTEXT
The People’s Republic of China was formed in 1949.
At the time, its population was 550 million. People
were encouraged to have children as they believed
this gave them power, and the population more
than doubled to 1.13 billion by 1990. The problem
then was how to feed all these people !
China has a quarter of the world’s
population, but only:
7% of the earth’s land surface
8% of the bio-climatic resources
5% of fossil fuels
A large part of China is unusable
due to mountains, deserts and
forests.
There was a POPULATIONRESOURCE imbalance.
The PRO-NATALIST approach continued until the 1970’s.
It was calculated that the OPTIMUM population for China was
700 million.
The demographer Liu Zeng suggested this would take 100
years to be achieved.
Even with only 2 children per couple, this would still involve
many millions of extra births, because of the huge
POPULATION BASE, which would lead to 1.4 billion by 2080.
There will be problems feeding this number of people.
This was a good example of the importance of education.
Poorly educated women tended to have an average of 6
children in the 1970’s, educated women had an average of 2.1
An effort to slow down the rate of births was started in the
1970’s.
The Government used the slogan:
WAN XI SHAO: meaning ‘Later, Longer, Fewer’
This meant: later marriages, longer gaps between children and
fewer children. People were encouraged to limit themselves to 2
children.
By the end of the 70’s, use of contraception had increased and
the fertility rate had halved.
People had to wait until they were 25 (for men) or 23 (for women)
before they could marry, for which they had to apply for
permission.
Because the country had a Communist leadership this meant
that the rights of individuals were sometimes overlooked.
Why do the people obey this law?
http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/video/otdvideo/89/06/04/bb/7
653_04-06-89_4x3_bb.ram
How has China’s population
changing?
China’s Communist leaders wanted to stop growth
altogether, so that the population was reduced to a
sustainable size. In the 70’s there was Overpopulation.
The ‘One Child’ Policy was introduced on 1st January
1979.
The policy had a series of ‘carrot’ and ‘stick’ sections:
• Age limits and certificates reducing marriages
• Free birth control / family planning advice
• Cash bonuses, improved housing and free education /
medical care if couples limited themselves to 1 child
• Anyone having more than 1 child would lose all these
benefits and also face financial penalties
At first the policy looked to be succeeding, but opposition
grew, especially in rural areas.
It was important to ensure that families had sons: these are
more respected in the countryside, and continue the family
name.
Daughters go to live with their husband’s family, so only sons
can look after their parents.
Sons can also work better in the fields, and are stronger.
(Please note this is not my personal opinion….)
The birth of a son is an occasion for celebration, with cakes
and fireworks. Baby girls are colloquially called ‘maggots in
the rice”.
"It is forbidden to discriminate against,
mistreat or abandon baby girls."
In the early years, the policy was severely applied.
• Financial penalties were applied
• Women pregnant for 2nd or subsequent time were often
coerced into having abortions
• ‘Granny police’ were recruited in settlements to spy on
people in their communities who might be trying to keep
a pregnancy secret
• Contraception and family planning devices were
pushed on people
• The policy had to be modified in rural areas, although
traditional preference for sons
Was the one child policy
successful?
By the end of the lesson you
will;
• Explain why the one child policy was
introduced.
• Explain how the one child policy worked.
• Describe the effects of the policy.
• Describe how successful it was.
Why have the following
occurred?
• Mrs. Chang has an abortion because she
already has her 6th child.
• Mrs. Ho has her sixth child. She is very
pleased to serve her country by only having
so many healthy children.
• China’s leading baby store lays off workers
because revenue is down.
• Mr. Fung complains that all of his friends
have found girlfriends but there are no girls
left for him.
Using one or more examples, explain
what countries are doing to cope with
rapid population increase. (6 marks)
Using one or more examples, explain
what countries are doing to cope with
rapid population increase. (6 marks)
The examples can be of places or policies. This can be answered either
from the idea of reducing the birth rate or strategies aimed at coping
with the high rate of natural increase.
Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Introduce birth control, build more houses,
grow more food.
Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) Introduce a birth control programme like
China where families are only allowed to have one child. Built new
houses for the increasing population such as the 7th of Ramadan city in
Egypt. Build irrigation schemes such as the Aswan Dam, which allows
more than one crop to be grown each year.
Using one or more examples, explain
what countries are doing to cope with
rapid population increase. (6 marks)
Level 3 Detailed (5-6 marks) The one child policy was introduced into
China to try and reduce the population increase. Inducements to only
have one child included free education priority housing, pension and
family benefits. A second child would mean these benefits were lost
and there was a fine of 15% of the family’s income. The legal age for
marriage was increased. The Aswan dam in Egypt meant that water
was available all year around and so several harvests of rice could be
grown each year so allowing a larger population to be fed.
What is migration?
We are learning about what is
migration and types of migration
What is migration?
• Migration is the movement of
people from one place to
another.
• There are many different types
of migration.
Types of migration
• Internal migration is when people
migrate within the same country or
region - for example, moving from
Liverpool to Gloucestershire.
• International migration is when
people migrate from one country to
another - for example, moving from
Mexico to the USA.
Mexican Migrants at a control point on
the US border
There are two key migration terms that
you need to learn:
• Emigration is when someone
leaves a country.
• Immigration is when someone
enters a country.
Push factors are the reasons
why people leave an area, ie
what pushes them away from
their home. Push factors
include:
• lack of services,
• lack of safety,
• high crime,
• crop failure,
• drought,
• flooding,
• poverty and war.
Pull factors are the reasons
why people move to a
Particular area, ie what pulls
them to a new place. Pull
factors include:
• higher employment,
• more wealth,
• better services,
• good climate,
• safer, less crime,
• political stability,
• more fertile land,
• lower risk from natural
hazards.
Push factors are the reasons
why people leave an area, ie
what pushes them away from
their home. Push factors
include:
• lack of services,
• lack of safety,
• high crime,
• crop failure,
• drought,
• flooding,
• poverty and war.
Pull factors are the reasons
why people move to a
Particular area, ie what pulls
them to a new place. Pull
factors include:
• higher employment,
• more wealth,
• better services,
• good climate,
• safer, less crime,
• political stability,
• more fertile land,
• lower risk from natural
hazards.
People move from one country to another.
Using examples, describe the advantages
to the to counties involved
(6 marks)
People move from one country to another.
Using examples, describe the advantages
to the to counties involved
• Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks)
Simple statements with only reference to one
country. Provide labour, take low waged jobs,
and introduce greater variety of food. Reduce
un(under)employment. Max Level 1 on
advantages to the migrants themselves.
People move from one country to another.
Using examples, describe the advantages
to the to counties involved
• Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks)
For the top of Level 2 needs clear reference to the
advantages of both countries. There is high
unemployment in LEDCs and in MEDCs there is a
shortage of people willing to take unskilled jobs with low
wages. Migrants bring new types of cooking to the MEDCs
and therefore there is a wider variety of food available.
The people working in takeaways are able to send money
back to their homeland. N.B. The answer need not be
restricted to movement from LEDCs to MEDCs. Credit can
be given to LEDC to LEDC, MEDC to
LEDC or MEDC to MEDC movement.
People move from one country to another.
Using examples, describe the advantages
to the to counties involved
• Level 3 Detailed (5-6 marks)
There has to be specific case study exemplification of
the advantages to both countries. In Mexico there is
a high rate of unemployment because there is not
enough work for everybody in the rural areas where
the main occupation is farming. Mexicans therefore
migrate to the USA where they can earn money to
send back to Mexico. The American farmers get
plenty of people willing to pick fruit in California and
will work for lower wages than the local Americans,
so the industry is more profitable.