DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
Msc. Thesis - Biology
S/NO
1.
NAME
MBAGWU,
OLIVER
UKACHUKW
U MBAMARA
REG. NO
TITLE OF
THESIS
YEAR
ABSTRACT
CRYPTOSPORIDIOS
IS AMONG
CHILDREN IN
BAUCHI LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
AREA, NIGERIA
NOVEM
BER,
1994
Stool samples from diarrhoeal patients from Bauchi
Local Government Area were screened for
Cryptosporidium oocysts during a six-month study
period from April, to September, 1994. Modified ZiehlNeelsen carbol-fuchsin staining of formalin-ether and
modified Sheather's sugar flotation stool concentrates
were used to recover Cryptosporidium oocysts. The
presence of other intestinal parasites were also recorded
based on their characteristic acid-fast staining property
and their size (4µ-6µ) Cryptosporidium oocysts were
detected in 148 (14.8%) of 1000 diarrhoeal patients
sampled. Out of the 148 positive samples 111 (75%) had
Cryptosporidium as the only parasitic infection while 37
(25%) had other enteric parasites in addition. The most
commonly infected age range was 7-12 months. The
difference between the rates in the sexes was not
significant (P > 0.1). Both sexes were equally susceptible
to the infection. More cases of Cryptosporidium infection
were detected during the rainy season (July - September)
than in the dry season. During the dry season only one
(0.96%) out of 104 samples screened was positive
whereas during the rainy season, 147 (6.4%) out of 895
samples of diarrheic stools analyzed for Cryptosporidium
oocyst
were
positive.
As
revealed
by
ova/cysts/trophozoites other enteropathogenic parasites
encountered were Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba
histolytica, Entamoeba ccli, Strongyloides stercoralis,
Ancylostoma
species,
Trichomonas
hominis,
Diphyllobotrium latum, Hymenolepis nana and Trichuris
trichuiura. Most of the patients with cryptosporidiosis
AREAS OF FURTHER
REASERCH
2.
ONWUBIKO,
IJOMAH
JONAH
STUDIES ON
BACTERIAL
POLLUTION OF
WATER WELLS IN
A SEMI-URBAN
NEIGHBOURHOOD
OF BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
AUGUS
T, 1994
presented with watery diarrhoea and vomiting. The
findings in this work suggest that Cryptosporidium
species are prevalent in young children with diarrhoeal
disease and predominantly during the rainy season in
Bauchi Local Government Area.
The area under study was Yelwa Tudu district, Bauchi.
The selection of the wells was done at random. A total of
142 water samples were collected from 16 each of
covered and open wells between August, 1993 and
March, 1994. The depth of well, distance to potential
contaminants of well water as well as the materials used
in well construction and their contribution to water
pollution was determined. The bacteriological analysis of
water embraced the enumeration of total coliforms,
faecal coliforms, total aerobic bacterial counts as well as
the iron bacteria. Also, Gram staining was applied on the
isolates of aerobic bacterial colonies in order to ascertain
the microbial group which was predominant. The
biochemical (IMViC) tests and the incubation at elevated
temperature were employed as the basis for enumerating
faecal coliform bacteria. On the other hand, total
coliforms were isolated from water sample using a group
of tests which has as its underlying principle, lactose
fermentation and growth on differential media selective
for Gram negative bacteria. Furthermore, Meyer's and
Rodina's techniques were used for the isolation of iron
bacteria. Statistical analyses were employed to determine
the influence of environmental parameters on the
densities of different microorganisms from the sample.
Up to 80% of the wells sampled were contaminated with
sewage. This fact was underscored by the presence of
faecal coliforms which then suggested the occurrence in
the wells of pathogenic microorganisms. Septic tanks and
pit latrines were instrumental to the high load of
coliforms and aerobic bacteria in wells. Linear regression analysis showed both negative and positive
correlation between faecal coliforms and the depth of
wells. The correlation coefficients varied between - 0.1
and 0.8. Also, the heaviest pollution was obtained in
relatively shallow wells sampled in October and
November.
Furthermore,
the
magnitude
of
microorganisms enumerated in the rainy season exceeded
that of the dry season. The analysis of variance which
gave a significant difference between the densities of
faecal coliforms in both seasons lent credence to that
fact. Besides, human and poultry wastes played a greater
role in enriching the microbial population of wells.
Similarly, percolation of water increased soil aeration
and porosity thus making it easier for lateral movement
of soil microorganisms into wells. Gram staining on
aerobic bacterial colonies revealed a predominance of
Gram negative rods in all the samples analyzed.
However, Gram positive rods and Gram positive cocci
were enumerated in greater number in few water
samples. Of the material used in well construction, only
wood played a significant role in augmenting the load of
aerobic bacteria in water. In addition, the number of iron
bacteria in water was very low, so much so that the
quality of water was not affected by their presence. Their
low density was presumably engendered by the paucity
of iron which is a necessary ingredient in the growth of
iron bacteria.
3.
JOHN,
AZOBOR
IJEBOR
STUDIES ON THE
PRODUCTION OF
ETHANOL FROM
LOCALLY GROWN
SORGUM
OCTOB
ER, 1994
A total of five sorghum varieties (SK5912, L-187,
KSV8,
Yz
composite,
Makaho
Dawayo)
were
collected from Institute of Agricultural Research, Zaria
and their proximate chemical composition such as
moisture, starch, protein fat and ash content were
determined. Optimum condition of cooking such as
volume of water, temperature, and time were
determined. The cooked sorghum grain was evaluated
by finger test, visual observation, and microscopical
iodine amylose test. The saccharification process of the
cooked grain was optimized by determining the
optimum conditions of enzyme concentration with
time, pH and temperature. The preliminary assessment
of the obtained mash for inoculum propagation and
ethanol biosynthesis was done using varying sugar
concentration in the mash from 13 to 250Balling.
Series of fermentation experiments were carried out at
variously controlled temperatures from 20 to 320C and
pH from 4.0 to 6.0 in order to optimize the
fermentation process. Physicochemical analysis of the
ethanol obtained and the chemical analysis of stillage
were done. Results of the preliminary analysis showed
that the sorghum variety SK5912 had the highest
content of starch (68%) and protein (11.8%),
consequently, it was selected for further experiments.
The optimum conditions of cooking were found to be a
volume of water to a grain ratio of 3:1, and an optimal
residence time of 15 minutes at 1250C. The gelatinized
grains obtained had a smooth feeling to touch, light
golden in colour and stained totally blue with iodine.
The optimum saccharification conditions were found to
be an enzyme concentration of 1%, pH 4.5 - 5.0,
temperature of 60-650C and residence time of 100
minutes. Preliminary assessment of media composition
for inoculum propagation and ethanol biosynthesis
showed that mash with a sugar concentration of
190Balling gave the highest number of yeast cells (5.2
x 106) and ethanol yield (9.0%). The fermentation
process following the application of all the established
optimal technological parameters gave an ethanol yield
of 12.2% and an efficiency of the biosynthesis process
of 86.9%. Though the physicochemical analysis
revealed that the ethanol obtained had a boiling point
of 780C and burns with a non-luminous flame, yet it is
comparatively lower in quality to the commercial
distilled ethanol. The chemical analysis of the sorghum
stillage showed that this by-product is a valuable and
useful feed supplement. The statistical analysis of the
fermentation process indicates that pH and temperature
had a significant effect on the yield of ethanol with
4.
SAIDU,
TILAWAN
MARY
STUDIES ON THE
PRODUCTION OF
WHITE TABLE
WINE FROM
ORANGES USING
LOCALLY
ISOLATED
SACCHAROMYCES
CEREVISIAE
NOVEM
BER,
1994
time at 0.05 level of significance.
Study was carried out on the production of white table
wine from oranges using locally isolated Saccharomyces
cerevisiae The white table wine was manufactured by the
fermentation activity of a biochemically characterised
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain isolated from burukutu
(a native alcoholic drink) at 250C (room temperature).
The parameters of fermentation 200 Brix optimum
sucrose concentration and 30% (v/v) amelioration factor
optimum for contents of acidity were determined and
used in producing the wine. These parameters were
statistically found to have a positive relationship on the
chemical composition of the wine with the two variables
being highly related having a correlation coefficient of
0.9935 with a significance level of 0.05. The white table
wine produced was found to be chemically stable with
5.
FATIMAH,
TAHIR
MALTING
PROPERTIES OF
MILLET VARIETIES
CULTIVATED IN
NIGERIA
NOVEM
BER,
1994
the composition: 14 9% alcohol, 0.12g/100ml reducing
sugars, 3.8 pH, 1.32g/100ml content of acidity, 9°Brix
sucrose concentration, 0.065g/l00m1 volatile acids
negative nitrate, 0.03g/L protein, 02lg/L propyl,
isopropyl alcohols and trace amounts of butyl and amyl
alcohols. Methods of analyses used in the study include,
hydrometry, titrations, alcoholometry, colourimetry and
chromatography. Results obtained indicate that white
table wine of comparable physiochemical characteristics
and much acceptability (91%) can be produced from
orange using isolated S. cerevisiae strain from burukutu.
The organism also compared very well in desirable
characteristic and activities with a known wine yeast,
IPF/83 strain used for comparative studies.
A total of ten millet varieties (SE 10, SE 13, SE 301, SE
360, SE 361, SE 2124, GI 7, GI 68, GI 128 and INV 24)
were collected and analysed. The physico-chemical
characteristics (such as colour, grain size, thousand corn
weight, germinative energy and capacity, total soluble
carbohydrate and diastatic power) were determined.
Optimum conditions for malting of the millet varieties,
like steeping, germination and kilning processes were
determined. The conditions optimized were those of
moisture, temperature, duration and gibberellic acid
concentration. All other conditions were maintained.
After the preliminary analyses, two (SE 301, SE 361) out
of the eight samples were eliminated due to poor
germinative potentials. The two samples also germinated
poorly under all conditions of germination with poor
diastatic power values. From the first malting trials of
millet samples, four (SE 10, SE 13, GI 7 & GI 128) out
of the eight varieties used, had good diastatic power, cold
water extract, hot water extract and total soluble nitrogen
values. A second malting trial using the conditions
optimized was employed on all the eight varieties. The
relationship between length of sprout and diastatic power
6.
TERNA,
GAFFA
APPLICATION OF
CONTINUOS
FERMENTATION
PROCESS IN ETHYL
ALCOHOL
PRODUCTION
JUNE,
1994
was also established. Results of the preliminary analyses
showed that one variety (SE 10) had low nitrogen level
as compared to the other varieties. This variety also
recorded the highest diastatic power in all the analyses
carried out. The variety was immediately followed by SE
13, GI 128 and GI 7 in that order. The other four varieties
(SE 360, SE 2124, GI 68 and INV 24) also have
potentials that were comparable to those of sorghum (SK
5912) and bareley (Morris otter) used in this study.
Optimum conditions for millet varieties were found in
this study to be as follows; Optimum steeping
temperature was found to be about 28° - 30°C, duration
of 36 - 38h and moisture of 33.0 - 33.9. Optimum
germination temperature was found to be 30°C,
gibberellic acid concentration of 0.5ppm, bromate
concentration of 100ppm and duration of 5 days (120h).
Optimum kilning temperature was estimated to be 75°C
and 18h duration. There was a strong correlation between
the conditions used for malting and the results obtained.
A strong relationship was also observed between the
length of sprouts of the varieties and their corresponding
diastatic power values. Diastatic power was found to
increase with length of sprout and duration of
germination, but later declined as the length of sprouts
became longer and duration of germination was
prolonged. Comparative analysis of samples revealed a
varietal effect which influenced the malting potentials of
millet varieties, but all varieties analysed showed
potentials that were comparable to those of sorghum and
barley.
Cane molasses from two of Nigerian sugar processing
factories (Bacita and Savannah) were obtained and
analyzed for their chemical composition. The molasses
were subjected to preliminary preparation by dilution,
clarification, addition of salts and sterilization. An
assessment of the molasses as a growth medium was
USING MOLASSES
done for both clarified and unclarified molasses. The
yeast strain for use as inoculum was propagated on
clarified molasses and its generation time was
determined using the same substrate as the growth
medium. Clarified molasses from Bacita sugar
company were used as the fermentation medium.
Fermentation was allowed to take place at room
temperature at different dilution rates for varying
number of days. The chemical analysis result of the
molasses shows that they contain high amount of sugar,
particularly sucrose in the range of 36 - 40%. The dry
mass of the molasses was also very high (79- 81%).
Beside, the molasses also contained nitrogen, crude
protein, volatile acids, titrable acidity and ash in
varying proportions.
Preliminary studies
on
fermentation of the molasses to produce yeast biomass
and ethanol showed that, better yields were obtained for
both biomass and ethanol with molasses that were
clarified. A sugar concentration of 20% in the molasses
gave the best results in both cases. To render the
molasses suitable for fermentation, it was subjected to
dilution with tap water (1:1 ratio), acidification with
sulphuric acid (H2S04) and clarification. Salts were then
added and sterilized. This pretreatment process
removed yeast inhibitory substances in molasses and
helped yeast growth with the addition of the salts. The
generation time of yeast was calculated to be 33.3
minutes. Fermentation of clarified molasses to ethanol
was brought about in a three stage continuous process
using the chemostat system of operation at room
temperature by a special distillery yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae DIST/IPF/80 at different dilution rates. A
comparism of ethanol yield at different dilution rates
showed that high dilution rates (0.058- 0.10 hr -1), the
ethanol yield was low (3.6 - 2.8%) and the
concentration of residual sugar in the fermentation
7.
EPHRAIM,
ALALIBO
ANYANATE
A STUDY OF
UNINARY
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
WITH ITS HEALTH
AND ECONOMIC
IMPACT IN BAUCHI
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
AREA (BAUCHI
STATE, NIGERIA)
AUGUS
T. 1994
medium (13.60% - 17.20%) was very high. As the
dilution rate was reduced (0.050 - 0.033/hr) the ethanol
yield improved. The highest alcohol yield of 9.5% was
obtained at a dilution rate of 0.033/hr at a retention time
of 30 hours. The pH of the fermenting medium
maintained at 4.5 using H2S04 was found to be
inhibitory to most likely contaminants as no
contamination was observed except for Aspergillus
species. The intermittent addition of fresh media to the
fermenting vessel according to this report was not
better than the continuous flowing process. The results
obtained from these studies on continuous fermentation
showed that the process variables that most influence
the production of ethanol are the flow rate, dilution rate
and the retention time if the other factors are
maintained at their best. The ethanol obtained was
colourless, sweet smelling, soluble in water at all
concentrations and burns with a blue non luminous
flame. The specific gravity was found to be 0.8016 with
80% ethanol content. Gas chromatographic analysis
and nuclear magnetic resonance result showed that the
ethanol obtained in this study is of less quality
compared to the standard that was used. This is
evidenced by the less number of peaks in the nuclear
magnetic resonance and the height of the peak in gas
chromatography.
In this study investigation into Urinary schistosomiasis
among primary school pupils in Bauchi Local
Government area was carried out and reported over a
period of 7 months. Based on the use of chemical dip
strips of the Bioscan and Combi-9 types to detect
presence of haematuria in afternoon samples of midstream urine, and also the use of questionnaires, an
overall prevalence rate of 15.7% among 1,000 pupils
examined was obtained. More males (19.1%) were
infected than females (10.2%), the difference being
8.
MOSHOOD, A.
YUSUF
STUDIES ON THE
PROXIMATE
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
AND MICROBIAL
QUALITY OF
LOCALLY
PRODUCED
BUTTER
“MANSHANU”
JULY,
1995
statistically significant (p<0.05). Prevalence was
highest among the 10-13 years age group (7%) and
lowest in the extremes of ages surveyed < 7 years and >
16 years (0.09% and 0.07% respectively). The
difference in prevalence in the different schools was not
statistically significant (P> 0.05). Based on morbidity
and other considerations, it was concluded that urinary
schistosomiasis though not alone, contributes
immensely to school drop out and economic loss as it
was a major cause of morbidity. The study revealed that
health education campaigns and effective control
measures must be instituted adequately and promptly to
combat this infection as the disease is likely to be on
the increase in the near future; more so as there is no
effective national control programme at present as is
the case with Onchocerciasis and Dracunculiasis.
Locally manufactured butter under the name "Manshanu"
produced by the nomadic Fulanis was obtained from ten
different locations in Bauchi town and environs, and one
sample of imported butter for comparative studies was
purchased from Leventis Super store. The samples of
butter were analysed for chemical composition
including:- Moisture fat, ash, protein contents and energy
value and microbiological load, including: total microbial
count, total staphylococi count, total pathogenic count,
total coliform count, total lipolytic count, total fungi
count
and
total
salmonella
count.
Isolated
microorganisms were characterized biochemically upto
the species level. Moistre contents of the samples of
"Manshanu" analysed ranges from 15.7-23.0%, the fat
content from 65.7-81.4%, the ash content ranges from
0.1-1.9% and protein content ranges from 0.5-1%. The
energy value obtained ranges from 593.1- 731.8kcal. The
industrially manufactured butter was found to contain
15.7% moisture, 8l.4% fat, 0.5% ash, 1.0% protein and
732.5kcal enegy value. Statistical analyisis disclosed that
9.
BALA,
ADAMU
AZARE
PREVALENCE OF
GASTROINTESTINA
L HELMINTH
PARASITES OF
DOMESTIC
CHICKENS
(GALLUS gallus
domesticus) IN
BAUCHI, NIGERIA
NOVEM
BER,
1995
there was no significant difference between the chemical
composition of localy produced butter and commercial
butter purchased from superstore. Microbiological
analysis revealed that all the local butter samples
collected for analysis were found to be highly
contaminated with microorganisms. The highest
microbial load was recorded in sample coded Al and B
collected from Bakin Kura and Bayara village
respectively. The butter purchased from the super market
was found to be free of microorganisms. The result of
biochemical analysis showed that 80% of the samples of
local butter collected for analysis contained Escherichia
coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Lactobacillus
bulgaricus. Pseudomonas flourescens, Citrobacter
freundii were found in 20% of the samples analysed.
Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophillus occurred in
30% of the samples. Up to 50% of the samples contained
Bacillus licheniformis. Proteus mirabilis and yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurred in 40% of the
samples. The highest isolated microorganism was
Staphylococcus epidermidis which occurred in 90% of
samples. The lowest recorded isolated occurring in 10%
of the sample was Staphylococcus aureus. Though
"Manshanu" had a nutritive value almost similar to that
of commercial butter; its high microbial load makes it
dangerous as a food for direct consumption.
Five hundred tracts of domestic chickens reared on free
range in Bauchi were examined, for gastrointestinal
helminths between February and July 1994. 470(93%) of
the chickens examined were infected. Multiple infections
were common. 133 (27.0%) of the birds harboured two
species; 106 (21%) harboured a total of three species; 58
(12%) harboured four species; 31 (6.1%) harboured a
total of five species and 15 (3.0%) were infected with six
species. Males carried heavier infection in the dry season
with mean infection of 17 than the females with a mean
10.
AHMAD,
ADBULHAME
ED
ECOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF
PHANEROPHYTES
IN ABUBAKAR
TAFAWA BALEWA
UNIVERSITY
BAUCHI CAMPUS
OCTOB
ER, 1995
infection of 15. In the wet season the female birds carried
heavier infections with mean infection of 28.8 than the
male with mean infection of 23.6. The worm burden was
heavier in the wet season with mean infection of 25.92
than the dry season with mean infection of 15.94. Female
birds were more infected in the dry season (51%) than
the males (48%). In the wet season male birds were more
infected (55%) than the females (45%) but this was not
statistically significant (p < 0.05). Six species of helminth
parasites were encountered made up of 3 cestodes species
viz: Raillietina echinobothrida (45.6%), Raillietina
tetragona (39.4%) and Hymenolepis carioca (31.8 %) and
3 nematodes species viz - Heterakis brevispiculum
(31.4%), Ascaridia galli (31%) and Gongylonema
ingluvicola (31.2%).
This study was conducted in the A.T.B. University,
Bauchi in 1994 and included phytosociological
investigations for mesophanerophytes including soil
analysis in eight areas. The objective of the study was to
know the existing tree community of the area, nutrient
status of soil under the trees and away from them, leaf
nutrients and the correlation, if any between soil and
plant nutrients. It would also give an idea whether tree
canopies change the nutrient status of the soil under them
relative to adjacent soil away from them. The highest
frequency (87.5%) was observed for Acacia siberriana,
Butyrospermum paradoxum, Khaya senegalensis, lannea
acida Parkia clappertoniana and Scierocarya birrea. The
highest density (44. 25/unit area) and highest basal cover
(146352.32cm2) were recorded for P. clapertoniana. The
commonest families were Caesalpinaceae having 6 spp
while Mimosaceae and Combretaceae each having 4 spp.
The height of the trees ranged from 8.14m for L acida, to
18.5m observed for K. senegalensis. Phenology of 16
species having high frequency and density was also
recorded, based on the importance value index, the
Further studies on a long
term basis, to determine
whether, how, and to what
extent these trees. Equally
important is to determine
whether the improved foil
fertility results in a cro
corresponding increase in
plant productivity.
11.
AMAO,
ABIGAIL
FOLASHADE
PRODUCTION OF
PICKLES FROM
CUCUMBER AND
THE BACTERIA
INVOLVED IN THE
FERMENTATION.
OCTOB
ER, 1996
existing Mesophanerophytic community was named as
Parkia-Khaya-Cassia community. Soil under the tree
canopies were all found to have higher levels of organic
matter (1.83% to 2.56%), nitrogen (0.11% to 0.22%)
exchangeable cations such as calcium (1.10meq/100g to
2.26meq/100), sodium 0.9meq/l00g to 1.45meq/100g)
potassium (1.29meq/100g to 1.68meq/100g), and
magnesium (0.78meq/100g to 1.84meq/100g) as
compared to away from the trees. A similar situation was
observed for the pH and moisture extent which ranged
from 6.23 to 7.7 and 7% to 24% respectively. The mean
foliar nitrogen of the dominant species ranged from
1.21% to 2.93%. Potasium from 10.36mg/g (1.04%) to
20.99mg/g (2.10%), sodium from 0.15mg (0.015%) to
30.17mg/g (3.02%), while the foliar calcium and
magnesium varied from 10.58mg/g (1.06%) to
21.21mg/g (2.21%) and 0.29mg/g (0.029%) to 5.20mg/g
(0.52%) respectively. There was a positive correlation
between the soil and foliar potassium, sodium, calcium
and magnesium in some species. The results obtained
showed that all the mesophanerophytes investigated have
fertility influence on the soil under them.
Pickles were produced from cucumber (Cucumis
sativum) by lactic acid fermentation in brine solution.
Two sets of pickles were produced; one by spontaneous
fermentation (SF) and the other by controlled
fermentation (CF) using starter culture of lactic acid
bacteria from the spontaneous process. The sensory
quality of pickles was tested, using an imported pickle as
standard (R) by a 13 - member panel for odour, colour,
taste, texture and general acceptability. Microbial load,
pH and titratable acidity (TTA) of the fermenting brine
were evaluated. The effect of two tempretures, 17 and
23oC, on the period of fermentation was investigated
during the spontaneous process. Total microbial count
(TMC) during the spontaneous process was 2 x 105
Further studies can be
carried out to improve the
attributes of pickles and also
to explore advancement in
pickle production.
Recommendation on
possible areas of further
work are:
1. Taste and odour
enhancement studies should
be carried out to further
make this product more
acceptable. This is especially
important since
colony lorming units (cfu) at the start and 5 x 105 cfu at
the end of the fermentation. Standard biochemical tests
revealed a succession of leuconostoc mesenteroides,
lactobacillus brevis, L. plantarum and Pediococcus
cerevisae as the fermentation microorganisms. The TTA
was 0.05% at the onset and 1.44% at the end of the
fermentation. The pH values declined from 7.1 to 3.1.
Pickle produced from controlled fermentation had TMC
of 5 x 105 cfu at the start and 5 x 105 cfu at the end of the
fermentation, with peak value of 9 x 105 after 24 hours.
The TTA rose from 0.4% to l.37% while pH dropped
from 7.1 to 3.0. Sensory evaluation revealed that SF and
CF had lower mean scores for sensory qualities.
However, there was no significant difference (P≥0.05)
between the three products (R, SF and CF) for sensory
qualities. Pickle produced by spontaneous fermentation
performed intermediately in the sensory attributes.
12.
POLOMA,
KENNEDY
YORIYO
PREVALENCE OF
HELMINTH
PARASITES OF
ADULT CHICKENS
IN BAUCHI,
NIGERIA
AUGUS
T, 1997
Two hundred digestive tracts of the domestic fowls were
used in ascertaining the species and studying the
prevalence and intensity of helminths in Bauchi. Over
87% of the chickens obtained from Bauchi market and
probably originating from the nearby villages in Bauchi
had gut helminth parasite infestations. The following
nine species of helminth parasites whose prevalence are
given in parentheses were recorded. Ascaridia
advancement in other
countries has introduced the
addition of spices and
flavour enhancers in the
technology of pickle
production.
2. Storage stahility should
also be studied. This will
include a thorough
examination of spoilage and
the microorganisms
involved.
3.
Packaging of pickle
is another area that has to be
explored. Methods of
packaging such as canning
will enhance easy
portability.
4. Other varieties of
cucumber should also be
assessed for their
performance with a view to
getting the best possible of
pickling.
5. The pickling properties of
other fruits and vegetables is
another area of possible
further studies.
As a result of the occurrence
of differenc species of
helminth in different part of
the country, a properly
planned regional survey of
fowl gut helminths would be
valuable as there may be
differences in the pattern of
13.
AKPOMI,
OKIEMUTE
PHILIP
PREVALENCE OF
UNINARY
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
IN THREE
DIFFERENT
CATEGORIES OF
PRIMARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS,
AUUGU
ST, 1997
styphlocerca (4.5%), Heterakis brevispiculum (18%),
Subulura brumpti (15.5%), Gongylonema congolense
(40.5%), Raillietina tetragona (38.5%), Raillietina
echinobothrida (42%), Raillietina cesticillus (10.5%),
Choanotainea
infundibulum
(3.5%),
Raillietina
magninumida (8%). Out of the 100 male birds examined,
a total of 92 birds were found infected, while 82 out of
100 female birds examined were found infected. The
difference between infection rates between male and
female birds however, was not statistically significant
(P<0.05). The following ranges of infection in
parenthesis were recorded. Raillietina echinobothrida (388), Raillietina tetragona (4-60), Choanotainea
infundibulum (1-12), Raillietina cesticilus (1-10),
Raillietina magninumida (2-15), Ascaridia styphlocerca
(1-5), Gongylonema congolense (1-20), Heterakis
brevispiculum (3-16), and Subulura brumpti (1-21). No
infection with trematodes was recorded.The results of the
present study revealed that as on Jos Plateau and Chad
the species of Ascaridia, Heterakis, Gongylonema and
Subulura occurring in Bauchi are Ascaridia styphlocerca,
Heterakis brevispiculum, Gongylonema congolense and
Subulura brumpti and not Ascaridia galli, Gongylonema
ingluvicola, Heterakis gallinarum and Subulura suctoria
commonly reported elsewhere. Raillietina magninumida
was reported for the first time from chickens in Nigeria.
An investigation into the prevalence of urinary
schistosomiasis was carried out among primary school
children from three schools in three distinct
socioeconomic categories viz, upper, middle and lower
classes in Bauchi metropolis. Categorisation of the
schools was based on the use of the socioeconomic status
and level of education of the parents of the pupils. The
sensitivity of three diagnostic parameters (urine
microscopy, haematuria and proteinuria) in the diagnosis
of urinary schistosomiasis was also evaluated. A total of
distribution which cannot be
detected when the definitive
origin, age of the birds and
the managemen methods
under which they are raised
are not known. is will help in
providing information for
decision on control. It could
a1so be worth studying to
know the distribution of the
forms that arc not host
sprcific, this could serve as a
guide to the farmers on the
danger of raising guinea
fowls, Turkeys with
chickens or ducks together.
NIGERIA.
14.
MUSA,
COMMUNITY
OCTOB
1,200 urine samples, 400 samples from each school were
collected from randomly selected pupils and examined
for urinary schistosomiasis. Using reagent strips (combi9) to detect haematuria and proteinuria; urine microscopy
to detect S. haematobium ova in urine and direct
questioning of the pupils, an overall prevalence rate of
13.83% (166 infected cases out of 1,200 pupils) was
obtained. The prevalence rates for Bigi primary school
(lower Socioeconomic class), Sa'adu Zungur primary
school (middle Socioeconomic class) and Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa University Staff primary school (Upper
Socioeconomic class) were 14%, 12.50% and 15%
respectively. There was no statistically significant
difference between these rates (P>0.05). Males (20.16%)
had higher infection rates than females (7.5%) in all the
three schools (P<0.05). The peak infection rate (17.66%)
was within the age group 11-14 years while the lowest
rate (3.84%) was recorded for children who were 15
years and above (P<0.05). The water contact activities of
the pupils more often than the occupation of their parents
played more important role in the prevalence rates
observed. The incidence of haematuria and the detection
of ova of S. haematobium were the same (13.83%) but
proteinuria (43.58%) was significantly higher (P<0.05).
Haematuria is a more sensitive diagnostic parameter than
proteinuria and therefore can be used for screening large
populations against urinary schistosomiasis instead of
urine microscopy which is slower and cumbersome. It
was concluded that urinary schistosomiasis is still
endemic in Bauch metropolis despite previous efforts
made to control it indicating that Government and NonGovernmental Organizations need to develop a better
primary health care delivery system supported by a farreaching snail control programme for urinary
schistosomiasis in the studied area.
Field investigations on community's views, perceptions,
BALARABE
LAWAL
NEEDS AND
PARTICIPATION IN
RESOURCE
CONSERVATION IN
YANKARI
NATIONAL PARK,
BAUCHI STATE
NIGERIA.
ER, 1997
community-park relationship, and incentives-need were
conducted in five adjoining communities (namely: Yalo,
Fali, Duguri, Mainamaji, and Alkaleri) of Yankari
National Park in Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study was
based
on
two-way
structured
questionnaire
administration, detailed evaluation of annual reports, and
records. A total of 350 questionnaires were administered,
out of which 300 questionnaires were given on the spot
to community- members. While 50 questionnaires were
distributed to the various cadre of staff of Yankari
National Park. A highly significant majority (88.33%, p<
0.001) of the community respondents described their
relationship with park authorities as uneasy, whereas the
management of the park was of the view that cordial
relationship prevailed. Wildlife conservation efforts
enjoyed tremendous support among the majority of the
community members, based on their responses, (93.40%,
P<0.001). Considerable proportion (90.33%) of the
respondents viewed the park's management as unsuitable.
Lack of beneficial schemes (material and policy benefits)
was central to the community dissatisfaction. Community
income losses, arising from wildlife inflicted damages on
agricultural produce were found to be substantial. Income
losses varied with age, occupation types and farm output. On the whole about 86.67% of the respondents
incurred losses. Expressed in monetary value, an
estimated financial loss of N1,720.790.00 per annum was
calculated based on the respondent's claims and crosschecked by available data. Losses range from N178.360
(10.45%) in Mainamaji to N567.950 (33%) in Alkaleri.
The respondents were unanimous (94.67%) in their
demand for compensation as prerequisite to active
participation in conservation. Although community
members were aggrieved, there appeared to be little or no
prospect of activehostility toward the park's authorities.
Major types of incentives required in order of priority
15.
MARK-BALM,
FORTUNE
EUGENE
PREVALENCE OF
MALARIA
PARASITES AND
MICROFILARIAE
OF WUCHERERIA
BANCROFTI IN
CITIZENS OF
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS,
NIGERIA.
AUGUS
T, 1997
were employment opportunities (97.67%) provision of
subsidized agricultural implements (88.67%) health
facilities (65.33%) and essential commodities (27%). A
review of the enabling Decree No. 36 of 1991 to
encourage community participation will be a step in the
right direction, towards improving the community - park
relationship in Yankari National Park.
An investigation into the prevalence of malaria parasites
and microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in citizens of
Bauchi metropolis was undertaken in an eight-month
period (i.e. from June, 1996 to January, 1997). This
period included the rainy season and the early period of
the dry season in the study area. Altogether 1000 human
blood samples comprising 250 each from adult males and
females and 250 each from male and female children
were examined for the above mentioned parasites
microscopically. The examination was done on monthly
basis for the eight-month period. All the samples were
collected in specimen bottles containing anti coagulant,
to prevent clotting, and taken to the laboratory for the
microscopical examination in wet form and later in both
thin and thick Giemsa stained films. The result obtained
showed an overall prevalence rate of infection as 91.9%
which indicated that haemoparasitic infections are
dominant in citizens of Bauchi metropolis. Only two
species of haemoparasites were encountered i.e. a high
prevalence rate of Plasmodium spp. (88.9%), made up of
P. falciparum (80.6%) and P. malariae (8.3%) and a
relatively low prevalence rate of W. bancrofti (3.0%)
showing also that malaria infection caused more health
problems than filariasis in the study population. The
difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In
relation to age, malaria infection was more prevalent in
children (91.0%) than in adults (86.8%) while in relation
to sex, the prevalence rate of 91.2 % in females was more
than the 86.6% in males. However, all the differences
16.
AJUFO, DON
UDENNA
GASTROINTESTINA
L HELMINTHIASIS
IN THREE SOCIOECONOMIC
CATEGORIES OF
CHILDREN IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS.
AUGUS
T, 1997
were not statistically significant (P>0.01). Both malaria
and filariasis showed seasonal variation in this study.
Their infection rates gradually built up reaching their
peak around August, September and October, 1996,
coinciding with the peak of rainfalls before falling with
declining rainfalls, reaching the lowest level in January,
1997. In conclusion, the following measures were
recommended for combating infections: (i) Government
should take the Health sector seriously by allocating
more funds to it. (ii) Health education to cause awareness
in well coordinated manner should be vigorously
encouraged. (iii) Infected persons should be promptly
and effectively treated so that transmission will be
reduced.
A study was carried out to determine the prevalence and
intensity of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in three
categories of children in Bauchi. The categories were
classified into I, II & III based on the socio-economic
status and educational level of the parents of the children.
Category I was the highest with University and
Polytechnic Lecturers and professionals. Category II was
next with the rich but not so well educated businessmen
and middle level civil servants, while Category III was
the lowest with the peasant farmers, illiterate parents and
the office messengers and gardeners. Schools were
chosen based on these categories and stool samples were
collected from the children and examined for ova of
parasites of the gastrointestinal tract. Out of 506 samples
from category I, 239 (47.23%) were positive. For
category II, 283 (74.87%) were positive out of 378
samples while 626 (88%) were positive out of 710
samples for category III. The commonest parasite
identified was Ascaris lumbricoides followed by
Trichuris trichiura, hookworms, Schistosoma mansoni
(only in category III) and Taenia spp in that order. There
were also mixed infections with Ascaris lumbricoides
17.
ADAMU,
BABAYO
SAMAILA
A SURVEY OF
ECTO AND ENDOPARASITIC
INFECTIONS OF
TILAPIA SPECIES IN
GUBI DAM,
BAUCHI
SEPTEM
BER,
1998
and Trichuris trichiura predominating. There was no
significant sex difference in the prevalence (P=0.05)
except for S. mansoni which affected mainly boys. The
commonest age range affected was 6 years to 11 years.
The intensity of infections was generally low with most
of the samples having egg counts of 101-200 per gram of
faeces (epg). Only very few positive samples had counts
of 201 epg and above. It was concluded that
gastrointestinal helminthiasis was prevalent in Bauchi,
especially so in the lowest socio-economic group.
Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest gastrointestinal
helminth parasite in this environment and the commonest
mixed infection was that of Ascaris lumbricoides and
Trichuris trichiura, Other commonly-occurring parasites
were Trichuris trichiura, hookworms, Schistosoma
mansoni and Taenia spp. The only species of hookworm
detected in this environment was Necator americanus.
A survey of both Ecto- and Endo-parasitic infections of
Tilapia species from Gubi Dam, Bauchi, Nigeria, was
conducted between January and October, 1997. A total of
600 fishes were sampled, comprising of 258 Tilapia zilli,
65 T. melanopleura, 175 Oreochromis nilotica, and 102
O. galilaea. Six parasitic species were encountered.
These include one acanthocephalan, Neoechinorhynchus
sp; two nematodes, Procamallanus sp. and Camallanus
sp; two protozoans, Trichodina sp. and Epistylis sp; and
one trematode, Dactylogynus sp. The protozoans,
nematodes and the acanthocephalan have previously been
reported from Tilapia species in Nigeria. The trematode,
Dactylogyrus sp is probably reported for the first time in
cichlids in Nigeria. Of the 600 examined, 380 (63.3%)
were infected. Species sexual disposition to infection
were significantly affected by parasites (P<0.05) There
was also a significant difference between the various age
groups (P<0.05). Peak infestations were recorded during
the dry season.
Further research should be
made to study the parasitic
of all the fish types in
Bauchi State so that a
checklist of the parasitic
organisms can be formulated
and effective control
methods be proferred so as
to reduce the economic
losses incurred due to high
fish mortality.
18.
SAM, MAO
PANDA
19.
ADAMU,
SHEHU
USMAN
FIELD
EVALUATION OF
THE
MOLLUSCICIDAL
POTENCY OF
ADN1, OPTIMOL,
AND BAYLUSCIDE
IN SOME FRESH
WATER BODIES IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS.
PGS/00966
LABORATORY
TRIALS ON THE
ANTISCHISTOSOM
AL EFFECT OF
SOME PLANT
MARCH, Field evaluation of the molluscicidal potencies of ADN1
1998
at concentration of 30ppm, optimol 0.04gl-1 and
Niclosamide (Bayluscide(R) at 0.20ppm was carried out in
Bauchi State Nigeria between January and March, 1997.
Results obtained showed that niclosamide gave 98.11%
snail mortality with KT50, value of 7.10 + 1.77h ADN1
gave 99.17% snail mortality after 7 days (l68h) post
molluscicidal application with KT50 value of 19.80+1.99h
and optimol gave 78.87% snail mortality within the same
period with a KT50 value of 65.86 + 1.23h. The KT50
values of the three molluscicide are significantly different
(P<0.05). Results obtained for the persistence of these
molluscicides in the ponds showed that the residues of
Bayluscide(R) in site C decreased rapidly from 0.085ppm
after 24h post molluscicidal application to 0.00ppm after
168h post mollusciciding. The concentrations of residues
of ADN1 on the other hand in site A increases from
8.9ppm after 24h to 13.10ppm after 48h post
molluscicidal application. Thereafter the concentration
decreased steadily to 0.08ppm after twenty-one (21) days
post molluscicidal application. A significant correlation
between air temperature and the concentrations of the
two molluscicides were obtained for the various sampling
dates. ADN1 has correlation coefficient of 0.93 while
Bayluscide(R) (Niclosamide) has 1.00 (P>0.05). It could
be concluded from the results obtained that ADN1 as a
natural plant product is a suitable molluscicide that
compares favourably with the synthetic reference
molluscicide, Bayluscide(R). This natural molluscicide
may produce less accumulative pollution in the
environment under tropical conditions.
MARCH, Sixty male albino mice (4 - 5 weeks old) weighing
1998
between 20 - 25g were procured fron the National In
stitute of Veterinary research Vom, Plateau state,
Nigeria. Each animal was infected with 150 - 200
Schistosoma mansoni cercaria obtained from laboratory
Further work is needed to
determine the effects of
these compunds in food
chains. Diversification of the
formulation of ADN1 in
particular should be done so
that further evaluation of its
effect under different
environmental factors such
as pH, total hardness of
water, organic matter, effects
of biodegrading
microorganisms and the
effects of these factors on
optimal also need to be
carried out along with
niclosamide (Bayluscicide
®) as a reference
molluscicide as per WHO
(1965) recommendation.
Further research should be
conducted using the same
plants to determine the
active components, their
ED50 as well as their LD50.
EXTRACTS ON
SCHISTOSOMA
MANSONI IN MICE
20.
FABIYI,
NOAH
OLUWASEGU
N
PREVALENCE OF
PLASMODIUM
INFECTION AND
IN-VIVO
CHLOROQUINE
RESISTANT
PLASMODIUM
FALCIPARUM IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS.
bred and infected Biomphalaria pfeifferi Snails by tail
immersion. Infected animals were divided into five
batches of 10 each for treatment on week four post
infection. The remaining 10 animals were kept as reserve
to replace any of the experimental animals that may die
before the end of the treatment period. The first batch
was treated with Praziquantel suspension at 200mg/kg
body weight orally for 3 days. The second, third and
fourth batches were treated orally with 1mg cold water
leaves extract of Erythrina senegalensis, Carica papaya
and Bauhania rujescens daily for a period of 10 days
respectively. The fifth batch remained untreated and
served as control. At the expiration of the treatment
period, a two week resting period was allowed before
sacrificing animals by cervical dislocation. 82.5%, 50%,
42.5% and 175.5% cure rates with 100%, 71.4%, 50%
and zero percent reduction in worm burden were
obtained in animals treated with Praziquantel, E.
senegalensis, C. papaya and B. rufescens respectively.
The mean Liver score and worm burden differed
significantly across treatments at P < 0.05. A 20% and
30% mortality rates were recorded in the week 7 post
infection among animals treated with extracts of B.
rufescens and the control group respectively.
MARCH, A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of
1998
Plasmodium infection and to conduct in-vivo sensitivity
test of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine among sex
and age groups in Bauchi metropolis from April to
August 1997. 523 patients were selected and
parasitologically tested for malaria infection. Those that
were parasitologically positive for P. falciparum were
further enrolled for a modified W.H.O. (1973) extended
in-vivo chloroquine sensitivity test. 457 (87.38%) of the
523 patients were parasitologically positive for malaria
infection. P. falciparum was the most prevalent species
accounting for 96.5.% while P. malariae accounted for
21.
IRUOLAJE,
FRANCIS
OYAKHIROM
E
PRODUCTION OF
TABLE WINE FROM
WATERMELON
(Citrullus vulgaris)
3.5%. P. vivax and P. ovale were not encountered during
the study. Male patients were frequently infected than the
female ones while the pre-school age group tended to be
more infected than both the school age group and adults.
ANOVA test however, showed no significant difference
among sex (p>0.05) and among age group (P>0.05). The
average parasite density was 8,060 per μl of blood and a
l2.62% differential diagnostic error was recorded.
Reduced sensitivity of P. falciparum to chloroquine was
observed. Although there was a 49.7% reduction in
parasitaemia on day two (D2), a mean parasite clearance
time of 3.8 days (3.8d) was recorded. 55 (l2.5%) of the
patients were found to be resistant to the normal 25mg/kg
dose of oral chloroquine (RI = 69.1%, RII = 29.1%, RIII
= 1.8%). Males tended to be more resistant than females
and pre-school age more resistant than the school age and
adults. There was however no significant differences
between sex (P>0.05) and age group (P>0.05). It was
suggested that vector control should be tackled more
seriously while self-medication and use of subcurative
doses of chloroquine and other anti-malarials should be
discouraged to arrest the increasing cases of resistance to
these drugs.
MARCH, A clear wine was produced from watermelon juice using
1999
Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from fresh palmwine.
A total of 7 species of yeast were isolated from fresh
palmwine
and
characterised.
These
were
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Kloeckera apiculata, Candida species Saccharomyces
chevaleri, Candida tropicalis and Hansenula anomala.
Yeasts were tested for attributes important for wine
making such as flocculation, potency and their tolerance
to different percentages of alcohol. Saccharomyces
cerevisiae was found suitable and employed in the
production of watermelon wine. The optimal parameters
for wine production using yeast isolated from palmwine
22.
ELUTADE,
OLAYINKA
OLADAPO
PGS/01031
ISOLATION AND
CHARACTERISATI
ON OF
XANTHOMONAS
CAMPESTRIS
FROM PLANT
SOURCES.
JANUA
RY, 1999
(pwy) and the standard wine yeast (swy) and the
watermelon juice were determined and these more pH
4.0, temperature 25°C, and sugar concentration 220Brix.
The chemical composition of watermelon must was
adjusted to one determined optimal parameters, seeded
10% v/v, with yeast isolated from palm wine (pwy) and
standard wine yeast (swy) and fermented at 15°C for 15
days. The sugar concentration, pH and specific gravity
decreased while titratable acidity and ethanol levels in
both fermenting wines increased as the fermentation
progressed. The wine produced with (pwy) had alcohol
content 11.9% v/v, titrable acidity 0.65%, sugar
concentration 9.4°B, pH 3.40, protein content 0.03% and
volatile acidity 0.02%. While the wine produced with
SWY had alcohol content 12.1% v/v, Titratable acidity
0.64% sugar concentration 9.0Brix pH 3.35, protein
content 0.03% and volatile acidity 0.03%. Both wines
have the same values for ash content (19%) and specific
gravity 0.986 and both wines have no crystals. Sensory
evaluation result showed that there was no significant
difference (p > 0.05 and p > 0.01) in taste, mouth feel,
colour, clarity and general acceptability between the wine
produced and the reference wine. (Romeo and Juliet).
A study was conducted into the ease of isolating the
bacteria Xanthomonas campestris from plant sources and
the cultural characteristics of the isolates. The leaves of
eight different plants namely: rice (Oryza sativa),
tomatoes (Lycopersicon lycopersicum), beans (Vigna
ungruiculata), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pepper
(Capsicum annum), soyabeans (Glycine max), cabbage
(Brassica oleracea var. capitata); and mango (Magnifera
indica), showing visible symptoms of xanthomonas
bacteriosis were obtained from Bauchi and screened on
glucose nutrient agar (GNA) for Xanthomonas
campestris. From the preliminary screening nine bacterial
isolates B1, B3, B4, CBI, CB2, CB3, CB4, CB5, and
23.
OMOLE,
OLUWAFUN
MILAYO
PGS/00923
STUDY ON THE
DECEM
EFFECTS OF jatropha BER,
curcas ON Clarias
1999
gariepinus
24.
ANYANWU,
FRANK
CHINEDU
PGS/199899/404013
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES ON THE
OCCURRENCE OF
NOVEM
BER,
2002
CB6, were selected on the basis of being yellow
pigmented and Gram-negative rods. These isolates were
physiologically and biochemically characterised by
standard determinative procedures. Only isolate B3
obtained from beans (Vigna unguiculata) was identified
as Xanthomonas campestris, on the basis of its Gramnegative reaction, yellow pigmentation, mucoid growth
on GNA, requirement of oxygen, production of hydrogen
sulphide from sodium thiosulphate and peptone,
acidification of carbohydrates, lack of urease, motility
and ability to hydrolyse starch, casein and gelatin.
Xanthomonas campestris B3 has an optimum sodium
chloride tolerance of 2% and a maximum of 8%, acidtolerant (pH 4.5), grows rapidly at or near neutral or
alkaline pH, cannot grow at 40C but a rapid growth at
370C and a relative growth decline at 400C.
The plant, Jatropha curcas (L.) belongs to the family
Eurphobiaceae and it bas been used for traditional herbal
medicine and food/animal feeds for some time. However,
little is known about its toxicity. Acute toxicity studies
for 12 weeks show that concentrations of the plant leaf
extracts as low as 1.00mg1-1 is not lethal but lowered fish
haemoblobin values, retarded growth and caused liver
and skin lesions. Concentrations of the toxicant up to
367. 86mg1-1 is lethal to fish while higher concentration
up to 700mg 1-1 totally killed all test fish in 192 hours (8
days). The plant is significantly toxic at the 5% level to
the test fish, the African Mudfish, Clarias gariepinus.
Carry out research to
ascertain toxicity to all
haematological indices,
since blood forms the lifeline of the higher animal.
Further studies to assess the
cumulative effects of the
plant in animal tissues on a
long term basis following
sublethal-dosage
administration are necessary.
This is to determine long
term effects that are not
observed or obliterated by
massive dosage
administration and response
as the one in this study.
A Comparative study on the occurrence of Further work is
schistosomiasis among residents of Bassa and Jos-East recommended to determine
Local Government Areas of Plateau State, Nigeria, was the pathological effects of
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
AMONG
RESIDENTS OF
BASSA AND JOSEAST LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
AREAS OF
PLATEAU STATE,
NIGERIA.
carried out between August 2000 and March 2002. Of the
1000 persons examined 235 (23.50%) were positive for
Schistosoma haematobium compared with the 210
(21.00%) persons infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
Both S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections were
significantly higher among persons living in Jos-East
LGA than in Bassa LGA (P<0.05). Persons within the
different age groups had urinary schistosmiasis in the two
LGAs, with the highest prevalence recorded within
individuals 11-20 years old. The overall infection rate of
S. haematobium within this age group was found to be
42.42%, with the least infection recorded in those aged
51 years and above who accounted for 3.84%. In
contrast, the highest prevalence of 40.24% of S. mansoni
infection was among victims aged 1-10 years. No
positive case of S. mansoni was recorded among those
aged 51 years and above. Sex- related prevalence of the
infection showed that males had higher prevalence
infection rate of 38.72% for S. haematobium than the
females with infection rate of 10.00% (P<0.05).
Conversely, females had a higher prevalence rate of
21.70% for S. mansoni infection than the 20.21% in
males. These differences however were not statistically
significant (P>0.05). The mean egg load (M.E.L.) per
infected person with S. haematobium was found to be
33.0 eggs/10ml of urine while that of S. mansoni was
found to be 23.14 epg of faeces in Jos-East LGA.
Theserates were higher than that recorded in Bassa LGA
where the load of 14.0 eggs/10ml of urine and 18.6 epg
of faeces were recorded for S. haematobium and S.
mansoni respectively. Persons that engaged in water
contact activities involving farming/fishing (%) had the
highest prevalence of S. haematobium infection than
those who engaged in other activities. In contrast, the
prevalence of S. mansoni infection was higher in persons
who engaged in washing/laundering (44.99%) than in
the disease on humans and
other animals in the areas.
Similarly a comprehensive
study is needed to determine
the ecological and
environmental factors
promoting the breeding of
the snail intermediate hosts
in the various water bodies
within the study areas.
25.
MBOHLI,
JEREMIAH
AWA
PGS/9697/0062
ANTIBIOTIC
SUSCEPTIBILITY
AND BETALACTAMASE
ACTIVITY OF
BACTERIA
ASSOCIATED WITH
PATIENTS WITH
URINARY TRACT
INFECTIONS (UTIs)
IN BAUCHI
METROPOLIS.
AUGUS
T, 2002
persons who engaged in water collection for commercial
purposes (14.43%). These differences showed significant
statistical coefficient of association between the disease
and the water contact activities (P<0.01). Higher natural
infection rate of 45.33% of Bulinus globosus was
recorded in the field in water bodies in Jos-East LGA, in
contrast to the 43.89% of natural infection of the same
snail hosts recorded in water bodies of Bassa LGA.
Statistical analysis using Chi-square test revealed that the
difference was not significant (P>0.05). Similarly,
Biomphalaria pfeifferi encountered in fresh water bodies
of Jos-East LGA had 33.27% natural infection rate with
S. mansoni, in contrast to the 17.20% recorded for Bassa
LGA. The current findings have shown the endemic level
of schistosomiasis in the study areas. Detailed studies on
other epidemiological factors promoting the transmission
of schistosomiasis in the areas is recommended for
effective future integrated control of this disease in the
study areas.
Two hundred and twenty (220) midstream urine samples
obtained from patients that presented with symptoms of
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Bauchi metropolis
were analysed for the presence of bacteria species.
Significant bacteriuria was detected in 115 (53.3%)
samples. A total of 62 (53.9%) females and 53 (46.1%)
males had significant bacteriuria even though there was
no significant difference (p<0.05) between them. The
bacteria isolated include: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
species, Psedomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus species,
Staplyloccus aureus and Streptococcus species. Among
these bacteria, the occurrence of E. coli (20.5%) was very
high while that of Streptococcus species (26%) was the
lowest. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern indicates that
there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the
activities of the antibiotics on the isolates. Gentamycin,
ciproxin and norbactin were found to be very active on
26.
AGWUNGLEF
AH,
FOBELLAH
DOMINIC
PGS/9899/401005
ASSESSMENT OF
PUBLIC HEALTH
RISK ASSOCIATED
WITH SLICED
FRESH FRUITS
SOLD IN BAUCHI
VENDORS’ SHOPS
JANUA
RY, 2002
almost all the isolates with the exception of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. Streptococcu
spp and Proteus spp were found to be resistant to
ampicillin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, penicillin and
tetracycline. Ps. aeruginosa was also resistant to the
antibiotics with the exception of nitrofurantoin. The
isolates when screened for β- lactamase activity showed
that it's production was found to be highest in
Staphlococcus aureus (73.9%) whereas, Streptococcus
spp did not exhibit β-lactamase at all. The increased
resistance of bacteria isolates to the commonly used
antibiotics is not only due to the indiscriminate use of
these drugs but also to the activity of the enzyme βlactamase.
Twelve samples of Coccos nucifera (Coconut), Citrullus
vulgaris (Watermelon), Carica papaya (Paw-paw) and
Ananas cumosa (Pineapple) each, sliced and sold in
Yelwa and Wunti vendors' shops were microbiologically
analyzed, for aerobic plate count (APC), coliform count
(CC), Escherichia coli count (EC) and fungal count (FC)
using plate count agar (PCA) (oxoid), MacConkey agar
(MCA), Eosin methylene blue (EMB) and potatoe
dextrose agar (PDA) respectively. Coconut and pineapple
samples showed the highest and lowest counts of
microorganism respectively, from both locations, and
enteric pathogens such as Salmonella typhi, Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albican and
Entamoeba histolytica were observed. Significantly
(p<0.05), June had the least counts and April the highest.
The control samples sliced under aseptic conditions in
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (A.T.B.U.), Bauchi
laboratory showed no significant growth of
microorganism from coconut samples, while paw-paw
recorded the highest values, which were lower than the
maximum acceptable values for raw, ready-to -eat fruits.
Test for survival and growth showed that Staphylococcus
Further research work
should be conducted to
evaluate the toxity of these
fruits due to the presence of
heavy metals and other
chemicals as well as toxins
due to fungi growth.
aureus had a significantly higher (p<0.05) growth rate
than Salmonelle typhi, on all the fruits samples. Their rate
of growth indicated that these sliced fresh fruits are good
substrates for microbial survival and growth. A survey of
the handling and processing of sliced fresh fruit was
carried out using questionnaires, and it identified some
unsanitary and substandard practices that can enhance
microbial contamination. The trained food inspectors
observed that: physically damaged fruits were mixed
with wholesome ones (70%), flies activities were much
on the tables (50%), and visible food deposits or 'films'
were present on the slicing board surfaces (80%). The
vendors’ response indicated that; rodents visit and eat
their fruits at times (50%), well water was often used in
washing of fruits before slicing (100) and occasionally
sick of gastroenteritis but still proceeded with their sale
(40%). The relationship between effects of increasing
exposure time on sensory attributes was assessed. The
hidden control sample of paw- paw and watermelon were
significantly higher (p<0.05) for all the sensory traits,
and most of the sensory traits' intensity, decreased as
exposure time increases. The relationship between
periods of relatively high abundance of these fresh fruit
and cases of gastro-enteritis in Bauchi indicated that,
sliced fresh fruits are not the major causes of gastroenteritis in the metropolis. The harvesting season and
period of relatively high abundance ranges between
November and March and this same period recorded the
least cases of gastro-enteritis (3.3-4.3%). July and June
recorded the highest cases of gastro-enteritis, 21.3% and
16.3% respectively. Measures that should be adopted to
eliminate or reduce microbial contamination of fresh fruit
are then suggested. This work will provide some useful
information that will enhance effective surveillance of
food borne diseases in Bauchi, contribute towards
poverty alleviation and enhance the effective
27.
ISHAYA,
KEFAS
AMBAIR
28.
CHELEA,
MATCHAWE
PGS/9899/401007
ANTIBACTERIAL
ACTIVITY OF
SOME SELECTED
PLANT EXTRACTS
JUNE,
2002
INCIDENCE OF
AFLATOXIN IN
SOME “READY-TOEAT” FOODS SOLD
JANUA
RY, 2002
implementation of the Federal Government Policy of
Health-for-all in the new millennium.
Crude ethanolic and water extract of leaves of Cassia
siamea (Cassia), stem bark of Balanites aegyptiaca
(Aduwa) and root bark of Jatropha curcas (Bini-dazugu)
were obtained using decoction and maceration methods.
Susceptibility tests of these extracts on Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using disc
diffusion bio-assay technique revealed ethanol decoction
extract of B. aegyptiaca (BEED) as the most potent
extract on all the test bacteria tested. The most
susceptible bacteria to this extract being S. typhi. This
was closely followed by water decoction extract of C.
siamea (CWED) with ethanol maceration extract of J.
curcas (JEEM) being the least potent. There was no
significant statistical difference in the potencies of these
extracts on the test bacteria since the calculated F-value
of 3.3 is less than the table value of 5.14. (p≥0.05). The
potencies of the plant extracts however differs
significantly at the same probability level as revealed by
calculated F-value of 25.58 in contrast to the low F-table
value of 4.76. BEED showed the lowest minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.2mg on S.
typhi and CWED showed the lowest MIC value of 0.2mg
on Staph. aureus. All the plant extracts tested showed
different levels of bacteriocidal activity on the bacteria
species tested. Extract of J. carcus showed bacteriostatic
effect on E. coli in addition to the bacteriocidal effect on
S. typhi and Staph. aureus. This study suggest that crude
extract of B. aegyptiaca, J. curcas and C. siamea possess
significant antibacterial activity comparable with
chloramphenicol and gentamycin used as control.
Three types of "ready-to-eat" foods (bread, "fura" and
"kindirimo") were purchased from different parts of
Bauchi town (Yelwa market, Wunti market, Muda Lawal
market and Yankari Bus Station) and analyzed in the
Further work on aflatoxing
G1, G2, M1, M2 and other
Aspergillus toxins be
investigated for further
IN MARKET
PLACES IN
BAUCHI, NIGERIA.
29.
AGU, HELEN
OBIOMA
PGS/40102
3
INVESTIGATION
INTO THE
MICROBIAL AND
STORAGE
QUALITY OF
“DAMBU”
SEPTEM
BER,
2004.
laboratory for fungal contamination and the presence of work.
the main aflatoxin-producing organisms, Aspergillus
flavus and A. parasiticus. There was a high mycofloral
contamination of the food samples with bread showing
the highest fungal count of 1.8 x 107 cfu. Analysis of
variance (Two-Way classification showed significant
difference among (P < 0.05) food types in terms of fungal
contamination.
Thin-layer
chromatography
and
spectrophometry were used for the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of aflatoxin in foods. The study
demonstrated the presence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus
in all the food samples except kindirimo. Despite the
favorable conditions of pH (5.1-6.7), temperature (24.531.7°C) and moisture content (34.4-88.5%). Thin-layer
chromatography revealed that isolates of A. flavus and A.
parasiticus were not able to produce detectable levels of
aflatoxins in foods. The effect of cooking and
fermentation on the fate of added aflatoxin B1 and B2
standards to food samples was also studied. Quantitative
estimation (spectrophotometric method) of aflatoxin
showed that both treatments caused a decrease in the
levels of aflatoxin B1 and B2. Aflatoxin loss (%)
increased with increase of cooking time of "fura". On the
other hand aflatoxin loss which was high on the first day
of fermentation of "kindirirno" was lower on the second
day. Addition of ginger played some protective role on
aflatoxin Bl but enhanced the destruction of aflatoxin B2
during cooking. Cooking and fermentation are however
not recommended as effective methods for aflatoxin
destruction.
Dambu, a steamed granulated dumpling product
generally made from millet, was produced from maize,
millet, sorghum and acha (Digitaria exilis). The
decorticated clean cereal grains were pulverized into
coarse particles mixed with spices and water and
steamed. Chemical analysis, sensory quality, microbial
PRODUCED FROM
DIFFERENT
CEREAL GRAINS.
30.
GEH,
JACQUELINE
LUM
PGS/00929
QUALITY
EVALUATION OF
TRADITIONAL AND
CONTROLLED
PRODUCTION OF
SHAA, A
FERMENTED
quality and storage quality, using 0.2% w/w sorbic acid
as preservative and packages, were all carried out.
Percentage proximate composition of the products ranged
in values with moisture 35 to 38, ash 0.49 to 1.19, protein
10.1 to 10.7, fat 2.20 to 3.36, crude fibre 1.77 to 2.09,
carbohydrate 45.87 to 48.68 and energy 246.88 to 263.54
kcal/100g. Leucine (1.37-9.08g) was the most abundant
amino acid in the products while Histidine was the least
abundant (0.35-2.32g) in all the products. The mineral
content ranged from 0.04 for iron to 64100mg/L for
magnesium. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed in
texture and appearance of the dambu products but not in
aroma, chewiness and overall acceptability. During
storage, pH decrease was observed while titratable
acidity increased for dambu products with and without
sorbic acid preservative. The microbial load (cfu/g)
increased with storage time for all the products packaged
in Low density polyethylene (LDPE), LDPE with plastic
and LDPE with paperboard. Dambu has a limited storage
life of one day at room temperature (25°C) and 4 days
with 0 2% (w/w) sorbic acid as preservative.
Microorganisms of significance in the products are
Aspergillus sp, Penicillum sp, Candida sp,
Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes. The
nature of the microflora suggested that dambu is a good
substrate for fungal growth. In the comparative study of
dambu products with and without sorbic acid, there was
no significant difference in the mean scores for all the
assessed parameters.
MARCH, Shaa was produced in the laboratory from white and
2004
yellow maize varieties. The sensory qualities of
laboratory and commercial shaa were evaluated by a 10member panel for odour, colour, taste and overall
acceptability. HACCP was applied during controlled shaa
production. The microbial load, pH and titratable acidity
(TTA) of shaa were also determined. The nutritional
MAIZE BEVERAGE
IN CAMEROON
31.
KENNETH,
ANCHANG
YONGABI
PGS/20012002/4010
27
ASSESSMENT OF
2004
THE EFFICACY OF
EXTRACTS OF
DISTHEMONANTUS
BENTAMIANUS L
composition of laboratory and commercial shaa ranged
from 88.5 to 90.1% for moisture, 0.93 to 0.96% for
protein, 3.7% for fat, 0.27 to 0.30% for ash. Others
include 13.6% to 13.9% for total soluble solids (TSS),
3.4% to 3.6% alcohol, 0.961 to 0.971 for specific gravity,
1.8% to 2.0% for titratable acidity and 4.5 to 4.9 for pH.
Significant statistical difference (P<0.05) existed
between the sensory attributes of shaa and that of other
local alcoholic drinks in Bauchi State. Microorganisms
involved in Shaa processing included both bacteria and
fungi. The genera were Aeromonas species, Clostridium
species, Bacillus species, Salmonella species,
Lactobacillus species, Listeria species, Enterobacter
species, Escherichia species, Klebsiella species,
Corynebacterium
species,
Citrobacter
species,
Alkaligenes species, Staphylococcus species, Proteus
mirabilis and Yersinia enterocolitica. Fungi included
Aspergillus, Candida and Penicillium species. Their
activities caused a gradual pH decrease from 6.5 of the
steeping stage to 4.9 of the final product. Chemical
preservation of Shaa with 0.1% (w/w) sodium
metabisulphite and sodium benzoate maintained the
product for six days. Preservation at refrigeration
temperature (4°C) extended the shelf life of shaa to six
days while pasteurization at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C with
storage at room temperature preserved the product for 6,
26 and 58 days respectively. A combination of
pasteurization and refrigeration extended the shelf-life of
the product to 99 days. Spoilage led to decrease in pH
and TSS with concomitant increase in alcohol and
titratable acidity.
The study. details the results of the assessment of the
efficacy of two plant extracts on microorganisms Isolated
from infected human semen. A cold polarity-based
sequential solvent extraction was carried out on 100
grams each of Disthemonantus bentamianus L, (African
It is thus suggested that for
further studies, isolation,
characterization of the
acetone fraction he carried
out. Also, detail
AND CUCURBITA
PEPO L ON
MICROORGANISMS
ISOLATED FROM
HUMAN SEMEN.
32.
ONUOHA,
OGBONNAYA
GIDEON
PGS/20002001/4010
38
STUDIES ON THE
INCIDENCE OF
ASPERGILLUS
FLAVUS IN DRIED
FOODS SOLD IN
BAUCHI
2004
satin wood bark) and Cucurbita pepo L (pumpkin seeds)
using petroleum ether. Toluene, acetone methanol and
water respectively. The results indicated that extracts
from cucurbita pepo possessed 110 nntimicrobial activity
except for the aqueous Iractron. which showed slight
activity on Escherichia coli. The Acetone and Methanol
fractions of Disthemonantus bentamianus exhibited
appreciable antimicrobial activity on all the test isolates
A t-test revealed that there was no significant difference
(P<0.05) between the antimicrobial activtties of the two
plant fractions but an l-test analysis showed a significant
difference (p<0.05) for the antimicrobial activrtres of' the
fractions on the various test organisms. Minimum
lnhibitorv Concentration (MIC) of all the test organisms
with the acetone fraction was found to be 111 the range
of 200-300 mg/rnl except for Enterobacter aerogenes and
Proteus mirabilis (300-400 mg/ml). Tannins were
detected in all the fractions of Cucurbita pepo except the
aqueous fraction that tested positive for alkaloids.
Saponins were detected only in the petroleum ether and
Toluene fractions, while only alkaloids were detected in
the active fractions of Di'lfhemonanlus bentamianus. A
Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) analysis on the
active fractions revealed three spots each in a
hexane/methanol solvent system. The findings herein
suggest the presence of a broad spectrum antimicrobial
alkaloid from D. bentamianus extracts and recommends
the purification, toxicity test as well as possible synthesis
of this pharmaceutical agent for use in the treatment of
microbial infections of the male reproductive organs.
Twenty samples each or groundnut, sweet potato. millet.
potato. millet, gari, kulikuli and dambu were obtained
Irom live (5) different markets within Bauchi State
metropolis. Proximate analysis was carried out on each
test material in order to determine some of the basic
biochemical contents. Dambu had the highest moisture
phytochemical screening
covering other classes of
secondary plant metaholites
as well as bioassay-guided
fractionation should be
carried out and comparative
bioassays done with some
broad spectrum antibiotics
and if possible the active
ingredient from this plant
(D. bentamianus) be
synthesize for use as a
refined pharmaceutical.
Further studies should be
carried out on the watet
fraction of Cucurbita pepo
and the need to isolate and
characterize the alkaloid
present in the water fraction
for use as well.
METROPOLIS.
33.
TED,
GUIMFANG
GABUIN
PGS/40101
0
OCCURANCE AND
DISTRIBUTION OF
WEEDS IN RICE
(oryza sativa L.) AND
MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
2004
content (64.6%) while groundnut had the least (18.5%).
Groundnut had the highest value for crude protein and
crude fat (26.4% and 45.7% respectively) while gari had
the least value for crude protein (1.1%). Sweet potato had
the lenst value for crude fat (0.2%). Millet had the
highest value or carbohydrate content (64.2%) while
kulikuli had the least value (10.4%). Total fungal count
showed the highest count of 4.2x103cfu/g occurring in
millet purchased from railway quarters and the least
count of 7.1 x 102cfu/g occuring in sweet potato
purchased from central market. Six different species of
fungi were isolated and identified as ; Aspergillus niger,
Aspergilus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus
parasiticus and Penicillium spp. All isolated were found
on the food samples except Aspergillus flavus and
Aspergillus parasiticus, which were not found in sweet
potato and gari, Examination of' the food samples
showed that they did not contain preformed aflatoxin.
The isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus
parasitus, gave a blue fluoresces when cultured on yeast
extract sucrose (YES) medium and observed under UV
light. This showed that they had the potential for the
production of aflatoxin under favourable conditions, The
identification of a toxin producing isolates was a cause
for concern. However, since the preliminary test carried
out showed absence of the aflatoxin. this means that the
orgnnisms under favourable condition. such as poor
storage environment could produce aflatoxin. Great
attention should therefore be given to proper storage of
dry foods in order to minimize their colonization by these
organisms.
A study was carried out to identify, construct a simplified
identification key and to determine the distribution of
Weed species in rice and maize fields in Bauchi and its
environs from June to August, 2000. Seventy sites in 7
different localities namely, Birshi Fulani, Birshi Gandu,
Further studies need to be
carried out in order to
establish a comphrehensive
list of all the weed species in
the fields and to simplify the
FIELDS OF
BAUCHI, NIGERIA.
34.
ADOMEH,
DONATUS
ITSOGHIAON
ODE
PGS/20002001/4010
45
INCIDENCE OF
NEISSERIA
GONORRHOEAE IN
PREGNANT
WOMEN
ATTENDING
ANTENATAL
CLINICS IN
POTISKUM AND
ITS ENVIRONS,
YOBE STATE.
DECEM
BER,
2004.
Lushi, Miri, Wunti-Dada, Inkil and Gubi were selected.
Weeds were harvested using 0.25m x 0.25m quadrats and
were later identified using standard texts. The simplified
identification key was constructed following the method
of Olorode (1983). In the study, 55 weed species were
identified,
16
(29.09%)
belonging
to
3
monocotyledonous families and 39 (70.91%) belonging
to 16 dicotyledonous families. The families Poaceae and
Asteraceae had the highest number of weeds, 9 and 8,
respectively. Simplified identification key and line
drawings of the weeds are included. The dominant weed
species recorded were Commelina benghalensis,
Oldenlandia corymbosa, Kyllinga tenuifolia, Digitaria
horizontalis, Chloris pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Portulaca
oleraceae, Cassia obtusifolia and Dactyloctenum
aegyptium. Inkil had the highest frequency of occurrence
of weed species. The distribution of the weed species
varied with crop type.
Two hundred (200) endocervical swab specimens
obtained from apparently healthy pregnant women aged
between 15 and 52 years old attending antenatal clinics in
Potiskum General Hospital and some private clinics in
Potiskum were bacteriologically analysed. Of the
population studied, 6 gonococci strains were isolated
giving an incidence of 3.0%. Results of statistical
analysis showed that there were no significant differences
(p>0.05) of gonococci infection between the age groups;
between the booked and unbooked women (p>0.05) and
between the parity (p>0.05). Statistically there were
significant differences (p<0.05) of gonococci infection
amongst the multiple marriage (polygamy) and in
monogamous marriages (single partners) in pregnant
women. Also there was significant difference between
unmarried and married women in terms of infection rate,
the unmarried having higher infection rate. There was
significant difference in the rate of gonococci infection
identification of the weed
species as an aid to rapid
recognition in the field
which will act as a step
towards the establishment of
an effective weed control
programme.
35.
DOMO,
GAMA
ALBERT
PGS/20002001/4010
18
INVESTIGATION
OF THE
ANTISHISTOSOMA
L EFFECTS OF
SOME LOCAL
OCTOB
ER, 2004
between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups.
Using the Fisher's exact test the relative risk (RR) and
confidence limits (C.L) of gonococci infection were RR=
0.16 and 95% C.L 0.03, 0.86, 0.84 obtained results
showed there was no association between symptomatic
and asymptomatic groups. There was also no association
of gonococci infection among the booking status and
parity. All the six isolates exhibited drug resistance to
between five and seven out of the 11 antimicrobial agents
tested. Sensitivity results showed that 100%, 88.33%,
88.33%, 66.67% and 50.5% of gonococci isolates were
sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin,
streptomycin and cloxacillin respectively, while less than
35.0% showed sensitivity to eroythromycin and
tetracycline, having 33.33% each: and amoxicillin and
chloramphenicol having 16.67% each. Monodrug
resisitance to 5 drugs was observed in one isolate
(16.67%), 6 drugs in three isolates (50.0%) and 7 drugs
in two isolates (33.33%). Penicillinase producing
Neisseria gonorrhoeae were encountered in 2 (33.33%)
of the 6 isolates. All beta-lactamase producers were
resistance to penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin but
100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin (a quinolone). Obtained
result established incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in
some pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in
Potiskum and its environs and is a basis for screening of
all pregnant women with the intention of preventing the
risk associated with gonorrhoea in pregnancy which
include aectopic preqnancy miscarriage, premature birth,
pre term labour, endometritis as well as disseminated
gonorrhoea and ophthalmia neonatorum.
The efficacy of cold water, acetone and methanol extracts
of Maytenus senegalensis, Terminalia glaucescens and
Colocassia antiquorum were tested on 3-4 week old mice
and rats, infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.
Oral treatments of six batches of mice and three batches
Further toxicity tests, as well
as characterization of the
extracts, further toxicity tests
on other targets should be
carried out which might
PLANT EXTRACTS
36.
ORAH,
CHUKWUNY
ERE GILBERT
PGS/20002001/4010
43
PREVALENCE OF
HUMAN
CUTANEOUS
LEISHMANIASIS IN
TAFAWA BALEWA
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
AREA OF BAUCHI
STATE, NIGERIA
SEPTEM
BER,
2004
of rats with plant extracts administered at 40g/kg body
weight gave a cure rate ranging from 91.56% to 87.76%
in rats and 71.56% to 76.30% in mice, while praziquantel
administered at 60mg/kg body weight gave a cure rate of
87.76% in rats and 83.41% in mice respectively. These
results were significantly different (P<0.05). The
therapeutic nature of the extracts and praziquantel
reduced the pathological conditions of infected treated
animals as evident by mottling of the liver with mean
liver mottling score of 4.4 and 4.6 in rats and mice
respectively for M. senegalensis and 6.2 and 5.0 for the
acetone and methanolic extracts of T. glaucescens.
Prazaiquantel gave similar value of 4.4 and 4.6 in rats
and mice. There was no significant difference between
therapeutic scores (P>0.05). This study confirmed the
efficacy of these plants as potent antischistosomal agents.
Further screening evaluation and other toxicity tests of
these extracts may lead to selection of these plants as
antischistosomal agents for use in future integrated
control of schistosomiasis.
An investigation into the prevalence of human cutaneous
leishmaniasis in Tafawa Balewa Local Government Area
(LGA) of Bauchi State was carried out from July, 2002 to
August, 2003. A total of 6,209 pupils were physically
examined in the three different schools in the LGA, made
up of one primary school and two post primary schools.
Of this number 394 (6.35%) of the pupils, had clinical
lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Microscopic
examination of the stained smears of the skin lesions as
well as blood revealed all overall prevalence rate of 70
(1.13%) of the infected cases with positive leishmandonoran bodies. The prevalence rate at the Central
Primary School T/Balewa was 18 (0.77%) with 25
(1.53%) at T/B Government Day Secondary School,
while Government Girls Secondary School, T/Balewa
had a rate of 27 (1.21%). These differences were
finally lead to the selection
of M. senegalensis as one of
the potent antischistosomal
agent of plant origin.
37.
AHMAD,
SANI JIBRIL
PGS/20002001/4010
36
IDENTIFICATION
OF CULTIVATED
VARIETIES OF
ACCA (Digitaria
exilis Stapf) IN SOME
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
AREAS OF BAUCHI
STATE, NIGERIA
SEPTEM
BER,
2005
however, not significant statistically (P>0.05). Males had
a higher infection rate of 23 (1.3%) than females who
recorded a rate of 47 (1.06%) in all the three schools.
This difference in sex infection rate is also not significant
(P>0.05). The highest infection rate of 24 (34.28%) was
within those aged 16 - 20 years while the lowest rate of
4(5.71%) was recorded for adults aged 26 - 30 years.
Local belief on the causative agents of cutaneous
leishmaniasis varied from one school to another, even
between pupils/students of the same school. The study
revealed that a number of herbs are used in the area for
the treatment and management of leishmaniasis. About
10% of all the local herbal plants employed in the
treatment of the disease were commonly reported by all
the pupils/students of the three schools.
However,
methods of preparations and applications of either the
commonly or less frequently used of the herbal remedies
differ between the patients. Two of the patients with
clinical lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis that were
managed with some of the local herbal plants monitored
during the studv period appeared to be recovering from
the disease. This indicates the effectiveness and
therapeutic potentials of some of the local herbal plants
in the management of leishmaniasis. The prospects of
these herbal plants in the general management of the
cutaneous leishmaniasis should therefore be exploited.
Digitaria exilis Stapf locally called 'Acca' is an
indigenous crop to West Africa. In Nigeria it is grown in
the Sudan savanna as an important crop and there should
be no reason why it should be displaced by other
introduced crops. The aim of the study was to identify
varieties of D. exilis that are in cultivation in Bauchi
State. The study involved the collection of 45 accessions
of D. exilis from farmers' fields in some local
government areas of Bauchi State. The accessions were
assessed based on morphological and reproductive
Further studies should be
embarked on the water
requirements for different
varieties in cultivation so as
to identify the most resistant
to water stress or drought
resistant varieties. This will
help in selecting suitable
varieties to be planted at
different ecological zones of
38.
ADAMU,
MUHAMMAD
HAYATUDDE
EN
PGS/789
A TAXONOMIC
EVALUATION OF
‘ACCA’ (Digitaria
spp) ACCESSIONS
BASED ON
VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE
CHARACTERS.
APRIL,
2005
features. The results were compared with the diagnostic the country for better results.
keys described by Porteres 1955. The eight groups of
accessions derived from the identification processes were
planted in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) in
the field. Similarly, morphological and reproductive
characters were measured and analyzed using the
ANOVA, correlations and LSD. Greenhouse and field
experiments were conducted to further corroborate the
identification. Three varieties of D. exilis were identified:
D. exilis var. mixta, D. exilis var. rustica and D. exilis
var. stricta. These varieties differed significantly in
morphological, reproductive, maturity and grain yield
(P>0.05). The early variety was D. exilis var. stricta
while D. exilis var. mixta was intermediate and, D. exilis
var. rustica was late maturing. The variety 'stricta' gave
the highest grain yield. The result of this study has shown
that different varieties exist with varying yield indices
such that breeding and agronomic studies are required to
provide the basis for selection and improvement of this
important cereal.
The research was conducted in the research farm of the
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University. Seeds from sixteen
accessions of 'Acca' (Digitaria spp.) collected directly
from farmers in the traditional areas of northern Nigeria
were planted in field plots (30.25m2) using a randomized
complete block design and standard cultural practices.
These were used for quantitative and qualitative traits.
Analyses of variance involving quantitative traits
including vegetative and reproductive characters revealed
that significant (P<0.05) differences exist in peduncle
length, internode length, flagleaf length, flagleaf width,
leaf sheath length, number of days to inflorescence,
number of spikelets per spike, number of days to
germination, number of reproductive tillers per plant,
number of unreproductive tillers per plant, number of
nodes per plant and estimated yield per hectare among
39.
AUDU,
AYUBA KUDI
PGS/20012002/4010
50
SEROPREVALENCE
OF HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIEN
CY VIRUS (HIV)
AMONG
INDIVIDUALS
PRESENTING FOR
VOLUNTARY
COUNSELLING
AND TESTING
(VCT) IN GOMBE
NOVEM
BER,
2005
the sixteen accessions. Similarly, there were variations in
qualitative characters including glume colour at harvest,
leaf and glume pubescence and grain bearing habit traits
revealed two major groupings, consisting of ten and six
accessions each. However, assignment of accessions into
the groups based on quantitative traits was different from
the pattern based on qualitative traits. From the results
eight accessions were found to be D. exilis, five, D.
iburua, one, D. fuscescens, one D. ternata and one
suspected to be D. barbinodis. It was obvious that
production of this crop presently involves the planting of
seed mixtures of several species and this may account for
poor yield. Effort at selection, and increased cultivation
of high yielding species should be intensified.
A study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence
of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Gombe.
Five hundred and one (501) individuals submitted
voluntarily for counselling and testing (VCT) for
antibodies to the virus. A structured questionnaire was
used to extract possible demographic information from
those individuals. Sera samples collected from them were
initially subjected to simple/rapid HIV screening
technique, using immunochromatographic HIV-l and
HIV-2 SD Bioline test kit. Out of the 501 samples tested,
163 (32.5%) were positive. Enzyme linked
Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was further
employed to confirm positivity. All the 163 sera samples
initially positive with the first technique were also
positive with the second. The most frequent reason given
for submitting to VCT by the clients, who represent
63.3%, was simply to know their HIV status. The rate of
infection recorded among this group was 35.3%, while
36.4% was recorded among 10.9% who admitted being
sexually promiscuous. The females were observed to
have the highest rate of HIV infection (38.7%) as
compared to the males (26.5%). There was however, no
40.
OUSMANE,
SANI
PGS/20012002/4010
152
HEPATITIS B VIRUS
(HBV) INFECTION
AMONG HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIEN
CY VIRUS (HIV) –
SEROPOSITIVE
INDIVIDUALS IN
ZINDER, NIGER
REPUBLIC
OCTOB
ER, 2005
significant difference in the rate of infection between the
sexes (P<0.05). The seroprevalence of 37.1% was the
highest recorded in the age group 30 to 39 years. In
general however, over 30% seroprevalence was recorded
from the ages 20 to 49 years. The infection rate was
found to differ significantly between the age groups
(P>0.05). Singles (non-married) significantly ranked the
highest with 43.0% (P>0.05). Prevalence of 39.8% was
recorded amongst those with tertiary level of education
as compared to 9.1% and 31.0% recorded amongst those
with primary and secondary education respectively. None
of the illiterates tested seropositive. The business sector
amongst other professional groups significantly presented
52.8% seropositivity (P>0.05). More than 90% of the
clients were aware of at least one mode of HIV
transmission, specially the sexual mode. However, the
use of condoms as preventive measure to sexual
transmission of HIV was recorded 14.6%. This is low
compared to 52.3% that admitted not using condoms; the
infection rate was 4.3% and 64.4% respectively.
Significance of VTC was stressed in this study and it was
recommended therefore, that VCT be considered as part
of primary healthcare package in Gombe State and
Nigeria as a whole. The campaign against HIV risk
behaviours should be intensified amongst the general
population. Moral values must be taught in our Schools.
Churches and Mosques.
An investigation into the prevalence rates of hepatitis B
virus (HBV) infection and its co-infection with human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was conducted among
individuals presenting for blood donation at Zinder
Central Maternity Hospital, Niger Republic, from April
to August 2004. A questionnaire was addressed to each
of the 846 blood donors considered in the study for the
collection of socio-demographic information. All the
blood donors were screened for HIV using Genscreen
Further investigations about
HBV infection and its
association with HIV and
other hepatitis viruses as
such as HDV, HCV and
HAV be also carried out.
41.
ASAKA,
ELUEMELEM
LUCKY
PGS/20012002/4010
52
A STUDY OF THE
PREVALENCE AND
HAEMATOLOGICA
L PARAMETERS OF
MALARIA
INFECTION IN
ADULTS AND
PAEDIATRICS IN
GOMBE STATE
NIGERIA
Ag-Ab kit and for HBV surface antigen (HBV sAg ) ,
using Monolisa Ag-Hbs Plus kit, both by BIO- RAD,
France. Socio-demographic analysis showed great
diversity in the groups of individuals with regards to
socio-professional status, sex, age and location. The
screening revealed an overall prevalence rate of 2.95%
for HIV infection, 12.76% for HBVsAg carriage and
0.83% for the co-infection. No significant difference was
found between infections as a result of sex and location
(P<5%). But, base on age and occupation, HBV infection
significantly differed from HIV and co-infection showing
net dependence on age and socio-professional groups
(P>5% and P> 1% respectively). These results led to the
conclusion that, HBV infection and its association with
HIV were really spreading in the study area at above
stated rates and so, the study recommended prompt
integration of HBV vaccination in the national progamme
of immunisation and implementation of infant and risk
groups vaccination against HBV in line with WHO
recommendation 1992.
MARCH, For fifteen (15) months, from April 2004 to July 2005,
2007
one thousand (1,000) patients of both sexes, aged 1 to 87
years were examined for malaria parasites at the Federal
Medical Centre, Gombe. Blood samples collected from
them were examined for malaria parasites, and those
positive (study group) were further assessed for their
haematological statuses. Out of the 1,000 samples
examined, 646 (64.6%) were positive for malaria
infection. The rate of infection recorded within the adult
males was 75.4%, which was higher than that of the
females who had 56.8% infection rate. Among the
paediatrics, males had an infection rate of 55.0%, while
the females had 43.2% infection rate, but those were not
significantly different (P>0.05). The age group 1 - 5
years had an infection rate of 65.2%. The adults within
the age group 31 - 35 years had the highest rate of
42.
DANLADI,
YAKUBU
PGS/20012002/4010
EFFECTS OF THE
CONSUMPTION OF
JULY,
2007
infection of 75.5%. Out of the 896 adults tested for
haematological status, 594 (66.3%) had significant lower
values of red blood cells parameters of Packed cell
volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was
significant difference between the paediatric study group,
representing 50.0% of the control group of both sexes,
who had significant lower value of red blood cell
parameters, (P<0.05). There was however, no significant
difference in the pattern of white blood cell (WBC) count
of both sexes between the paediatrics study group and the
control group (P>0.05). The adult males WBC were
comparable but the females' count had significant
difference compared with the count of the control group
(P<0.05). Monocyte count, male adults, females and
paediatrics study group representing 75.4%, 56.9% and
50.0% had increase value count when they were
compared with study group (P<0.05). The platelets of
adults' male and female study group showed low count
compared with control group and there was significant
difference (P<0.05). Paediatric study group, which
represent 50.0%, had low platelets count as compared
with control group (P>0.05). The blood picture of both
adults and paediatrics study group showed microcytic
hypochromic blood picture and represent 75.4% and
50.0% respectively. Generally, the control group
presented a normal blood picture representing 0.0% (no
anaemia). Significance of the determination of
haematological status of the patient was stressed in this
study and it was recommended therefore, that
haematological parameters of patients be considered as
routine Laboratory investigations in our hospitals in
Gombe State and Nigeria as a whole.
The yellow-fronted canary Serinus mozambicus (Muller)
is a well-known pet bird, whose sales could become a
PAPI
49
LOCAL CEREALS
AND SPICES ON
THE COLOUR,
GROWTH AND
QUALITY SONG OF
CAGE YELLOWFRONTED CANARY
(Serinus mozambicus,
Muller)
commercial venture. However, not all canaries produce
quality songs, a criterion that is used for scoring the birds
during competition. An investigation was carried out in
Government Secondary School, Pankshin Plateau State to
study the effects of various cereals (Pennisetum
typhoides, Schumach), (Oryza sativa, L) and (Digiteria
exilis, L) and spices (Capsicum chinense, Linn),
(Capsicum baccatum, Linn) and (Capsicum annum, Linn)
on the colour of ventral feathers, growth and quality
songs of caged canary birds. Twelve male canaries were
used, with a male bird in each cage and fed with cereals
and spices for six months. A weighing balance, Acculab
Model 2001 Electronic Scale, was used to measure the
growth rate of the birds, while the ventral feather colour
was measured using a colour scale. The songs of canaries
are recorded using a tape recorder with music meter and
the amplitudes shown on the screen of the computer were
photographed and presented in this work. The weight of
the birds was analyzed using two-way ANOVA, while
the quality of songs was analyzed using regression
analysis. Weight as growth index was found to be
insignificant, whereas the quality of songs sung by the
birds fed with hot pepper that had high capsaicin content
were found to be significant. There was also an obvious
change in the colour of the ventral feathers of the birds
fed with pepper from + 1 to ++2, whereas birds not fed
with pepper maintained a mere deeper yellow coloration
of the ventral feathers from + 1 to +++1 probably
because of the yellow pigment xanthopyll in cereals. This
work, therefore, indicates that song quality and ventral
feather colouration are capsaicin and red pigment
dependent respectively. The work thus, showed that, the
yellow ventral feather colour of yellow-fronted canary
could change when fed with pepper and other food types
that contain the red pigment carotene, hence it should not
be mistaken for another species of bird.
43.
HARUNA,
USMAN SAID
44.
ISTIFANUS,
FRANCIS
MARY
PGS/20002001/4010
22
MICROBIOGICAL
AND
PHYSICOCHEMICA
L ANALYSIS OF
HONEY SOLD IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS.
FEBRU
ARY,
2007
SURVEY AND
QUALITY
ASSESSMENT OF
WEANING FOODS
IN BAUCHI
DECEM
BER,
2007
Samples of honey were collected from Wunti (WT),
Central Market (CM), Muda Lawal (MD), Bayara (BY),
and Railway (RW) markets. Pure honey (PH) samples
were also collected from Dumi and Gudum villages at the
outskirt of Bauchi metropolis. Laboratory (LB) honey
was also prepared. All the samples were evaluated by
panelists in terms of taste, texture, appearance, and
overall acceptability. The results showed a significant
difference (p<0.05) in taste and texture among some
samples and showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in
appearance and overall acceptability. Physicochemical
properties of the samples showed significant difference
(p<0.05). BY had the highest Hydroxyl Methyl
Furfuraldehyde (HMF), followed by MD and RW. The
lowest HMF was recorded for PH. Specific gravity Sugar
content of the different samples of honey showed a signi
ficant difference. PH and CM had the highest glucose
and fructose content. Glucose content was noticed to be
highest in PH and lowest in LB. Reducing sugar was
found to be significantly different (p<0.05) among
samples. Bacteria and fungal load counts in samples were
very high. Some of the microorganisms isolated are of
faecal origin. The nature of the micro-flora suggested that
most of the honeys in our market are adulterated or rather
artificial. These findings may have some health
implications and may be of value in food protection and
control. It was recommended therefore that tools for
mycobacterium detection and isolation or at least
microscopy need to be put in place to assess and monitor
the widespread of this organism through honey on our
streets and in the market places.
A study was carried out to ascertain the microorganisms
associated with the local cereal based infant weaning
foods and the sources of water used, for their preparation,
in some parts of Bauchi metropolis. The weaning foods
included pap (Akamu), pap with soybean, pap with
Studies should be carried out
from this part of the country
on the characteristics and
properties of honey from
different flora origin.
METROPOLIS
45.
GAJERE,
EFRON
NDUKE
PGS/20012002/4010
61
ASSESSMENT OF
LANDCOVER
CHANGES IN
YANKARI
groundnut paste, kunu zaki, and pap with groundnut and
soyabean. The most popular and preferred type of
weaning food was pap (akamu). It was observed that
53% of the nursing mothers used it as weaning food. The
second was kunun gyada and the least was pap with
soyabean. Twenty micro-organisms were isolated from
the weaning foods, and included Eshcherichia coli,
Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus
species, micrococcus varians, Streptococcus faecalis,
Bacillus species, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Citrobacter species, Corynebacterium
species, Streptococcus lactis, Bacillus subtillis, a species
of
Actinomycete,
Staphylococcus
epidermidis,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus species, Aspergillus
species, Fusarium species and Aspergillus tamarii. Some
of the microbial isolates were isolated from water and
these included: S. aureus, S. faecalis, S.epidermidis, B.
cereus, K. pneumonia, B. subtillis, E. coli, R. species and
A. species. Some of the microbial isolates from water
were not found in the weaning food. Such microbial
species included: Proteus species, Micrococcu roseus,
Enterobacter species, Neisseria cicca, Neisseria
meningitides and cladosporium species. The average
microbial load in the sampled weaning foods ranged
between 1.2 x 102 cfu/ml to 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml. It was
equall y observed that the average microbial load in the
foods from the rural setting was higher than those from
the urban setting. Local weaning food fortified with
soyabean and groundnut appeared to be more nutritious
and easily within reach for the common man than the
popular commercial weaning food in Nigeria such as
Cerelac, Nutrend and Bebeena.
MARCH, An assessment of land cover changes in Yankari National
2007
Park, Bauchi State, Nigeria was carried out using Remote
Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)
techniques. The satellite imageries of the Park were
NATIONAL PARK
USING REMOTE
SENSING AND
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
46.
SHEHU,
ADAMU
ABDULLAHI
PGS/20012002/4010
55
MICROBIOLOGICA
L AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL
ANAYSES OF
PROCESSED
YOGHURT SOLD IN
KANO
METROPOLIS,
KANO-NIGERIA
DECEM
BER,
2007
processed and the land cover types classified using
specific training sites of each class. The classes made up
of bare surface, burnt area, water body, grass land,
woodland and thick forest were analyzed for changes
over the period of 1975 to 2005 using images of 1975,
1999 and 2005. The result of the research shows a
gradual reduction in the general tree cover and increase
in grassland cover as well as bare surface. The open
woodland has shown serious deterioration as a result of
the combination of fire regime, climatic factors and biotic
factors (such as impact of elephants). Of interest is the
effect of farming activities at the upper course of the
Rivers Gaji and Yashi causing silting of River Gaji
within the Park. The study also found out that there are
changes in the habitat of the animals as indicated by the
lost of some of the hippopotamus pools around the
confluence of the Rivers Gaji and Yashi. Although the
forest undergrowth has been seriously degraded by
animals such as the elephant, the vegetation of the Park
however is still rich in plant species diversity and the
area is relatively stable despite the triangular interaction
of the flora, fauna and climate. The present condition of
the park, if properly managed, will ensure the sustainable
development of natural resources of the park. However
this work clearly shows that it is time for a concerted
intervention.
The quality of some processed yoghurt brands sold in
Kano metropolis, Nigeria were analyzed for microbial,
physicochemical parameters and organoleptic tests to
determine consumer preference. A total of Two hundred
samples, Twenty (20) each of ten brands of yoghurt
namely: Fan, Bimco, Jamil, San, Farm fresh, Farm pride,
Amico, Annashuwa, Sunrise and Ultimate were
purchased randomly from vendors, provision stores,
Depots and supermarkets during the months of August
and September, 2006. The analysis of variance and Chi-
square tests were used to analyse the data obtained.
Results revealed that the yoghurt samples have a
temperature ranging between 1.0 to 18.0OC, titratable
acidity ranging from 10.0 to 16.0%, density ranging from
1.00 to 1.049 g/ml, viscosity ranging from 11.14 to 32.02
cp, pH ranging from 3.50 to 4.13, fat content ranging
from 0.95 to 2.01 %, protein content ranging from 1.55 to
4.01%, total solid and moisture ranging from 10.60 to
39.2% and 60.8 to 89.4% respectively. However, the
organoleptic characteristics revealed that Bimco yoghurt
was more preferred in flavour, texture and overall
acceptability while Annashuwa and Ultimate yoghurts
were more preferred in taste and consistency respectively
and Jamil was the least preferred yoghurt.
Microbiological analysis showed that the mean total
mesophilic aerobic bacteria count of all the yoghurt
samples ranged between 3.40 x 103 to 3.85 X 105 cfu/ml,
the total psychrophilic and thermophilic counts ranged
between 12.2 to 552 cfu/ml, 100 to 8.56 x 105 cfu/ml
respectively. While the total coliform and yeast counts of
all the brands was between 0 to 350 MPN/ml and 100 to
5.13 x 105 cfu/ml respectively. Identification tests
showed the isolation of ten bacterial genera and nine
yeast species. The bacterial flora isolated included
Streptococcus thermophilus 28 (14.0%); Lactobacillus
bulgaricus 17 (13.5%); Bacillus sp 16 (8.0%); Proteus sp
14 (7.0%); Pseudomonas sp 15 (7.5%); Escherichia coli
11 (5.5%); Klebsiella sp 27 (13.5%); Staphylococcus
aureus 26 (13.0%) and Salmonella sp 8 (4.0%). The
yeast species isolated were Candida albicans 26 (13.0%),
Debaryomyces sp 23 (11.5%), Hansenula sp 18 (9.0%),
Kloeckera sp 20 (10.0%), Pichia sp 15 (7.5%),
Rhodotorula sp 24 (12.0%), Saccharomyces sp 26
(13.0%), Schizosaccharomyces sp 18 (9.0%) and
Torulopsis sp 30 (15.0%). The qualities of some yoghurt
samples analyzed do not conform to the NAFDAC
47.
WAKILI,
ADAMU
IDENTIFICATION
AND UTILIZATION
OF MAJOR FUEL
WOOD SPECIES IN
BAUCHI STATE
JULY,
2008
standard for microbial counts. The microbial and
physicochemical variations observed with the
NAFDAC’s standards indicated the likelihood of poor
sanitation and handling procedures during the production,
storage and distribution of the yoghurts. The result of this
study is of public health concern and calls for effective
quality control in yoghurt production by the
manufacturers. It is thus recommended that appropriate
government regulatory bodies should ensure quality
compliance is enforced.
Identification of major tree species used as fuel wood
was carried out in six randomly selected Local
Government Areas (L.G.As), two from each of the three
ecological zones of Bauchi State. These LGAs are
Bogoro and Toro L.G.As from Northern Guinea
Savannah, Bauchi and Alkaleri L.G.As from Sudan
Savannah and, Giade and Katagum L.G.As from Sahel
Savanna Zone. A quadrant of two hectares was laid in
fuel wood collection centre in each of the affected
L.G.As. The calorific value and other related properties
of selected ten of the most frequent tree species were
determined. The study revealed that twenty four tree
species were being used for fuel wood in Bauchi State
and all can coppice after harvest. Fourteen of these tree
species were found to be the most frequent. The analysis
showed that Prosopis africana had the highest calorific
value of 17.934 mj/kg and Acacia hebecladoeids had the
lowest calorific value of 15.904 mj/kg, although the
result for Analysis of variance showed that there were no
significant differences among the energy values
(P>0.05). The highest temperature of 520°C was
recorded for Combretum glutinosum during combustion
within the eight minutes and the lowest temperature of
230°C was recorded for Pterocarpus erinaceous for the
same period. Terminalia glaucescens maintained
temperature above 100°C for the longest period of thirty
That energy plantation
project be carried out with
Terminalia glaucescens,
because of is good
combustion rate and fast
growing abilities.
48.
ONAJI,
AJEGBA
INNOCENT
PGS/20012002/4010
66
EVALUATION OF
THE TYPES OF
BAKER’S YEAST
USED IN BREAD
PRODUCTION IN
JOS METROPOLIS.
JANUA
RY, 2008
minutes and Pterocarpus erinaceous maintained
temperature above 100°C for only eight minutes. The
study also indicated that electricity was the cheapest
source of energy but because of its inconsistent supply
and non availability in many rural communities, a
renewed effort towards management of coppice shoots
that will ensure a sustained fuel wood supply was
recommended among others.
Seven most commonly used brands of active dry yeast –
Angel instant, Pasha Instant, Saf-Instant, Foodmont
Instant, STK-Royal, Fermipan and Vahine were assessed
for their performance in bread making. The brands were
obtained from 10 bakery houses randomly selected from
30 bakeries currently operating in Jos metropolis. Five
types of flour-Dangote, Golden Penny, Crown, Horney
well and Doki were used to study the resuscitation
temperatures of these yeasts. Results obtained from this
investigation revealed that the percentage viability of the
yeasts varied significantly from 99.4% in Fermipan
active dry yeast to 100% in other brands of yeast with
standard deviation of 0.4.
The
concentration
3
(cells/mm ) of yeast cells in 24 hour old culture in
suspension was highest in Saf-Instant (5.19xl08). Angel
(5.0xl08), Foodmont (3.73xl08), STK-Royal (3.58xl08),
Pasha (3.48x 108), Saf-Instant (3.43xl08) and Fermipan
had the lowest yeast cell concentration of 2.55xl08. Based
on carbon (iv) oxide (C02) producing power of yeast
fermentation of dough, the number of yeast cells present
in a particular brand of yeast did not indicate higher
activities for higher yeast cell concentration as may be
expected. The respiratory rate of the yeast showed a
steady decrease in pH values as fermentation proceeded.
The results obtained from the resuscitation temperatureshowed that the water temperature for a brand of yeast
for use with different types of the gluten content of the
flours indicated that the values were high, while there
49.
UMAR, UZAL
PGS/20042005/4010
395
RESISTANCE
RATIO AND
COAGULASE
PRODUCTION OF
METHICILLINRESISTANT
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) FROM
CLINICAL
SPECIMENS
JANUA
RY, 2009
were little differences in the proximate composition
compared to the vast differences in baking qualities
exhibited by commercial flours. Both the dough-raising
capacity for Pasha (70.4%), Vahine (54.4%) and their
foam capacity levels were poor in activities while STKRoyal (98%), Foodmont (91%), Angel (87%), Saf-Instant
(83%) and Fermipan (81%) attained the standard for
commercial use. The findings in this study indicated that
the different brands of baker's yeast used in bread making
have different performance activities. It is thus
recommended that bakers should test run the different
types of yeast on a small scale to enable the choice of the
appropriate yeast for commercial production of bread.
Investigation into the resistance ratio and coagulase
production of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolated from clinical specimens was carried
out. The isolates were screened for methicillin resistance
using the 1µg Oxacillin disc diffusion technique; the
determination of minimum inhibitory concentration to
Oxacillin and six other antibiotics was done using the
Etest AB BIODISK technique. The MRSA isolates were
subjected to tube coagulase test with human plasma at
two different plasma dilutions; 1:5 plasma dilution (the
standard tube coagulase test) and 1:10 plasma dilution
(the experimental tube coagulase test). MRSA prevalence
rate of 37% (39/107) was obtained, there was a 100%
agreement between the 1µg Oxacillin disc diffusion
technique and Etest (Oxacillin) AB BIODISK. The
MRSA isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin, MIC <3
µg/ml and clindamycin, MIC<0.0230 µg/ml. The isolates
were resistant to trimethroprin/sulfamethazole (51%),
Erythromycin (36%), Gentamicin (23%), and
Ciprofloxacin (10%). Clindamycin had the lowest
MIC50(0.016µg/ml) and MIC90(0.0230µg/ml) while
Trimethroprim/sulfamethazole had the broadest MIC
range(0.094-128 µg/ml), The MRSA isolates required the
Studies on characterizations
of resistance mechanisms
should be undertaken to aid
in tracing infection sources
and the spread of resistance
traits. Such characterizations
may reveal the endemic
clones in Nigeria and
permits their comparison
with international
epidemic/pandemic clones.
The search of S.aureus
vaccine, which could
involve the use of resistant
isolates, is recommended
since resistant isolates may
have lower expression of
virulence factors. that could
contribute to the
development of vaccine
against such isolates.
50.
GOFWEN,
SUKAT
NENDIRMWA
PGS/20042005/4010
381
PHYTODIVERSITY
OF THREE
HABITAT TYPES IN
AMURUM FOREST
RESERVE,
LAMINGA, JOS
EAST LGA,
FEBRU
ARY,
2009
following incubation time to coagulate plasma in the
standard coagulase test: 1h (20.50%), 2h (25.60%), 3h
(17.90%), 4h(15.30%) and 24h (23.0%), the control
(NCTC 6571) did the same reaction in 1h, on their
reaction to the standard tube coagulase test. Statistical
analysis showed that the MRSA isolates were
significantly different from the control (p<0.001) and
among the isolates (p<0.01), while in the experimental
tube coagulase test the MRSA isolates coagulated plasma
in 4h (15.40%) and 24h (84.60%) and the control
required 4h incubation. The mean time of reaction of the
isolates in the standard and the experimental coagulase
test was significantly different (p<0.01). Correlation
analysis showed a slight positive association between
time of incubation in the standard and experimental
coagulase test (p>0.05). The resistance levels obtained
showed most isolates had the resistance ratio of 1.5
(20.5%) and 2.0 (20.5%) while few isolates had the
resistance ratio 12.0 (5.1%) and 24.0 (5.1%). Correlation
Analysis showed a significant association (r=0.4095)
between the incubation time in the standard coagulase
test and the resistance levels (p<0.01), and slight
association(r=0.195) between incubation time in the
experimental coagulase test and resistance levels. The
findings showed the prevalence of MRSA strains in
clinical specimens and difference in their ability to
coagulate plasma, the need to develop new antibiotics,
and the role of the antibiotic pressure in the evolution of
pathogenic bacterial strains.
Phytosociological studies of Woody plant
species in three habitat types, (Gallery Forest,
Savanna, and Rocky Outcrops) in the Amurum
Forest Reserve, Laminga, Jos, Plateau State
were conducted using the point centred quarter
method (PCQ). Plant species composition,
density, frequency, basal area and importance
Further studies on the
flora/vegetation should be
pursued to capture others
species yet to be included in
the checklist of the plants
Amurum Forest Reserve.
A herbarium should be
PLATEAU STATE
value indices (IVI) were determined in each of
the habitat types. Physico-chemical analysis of
soil samples at 0-15cm depth in each of the
habitat types were determined using standard
methods. A total of 57 plant species from 30
families
were
encountered.
Mimosaceae,
Combretaceae, Anacardiaceae and Clusiaceae
were the most dominant families in the forest
reserve. In the Gallery Forest, the most
numerically strongest species was Syzygium
guineense which was also the most frequent
species. In the Savanna habitat, the most
numerically strongest species was Lantana
camara, while Dicrostachys cinerea was the most
frequent, while in the Rocky Outcrops, Lantana
camara was the most numerically strongest and
also the most frequent. The community in the
Gallery Forest was named as Syzygium-BosciaHarungana, while the community of the Savanna
habitat Jasminum-Dicrostachys-Lantana and the
community in the Rocky Outcrops ErythrinaPachystela-Lantana. Amurum Forest was thus
named Syzygium-Jasminum-Erythrina. The codominant species in the Gallery Forest were
Ochna schuieinfurthiana, Guarea sp and Combretum
molle while that of the Savanna habitats were
Syzygium
guineense,
Combretum
fragrans,
Terminalia laxiflora and for the Rocky Outcrops
Parkia biglobosa, Albizia zygia, Dicrostachys
cinerea and Acacia ataxacantha. All other species
could be referred to as scarce. Species wise,
Lantana camara was found to be the important
dominant species contributing high IVI in both
the savanna and rocky habitats with high
distribution and abundance, though of low stem
girth. The Sorenson's similarity index showed
established at the A.P
leventis Ornithological
Research Institute to
preserve plant specimens
and further enhance plant
identification.
Further Resaerch should be
carried out on the indicator
species recorded, and also on
Lantana camara to check its
invasive nature and
allelopathic qualities.
51.
OMOTOWA,
BUNMI KEMI
PGS/20042005/4010
388
ASSESSMENT OF
THE NUTRITIONAL
AND GROWTH
ENHANCEMENT
QUALITY OF SOME
BRANDS OF MILK
ON SELECTED
BACTERIA
APRIL,
2009
high dissimilarity among the three habitat types,
as only 3 species were simultaneously common
to the three habitat types. Shannon's index of
diversity showed the Rocky Outcrops to be
more diverse and species distribution more even
than in the other two habitats. The pH of the
soils was generally acidic. The difference
between the three habitats for both organic
matter and percentage total nitrogen was not
significant (P=0.05). The variations in the
exchangeable cations in the three habitats were
highly significant (P=0.01) for calcium and
magnesium. For the micronutrient elements,
copper and zinc the variations were highly
significant (P=0.01) for zinc and significant for
copper (P=0.05). The survey has revealed
information on the rich and diverse floristic
composition of the forest reserve, the
community types present and provided
information on the edaphic properties therein
which can henceforth serve as base line data.
Studies were carried out on the nutritional and growth
enhancement quality of four brands of milk selected
based on consumer preference. These were 'Cowbell',
'Jago', 'Milcow' and 'Peak' milk powder. Their nutritional
facts showed that they had similar composition except
'Cowbell' that contained vegetable fat 26%. Growth
enhancement quality was assessed using Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum
while Standard milk agar (SMA) was used as control.
Various milk media were prepared using the stipulated
milk and various protein sources which included
'daddawa' (locust beans) yeast powder, yeast extract and
peptone. Nutritional quality of the milk media were
assessed based on proximate and elemental analysis of
the composed media. There were no significant
Further studies into the
physiological of the protein
substitute on the
micoorganisms used needs
to be carried out.
52.
BALA, DAVID
JEREMIAH
PGS/20062007/4010
545
BACTERIOLOGICA
L AND
PHYSICOCHEMICA
L ASSESSMENT OF
WASTE WATER
FROM ALEB
PHARMACEUTICAL
COMPANY IN
MINNA, NIGER
STATE
DECEM
BER,
2010
differences in the carbohydrate, fat, protein and moisture
content of the compounded milk media and SMA as well
as elemental contents such as sulphur, phosphorus,
potassium S. aureus had the least viable count on all
composed milk media (3.1 x 104- 13.0 x 104 cfu/ml)
while the highest viable counts were obtained in L.
plantarum (0.1 x 106 - 2.0 X 106 cfu/ml). Total viable
counts on E. coli were within (0.9 x 106 - l.8 X 106
cfu/ml) on the various milk media. Total viable counts of
S. aureus on the locally compounded media and SMA
were significantly different. However, there were no
significant differences in total viable counts for both E.
coli and L. plantarum on the locally compounded media
and SMA. Generally, media containing ‘Cowbell’ milk
powder had the highest total viable counts (13.0 x 104
cfu/ml, l.8 x 106 cfu/ml and 2.0 x 106 cfu/ml) for S.
aureus, E coli and L. plantarum respectively showing
‘Cowbell’ in conjunction with 'daddawa' and edible yeast
powder as the best milk of choice for compounding milk
agar locally.
A total of 108 wastewater samples were collected for a
period of three (3) months and analysed for
bacteriological and physicochemical properties. The
wastewater were collected from the point of discharge
(PA), point of contact with the external environment (PB)
and downstream of Chanchaga river (PC). The results of
this study revealed that the Chanchaga river and its
environment were polluted by wastewater discharge from
the factory. The downstream of Chanchaga river (PC)
had higher bacteria counts than the other sampling sites.
The bacteria isolated were E. coli, Salmonella sp.,
Klebsiella sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,
Clostridium sp and Streptococcus faecalis. The mean
total viable counts ranged from 4.8 x 104cfu/ml to 3.0 x
108 cfu/ml, 2.0 x 107 cfu/ml to 4.0 x 108 cfu/ml for total
Further studies should be
carried out particularly on
heavy metals contents of the
pharmaceutical wastewater
and the receiving
chanchanga river.
coliform counts, 1.3 x 103 cfu/ml to 3.0 x 108 cfu/ml for
Salmonella/Shigella counts, 340MPN/100ml to ≥
1600MPN/100ml for faecal coliform (E. coli) and no
Clostridium were detected in PA while PB and PC had
Clostridium counts of 2.0 x 103 cfu/ml and 1.0 x 103
cfu/ml respectively only in June. Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) of the data showed that there were significant
difference between the counts at 5% level of significance
(P<0.05) while there was no significant difference
between the mean total viable counts, total coliform
counts and Salmonella/Shigella counts for PA and PB.
The PC faecal coliform (E. coli) counts were higher than
the acceptable maximum limits (Ocfu/ml) prescribed by
WHO for potable water. Some physicochemical
parameters' were above WHO and FEPA acceptable
limit. Physicochemical analysis revealed presence of
nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. One way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant
difference in the levels of the physicochemical
parameters studied at 5% level. While the mean values
for temperature, sulphate and phosphate for PA and PB
were not significantly different from each other. Heavy
metals detected were iron and zinc while chromium, lead
and copper were not detected. The concentrations of the
heavy metals were generally low. The mean
concentration for iron ranged from 0.185mg/l to
0.741mg/l. while zinc ranged from 0.335mg/l to
0.367mg/l. The results of this study revealed that
discharged untreated pharmaceutical wastewater into the
environment and Chanchaga river pollutes the river with
pathogenic bacteria and some heavy metals. This poses a
health risk and could be hazardous to human health
especially to the communities that use water from the
river for domestic purposes. There is therefore, the need
for wastewater treatment facility to be installed in the
pharmaceutical factory to reduce the risk of health hazard
53.
DAUDA,
HASSAN
PGS/0405/401038
4
PHYTOSOCIOLOGI
CAL STUDY OF
ABUBAKAR
TAFAWA BALEWA
UNIVERSITY
(ATBU), GUBI
CAMPUS, BAUCHI.
NOVEM
BER,
2010
54.
SALEH,
HAFSAT
PGS/20012002/4010
THE PREVALENCE
OF TRICHOMONAS
SEPTEM
BER,
on the users of Chanchaga river. There is thus a need for
constant monitoring of the industrial wastewater
discharged into the environment.
Phytosociological study of Gubi campus of the Abubakar Further studies are required
Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU) Bauchi was on the phytodiversity of the
conducted, using the Point Center Quarter method campus.
(PCQ). The study area has a total land area of 48 km2; the
study area was divided into four (4) sites. Twenty
sampling points were taken in each site, 100m transect
was laid and the sampling point located at intervals of
10m. At this point, an imaginary line perpendicular to the
transect was drawn, this line and transect divide the
world into four quarters. In every quarter the nearest tree
to the sampling point was counted and the quarter
number recorded, the distance from the sampling point to
the tree and the diameter at breast height was measured.
Plant species composition, density, frequency, coverage
and importance value indices (I.V.I) were determined.
The community of the study area was established by the
dominant species and designated as Anogeissus-ParkiaSclerocarya woodland. Two families were found to be
leading in terms of species representations. They are
Combretaceae and Mimosaceae. Anogeissus leiocarpus
and scelerocarya birea, has the highest numerical
strength, species with least I.V.I were Pteleopsis
suberosa and Vittelaria paradoxa. Shannon Wiener's
index ranged between 2.2 to 2.5 indicates the vegetation
is reasonably diverse. Jaccard index showed similarity
between site 3 and 4, there was generally dissimilarity
between the other sites, index ranged between 0.2 to 0.7.
Vegetation in Gubi campus was observed to be under
threat from anthropogenic activities. There is thus the
need for University authority to device measures to
conserve the vegetation.
One thousand (1000) vaginal swabs were randomly
collected from pregnant women attending ante-natal
55.
ALIYU
58
VAGINALIS AMONG
PREGNANT
WOMEN
ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINICS IN
TWO HOSPITALS IN
BAUCHI, NIGERIA
2010
ALEXANDER,
SINDAMA
PGS/0506/401053
4
ECOLOGICAL
STUDIES OF
ALGAE IN
SHADAWANKA
RIVER, B AUCHI,
NIGERIA.
OCTOB
ER, 2010
clinics in Specialist Hospital and Ni'ima clinics in
Bauchi, Nigeria. Two hundred and thirty one (23.10%)
pregnant women were infected with Trichomonas
vaginalis. The prevalence of the infection was higher
among pregnant women in the age group 31-40 years
(59.00%). Amongst the infected pregnant women
(90.18%) had vaginal discharge and itching as symptoms
of trichomoniasis, while the remaining 9.82% had
discharge only. The prevalence (57.05%) was obtained
from infected pregnant women that had no formal
education. The prevalence was also higher (82.11%)
among pregnant women from polygamous marriages,
therefore multiple sexual partners should be discouraged
since it leads to higher prevalence of sexually transmitted
diseases, particularly trichomoniasis. Asymptomatic
infection was recorded in l.63% of the women with
positive result for trichomoniasis. These findings confirm
the need to raise the awareness of all pregnant women on
issues of trichomoniasis, and for all pregnant women to
undergo screening for Trichomonas vaginalis during
ante-natal period.
An ecological study of algae in Shadawanka River was
carried out for 8 months (February - September 2007).
Three algal communities were studied namely:
Phytoplankton, Epiphyton and Epilithon. A total of 756
algal species from six classes were identified namely:
Baccillariophyceae (57.0%), Chlorophyceae (27.0%),
Cyanophyceae
(7.5%),
Euglenophyceae
(7.1%),
Xanthophyceae (l%), and the Phaeophyceae (0.4%).
Three "Harmful" algal species were identified namely;
Anabaena sp, Microcystis sp and Oscillatoria sp.
Correlation analysis showed that, harmful algal biomass
increased with increase in total algal biomass. Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and pH were
generally high during the dry season. pH increases with
56.
ANDREW,
YUNANA
BAHUYAK
PGS/40105
1
PROTOZOAN AND
HELMINTH
PARASITIC STAGES
ASSOCIATED WITH
REFUSE DUMPS
AND HOUSEFLIES
(MUSCA
DOMESTICA) OF
THE DUMPS IN
BAUCHI, NIGERIA
SEPTEM
BER,
2010
increase in Electrical Conductivity and Rainfall. DO
increases with increase in rainfall and BOD. There was a
total absence of Phaeophyceae during the rainy season.
This suggests that they were being highly influenced by
high levels of nutrients, low temperature and higher flow
rate of the river. Baccillariophyceae had the highest
abundance in all the stations, seasons and communities
followed by Chlorophyceae which tended to decline with
increase in flow and with reduction in nutrients.
A survey on the parasites associated with refuse dumps
was carried out in five dump sites in Bauchi, Nigeria.
The objective of the study was to identify and quantify
parasitic stages association with refuse dump in Bauchi
using saturated sodium chloride floatation technique and
Stoll's egg count method. Eighteen different parasitic
stages which comprised of 10 helminths and 8 protozoan
were recovered. Helminths recovered include Ascaris
spp. 39(9.6%), Hookworms 25(6.1%), Taenia spp. 29
(7.1%),
Strongyloides
stercoralis
55(13.5%),
Dicrocoelium spp. 1(0.2%), Oesophagostonum spp. 2
(0.4 %), Schistosoma spp. 1(0.2 %), Trichostrongylus
spp. 39(9.6%), Enterobuim vermicularis 3(0.7%) and
Fasciola sp. 1(0.2%) while the protozoans were
Balantidium coli 2(0.5%), Eimeria spp. 46(11.3%),
Cryptosporidium pervum 21(5.1%), Cyclospora spp. 32
(7.9%), Isospora belli 16(3.9%), Giardia lamblia
7(1.7%), Entamoeba histolytica 60(14.8%) and
Entamoeba coli 27 (6.8%). The common parasites in all
the sites were Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides
stercoralis , Eimeria spp. and Ascaris lumbricoides. The
prevalence of the identified parasitic stages on dump sites
are as follows: Wunti market 20.9%, Yelwa area 19.9%,
Shadawanka Barracks and Muda- Lawal market were
both 16.9% each, and Railway/Dutse-Tanshi areas 16%.
There was no statistically significant differences (P>0.05)
in the distribution of the identified parasitic stages
57.
HAMMA,
GARBA
MISAU
PGS/20042005/4010
382
INCIDENCE OF
OVINE
NEMATODIASIS
AMONG DOMESTIC
SHEEP IN LIMAN
KATAGUM AND
BUNUNU, BAUCHI
STATE NIGERIA
AUGUS
T, 2010
between these sites. The distribution of the parasitic
stages between the collected specimens shows significant
difference (P<0.05). Non-human faecal specimens had
the highest with 44.6%, human (33.5%), sludge and
debris were 12.3% and 9.6% respectively. Four different
types of parasitic stages were identifies from 534
houseflies collected and examined. These were:
Entamoeba histolytica 63(53.4%), Entamoeba coli
42(32.6%), Taenia spp. 8(6.8%) and Ascaris spp
5(4.2%). The findings revealed that dump sites are
reservoirs to parasitic agents in Bauchi and adequate
measures must be taken to properly dispose these wastes
to avoid diseases such as cholera, dysentery and
helminthiasis. The need for public enlightenment
campaign and education in schools on waste management
and disposal is advocated.
An investigation of the incidence of Ovine nematodiasis
was carried out among 368 sheep in Liman Katagum and
Bununu. The categorization of the sheep was based on
their sex and age. One hundred and four faecal samples
of 184 sheep were collected from Liman Katagurn and
Bununu each and brought to laboratory in the
Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University, Bauchi for examination of parasite
eggs. Floatation and sedimentation techniques were
employed to detect the parasite eggs. Out of 184 sheep
examined in Liman Katagurn 58(31.52%) and the 09
(4.89%) were positive. There was significant difference
indicated between the two areas (P< 0.05). Out of 184
sheep examined in the wet season, 28(15.22%) were
positive and in 184 sheep examined in dry season 39
(21.16%) were positive. There was no significant
difference between the seasons (P>0.05). Out of 214
male sheep, 34 (15.90%) sheep were positive and out of
154 females, 33 (21.43%) were positive, this shows there
was no significant difference between the sexes (P>0.05).
58.
GABRIEL,
UCHECHUKW
U IHESIULOR
59.
HABIB, MUSA
PGS/0506/401053
9
BACTERIOLOGICA
L STUDY OF
WOUND
INFECTIONS IN
AMINU KANO
TEACHING
HOSPITAL (AKTH),
KANO.
DECEM
BER,
2010
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES OF
FERMENTATIVE
CAPACITIES OF
BAKER’S YEAST
NOVEM
BER,
2010
Out of 282 adult sheep examined only 46(16.31%) were
positive and out of 86 young sheep examined, 21
(24.42%) were positive with no significant difference
indicated between the adult and young animals (P >0.05).
The aerobic and anaerobic microbiological analysis of
wound infection in 750 patients was undertaken at the
Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, from february to
may 2008. Wound swabs were aseptically collected and
processed using standard microbial techniques via
culture, gram staining, plate reading, biochemical and
antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The infection rate
was sixty six(66%) percent. A total of 612(66%) aerobic
bacterial (single and multiple isolate) were isolated from
this study, among which 342(55.9%) were from males
while 270(44.1%) were from females. Also, a total of
285(31%) anaerobes, and Candida albicans 30(3%) were
also isolated in this study. On the whole, Staphylococcus
aureus 66(21.6%) was the commonest organisms
isolated. Escherichia coli 46(17%), Proteus mirabilis
35(13.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 31(11.4%) and
Streptocuccus pyogene 2(.6%) were isolated. There was
no significant statistical difference (p<O.05) between
variance of bacteria isolated from male and female. All
the organisms isolated showed very good sensitivity to
Ciprofloxacine, Cefotaxime, Gentamicin, Augmentin,
and Ofloxacin, while most of the organisms were
resistant to Penicillin, and Ampicillin. It was therefore,
concluded that wound care practitioners must know how
to recognize and manage signs and consequences of
clinically infected wounds and that age is vital in the
determination of prevalence of bacterial isolates.
Six strains of wild yeasts identified as Saccharomyces
and Candida spp were isolated from local beverages
namely burukutu, pito, palm wine and kunun zaki. The
strains were compared with industrial strains of three
brands of commercial baker's yeasts, (Yeast Royal, Yeast
AND LOCAL YEAST
STRAINS
ISOLATED FROM
BEVERAGES.
60.
MUHAMMAD, PGS/06MUHAMMAD 07/401054
2
ETHNO-BOTANY
OF SUPPORT ZONE
COMMUNITIES
AND SURVEY OF
EXOTIC PLANTS IN
YANKARI GAME
RESERVE USING
GIS
DECEM
BER,
2010
Ferment and Yeast Foodmont) using specific marker
characteristics which include fermentative ability, growth
at elevated temperatures, growth in the presence of 3%
and 10% sodium chloride, growth in 50% glucose and
dough leavening ability in both sugared and unsugared
dough. Student 't' test analysis of mean performance on
the industrial and wild yeast strains showed no
significant difference (P>0.05). This study shows the
feasibility of leavening bread dough with wild strains of
Saccharomyces and related species in place of
commercial baker's yeasts which are imported into
Nigeria.
The study was conducted to generate baseline data for the
conservation and sustainable use of the ethno-botanics in
the support zone communities and the exotic plant
species in Yankari Game Reserve. The study objectives
were to determine the ethno-botanical practice of support
zone communities and the status of exotic plants species
in the reserve. Extent of anthropogenic activities was
determined by distribution of 140 questionnaires in 14
communities, the selection of these communities was
based on their proximity to the reserve through the use of
Buffer command in Arch view GIS. PCQ was used to
determine the Phytosociological status of exotic plants
and the plants were mapped using Geographic
Information System (GIS). The existing map was
Scanned, Geoferenced, digitized, plotted with the
attribute table and edited. From the result, people of the
support zone communities interact with plants of Yankari
Game Reserve in form of collection of timber and nontimber forest products for firewood, fodder for animals,
food and for medicinal purposes. There are five exotic
plants in the reserve namely; Azadirachta indica in the
family meliaceae, Butea monosperma in the family
Febaceae, Delonic regia in the family Caesalpiniaceae,
Eucalyptus globulus in the family Myrtaceae and
61.
OLABODE,
RONKE
HADIYAT
PGS/20052006/4010
536
ANTIBIOGRAM
PATTERN OF
BACTERIA AND
YEASTS ISOLATED
FROM CHILDREN
WITH OTITIS
MEDIA
ATTENDING THE
SPECIALIST
HOSPITAL BAUCHI
AND EVALUATION
OF ITS
ASSOCIATED RISK
FACTORS.
APRIL,
2011
Gmelina aborea in the family Verbenaceae, with 53.3,
15.0,5.3, 13.1 and 7.6 IVI respectively. Finally there is a
need for further research on whether the exotic plants
have any allelophatic effects on the indigenous ones.
Eucalyptus species absorbs more water which leads to
drought, as a result, planting it should be discouraged and
the communities should be enlightened on how to use the
reserve resources.
A survey of Otitis media in children attending the ENT
clinic of the Specialist Hospital, Bauchi was conducted to
determine its prevalence, isolate organisms associated
with the onset of infection and to evaluate its associated
risk factors. A total of 400 ear swabs specimens were
collected from infant and children within the ages of 0-12
years. All samples were cultured on MaConkey agar
(MCA), Blood agar (BA), Chocolate agar (CA) and
Saboraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates and yielded the
following organisms which include Staphylococcus
aureus,
Proteus
mirabilis,
Escherichia
coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus species,
Diptheroid, Other species of Staphylococcus ,Klebssiella
spp and most notably the isolation of Candida albicans.
S.aureus accounted for the most occurring organism with
a prevalence of 34.94%. These bacterial isolates were
tested against selected antibiotics which include
tetracycline, gentamicin, ampiclox, chloramphenicol,
augmentin,
erythromycin,
cotrimoxazole
and
ciprofloxacin, using disc diffusion method. Ciprofloxcin
was the most active antibiotic with tetracycline been the
least. An overall assessment of the antibiotics sensitivity
pattern indicated 75.43% activity and 24.57% resistance.
Isolates of C. albicans were tested against some selected
orally administer antifungal agents such as fluconazole,
ketoconazole, griseofulvin and terbinafine using
microdilution tube method. All antifungal drugs showed
activity against isolated yeasts. While the MIC and MFC
Further studies should be
encouraged to monitor and
maintain active in the
changing trends of causative
agents, antibiotics
susceptibility, associated risk
factors and other laboratory
diagnostic method.
62.
JOSHUA,
SIMON
BAGUDU
PGS/20042005/4010
380
DETERMINATION
OF SOURCES AND
DISTRIBUTION OF
SOME HEAVY
METALS USING
VEGETABLES AS
BIOINDICATOR IN
AN INDUSTRIAL
LAYOUT, JOS.
APRIL,
2011
showed that terbinafine was the most active and
fluconazole was the least. Generally, no known resistance
was observed among these antifungal drugs. Risk factors
associated with OM were evaluated using a structured
questionnaire and there was no relationship between
types of Otitis media and sex, family history of Otitis
media and underlying infection, age and forms of Otitis
media, sex and number of persons co-habiting in a room
while there was significant relationship between age and
sex, mode of feeding and type of energy sources at
p≤0.01. This study reveals that Otitis media is a common
childhood and a multifactorial infection within the
studied area. Therefore, lifestyles that minimize the risk
of developing ear infection is hereby advocated such as
encouraging breast feeding and feeding of children in
upright posture when using bottle feeders, avoidance of
exposure to passive smoke, routine check-up should be
done to monitor the onset of Otitis media, good personal
hygiene, increase in maternal level of awareness,
prophylaxis with antibiotics following known exposure
and predisposing factors and avoidance of haphazard use
of antibiotics during therapy is hereby recommended.
Most importantly mycological investigation should
supplement the normal routine bacteriological
investigation.
The study was carried out on the distributions of eight
selected heavy metals both from the effluent, soil and
three selected vegetables as bioindicators in the industrial
layout in Jos. Samples of effluent from point sources, soil
and vegetables (cabbage, lettuce and spinach) were all
processed differently and underwent digestion with
HN03, H202 and HCI acids and standard amount were
analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals.
The contribution in terms of pollution load of heavy
metals was significantly high for the effluent and the soil.
The Nigerian Bottling Company effluent had the highest
63.
BRAH,
BUKAR
MALLAM
PGS/0506/401052
8
HAEMATOLOGICA
L PARAMETERS
AMONG
PLASMODIAL
PARASITIZED HIVINFECTED
PATIENTS IN
GENERAL
HOSPITAL
POTISKUM, YOBE
STATE.
mean concentration of 0.168mg/I. This has caused the
accumulation of these metals in the vegetables with
bioaccumulation properties ranging in the order; cabbage
with the highest mean concentrations of heavy metals
with 1.23mg/kg followed by lettuce with l.096mg/kg and
the least was spinach with 0.953mg/kg. With this,
frequent eating of these vegetables could lead to some
health impacts due to their toxicity. The implications of
these were discussed and suggestions proffered to this
practice which if continued, may put the entire
consumers of these vegetables at risk.
MARCH, This study attempted an investigation of the effect of
2011
HIV/Malaria co-in fection on haematological parameters
of co-infected adults in Yobe State. A total of 150
subjects were enrolled in this study consisting of 50
patients with HIV and malaria as study subjects, 50
controls with HIV infection/AIDS alone and another 50
controls
with
malaria
alone.
Immunological,
parasitological and haematological tests were carried out
using standard methods. Out of the 50 co-infected
subjects, 48 (96.0%) had Plasmodium falciparum while
2(4.0%) had Plasmodium vivax malaria. In the 50
controls with malaria alone, 46 (92.0%) had P.
Jalciparum while 4(8.0%) had P. vivax. No mixed
infections were detected in the subjects. Analysis of full
blood count showed a statistically significant difference
between the haemoglobin (Hb), Packed Cell Volume
(PCV) and eosinophil count of subjects co-infected with
HIV/malaria and HIV infected controls (p<0.05). There
is also a statistically significant difference between
monocyte and eosinophil count in co-infection and in
malaria (p≤0.05). The incidence of anaemia (86.0%;
74.0%), leucopenia (38.0%; 34.0%), thrombocytopenia
(54.0%; 12.0%), and neutropenia (14.0%; 10.0%) were
found to be significantly higher in co-infection compared
to HIV infection/AIDS only. The incidence of anaemia
64.
MOHAMMED,
SHEHU
PGS/20002001/4010
29
THE
PHANEROPHYTES
OF THE RIPARIAN
VEGETATION OF
RIVER DILIMI IN
LAME-BURRA
GAME RESERVE,
BAUCHI STATE,
NIGERIA
(86.0%; 60.0%). thrombocytopenia (52.0%; 50.0%),
neutropenia (14.0%; 8.0%) and leucopenia (38.0%;
32.0%) were also significantly higher in co-infection
compared to malaria only. Hb and PCV were negatively
correlated with parasite density in co-infected subjects
(r=-0.411, p=0.003; r=-0.392, p=0.005). Eosinophilia was
positively correlated with parasite density (r=0.431,
p=0.002). In those with malaria alone, both Hb and PCV
were negatively correlated with parasite density (r=0.446, p=0.001; r=-0.45, p=0.001). Incidence of
cytopenia appears significantly higher in co-infection
compared to malaria or HIV infection/AIDS alone hence
the need for regular anti-malaria prophylaxis for HIV
infected patients in Nigeria.
MARCH, Reconnaissance survey of the phanerophytes in the
2011
riparian vegetation along River Dilimi in Lame-Burra
Game Reserve (LMBGR), Bauchi State was conducted in
2007. Three important ecological parameters of species
inventory, soil textural classes and soil nutrient status
were studied and the data analysed using simple
percentage and descriptive statistics. Ten sites were
randomly selected in the riparian vegetation along River
Dilimi and transects laid. The plotless sampling
technique of Point Centred Quarter Method (PCQ) was
used. The research covered only the trees and shrubs in
the studied area. The research findings revealed that there
were 45 different species belonging to 19 different
families: Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Combretaceae,
Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae,
Burseraceae,
Chrysobalanaceae,
Ebenaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Papilionaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Tiliaceae, and
Verbenaceae. Thirty five species were trees while the
remaining ten were shrubs. Acacia ataxacantha has the
highest frequency and density of 100% in all the transects
while Abrus precatorius, Acacia hockii, Guiera
65.
MAHMUD,
YERIMA
ILIYASU
PGS/0506/401052
6
SEROPREVALENCE OF
DIARRHOEAGENIC
Escherichia coli
INFECTIONS
AMONG YOUNG
CHILDREN IN
BAUCHI STATE.
APRIL,
2011
senegalensis and Terminalia avicenniodes have the least
frequency and density. The vegetation was named as
Acacia - Securinega - Senna community based on the IVI
values compared to other species. Laboratory analysis of
the soil physico-chemical properties revealed the texture
of 52.54% sand, 17.36% silt and 30.10% clay,
characterizing the soil as Sandy Clay Loam. The mean
pHw of 5.62 and pHc of 4.95 were recorded, indicating
acidity of the soil. Mean organic matter was 17.30%
indicating high nutrient turnover, mean value for nitrogen
was 1.47%. The exchangeable cations were having mean
values (meq/l00g) of 16.0, 8.0, 1.20, 0.28 and 0.30 for P,
Ca, Mg, K and Na respectively. Evidences of
anthropogenic encroachment in terms of light bush
burning and heavy utilization (de-barking and
cutting/felling) were noticed. The need for synergy for
protection of the riparian vegetation by the government,
the peri-game reserve dwellers and other NGOs need not
to be emphasized in the fight against climate change
(Global Warming). Recommendations on how to fully
protect, and conserve the LMBGR for posterity have also
been given.
Sero-prevalence of diarrhoeagenic E. coli infections
among young children was evaluated in 300 children
with diarrhoea and 200 children without diarrhoea.
Among these children, 247 (49.4%) were younger than
12 months, (P=0.788, P>0.02). Most of the children were
males 314 (62.8%) and majority of the diarrhoeal cases
293 (60.8%) were mild; where ETEC 30.5% (18 of 59)
was found in severe cases. Of all the eight pathotype
identified as associated with diarrhoea, ETEC serogroup
O130 was the most frequent organism isolated
significantly, (P=0.333,P>0.05) more often in children
with diarrhoea 20.3% (59 of 293) than in those without
6.9% (13 of 189). EPEC serotype O21 was more
frequently isolated in the control subjects 20.6% (39 of
66.
OKPALA,
NELLY
NONSO
PGS/0506/401052
7
INCIDENCE OF COINFECTION OF
ENTERIC
SALMONELLA AND
SCHISTOSOMA IN
KACHIA LOCAL
GOVERNMENT,
KADUNA STATE,
NIGERIA.
APRIL,
2011
189) than in patients 10.9% (32 of 293). Cytotoxicity
assay indicated that 41.5% (200 of 482) of the isolates
showed significant agglutination, where 19.5% (39 of
200) were ETEC and 17% (34 of 200) were EIEC. While
50.6% (244 of 482) significantly showed a-haemolysis,
of which ETEC 19.8% (48 of 244) is more prevalent
followed by CLDTEC 18.4 (45 of 244). The incidence of
diarrhoea showed marked seasonality with significantly
high rates recorded in May-October than in NovemberApril (P=0.977, P>0.01). Most of the serogroups
exhibited high level of multidrug resistance in diarrhoeal
cases to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and
imipenem, with relatively higher frequency observed in
ETEC and EAEC. However, there was a remarkable
response to newer generation of cephalosporin and
quinolones, with amikacin and metronidazole. These
results show the occurrence of all the diarrhoeagenic E.
coli serotypes as the cause of gastroenteritis, with ETEC
being more prevalent in the study area followed by
EPEC. The emergence of high rate of multidrug
resistance to commonly used antibiotics should guide the
clinicians in applying anti-diarrhoeal therapy.
Incidence of the co-infection of enteric Salmonella and
Schistosoma was studied. Urine, stool and blood
specimens were obtained from five hundred (500)
volunteers from two hospitals located in Kachia local
government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Five hundred
comprised; 280(56%) were adult women, 157(31.4%)
adult men within the age range of 16-26>years, 30(6%)
female children and 33 (6.6%) were male children within
the age range of 1-15<years. Infected population was 133
(26.6%) and mean age ± SD of infected population was
19.62 ± SD 6.62 years. Salmonella typhi was isolated
from stool (34.72%), urine (18.05%) and blood (47.22%)
samples of 72 (14.40%) subjects, mean age ± SD was
22.3 ± 6.08 years for females and 20.5 ± 5.07 years for
67.
GARBA,
ADAMU
PGS/20012002/4010
72
PHYTOSOCIOLOGI
CAL STUDIES ON
WOODY SPECIES
IN AND AROUND
LAME-BURRA
MAY,
2011
males. Schistosoma mansoni was isolated from stool
samples of 62 (12.20%) subjects. mean age ±SD was
16.54 ± 6.84 years for females and 17.86 ± 6.61 years for
males. Population with dual infection was 27(5.4%)
subjects and mean age ± SD was 22.82 ± 4.89 years.
There was no significant difference (P>0.05) of infection
between the age groups but there was significant
difference (P>0.05) between males and females infected
with Schistosoma masoni. Antibiotic sensitivity test
carried out to determine if multi drug resistant of enteric
Salmonella spp was related to co-infection of Salmonella
typhi and Schistosoma mansoni showed that there was no
significant difference (P>0.05) between enteric
Salmonella isolates from individuals with dual infection
and those with only Salmonella typhi infection.
Statistical analysis (P>0.05) using Chi-tests(X2) to
determine if there was an association between Salmonella
typhi infection and Schistosoma mansoni infection
showed a strong association. Results from this research
suggests co-infection of enteric Salmonella and
Schistosoma mansoni in kachia local government as
approximately one in four persons were infected with
either enteric Salmonella or /and Schistosoma mansonii
which indicates that enteric Salmonella and Schistosornia
spp is endemic in Kachia local government, consequently
typhoid treatment will be difficult to manage. Hence, in
areas like Kachia, patients with recurrent typhoid should
be screened and treated for schistosomiasis in addition to
treatment for typhoid. Educating the public about the coinfection or enteric Salmonella and Schistosoma is also
paramount in the prevention and control of typhoid fever.
Phytosociological parameters were used to investigate
ecological interruption at four different sites in and
around Lame-Burra Game Reserve (LBGR). This was
prompted because of the serious lack of data on the
magnitude of resource exploitation in the reserve, the
GAME RESERVE,
BAUCHI STATE.
under estimation of economic and social values of the
reserve and the need to have a baseline information for
monitoring of exploitation and restoration. Two transect
lines of 100m each were used in each of the four sites.
The two sites outside the reserve (unprotected) were
located close to human settlement at Yuga and Jenge.
The other two sites were within the reserve adjacent to
the respective communities (protected) and served as the
control experiment. At the sites the point centered quarter
method as described by (Causton, 1988) were
undertaken. The parameters determine include: Point plant distance, girth at breast height, frequency, density,
coverage, importance value index and the soil
physicochemical properties in all the sites were
determined. The result of the study indicated low species
diversity, low Phytosociological parameters and low
values of soil physicochemical properties in the
unprotected site as compared to values obtained in the
protected sites at one of the location (Yuga).While at the
other location (Jenge) the result showed higher
biodiversity index and species area cover in the disturbed
site; and higher values were recorded for species density
in the undisturbed site. Higher organic matter content and
higher sand content were also recorded in disturbed site.
The first case revealed the fact that the woodland outside
the boundary of the reserve cannot support the level of
human activities and therefore, can not provide the
required buffer or support to the game reserve. The
second case of Jenge was an indication of very recent
occupation of the reserve by a human population. The
results have also indicated that species such as: Daniella
olivera, Afzelia africana, Taminalia microptera,
Pterocarpus erinaceous were under very serious threats
because of their high value in timber and charcoal
production. Therefore, scientific studies to maximize
timber yield of these species and making available
68.
MOHAMMED,
SAMINU
CHARANCHI
PGS/0506/401053
2
ANTIBIOGRAM
PATTERNS AND
SOCIOECONOMIC
IMPACTS OF
BACTERIAL
ISOLATES FROM
HIV AND NON-HIV
PATIENTS WITH
UROGENITAL
TRACT
INFECTIONS
ATTENDING
FEDERAL
MEDICAL CENTRE
GOMBE.
2011
altemative source of domestic energy should be
considered by the appropriate authority and protection
activity need to be strengthened.
Swab samples of the urogenital tract were aseptically
collected from a total of 1,368 individuals presented with
symptoms of urogenital tract infections at federal medical
centre, Gombe from 13th May, to 18th December, 2009.
These were subjected to microscopy, culture and
sensitivity testing using Abtec® and Oxoid®
international sensitivity discs. Among them were 157
urethral swabs, 346 endocervical swabs and 865 high
vaginal swabs. In all the patients involved, 1,210 were
HIV -negative and from them 282 bacterial isolates of 11
different species were identified and subjected to the
antibiotic sensitivity testing. Erythromycin was most
active against N gonorrhea (100%), sparfloxacin against
Ps. aeruginosa (80.0%) and gentamicin against K.
pneumoniae (48.7%). The remaining 158 patients
involved, were HIV-positive and from them 30 isolates
of 8 different bacterial species were identified and
subjected to the same antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Haemophilus sp were sensitive to all but cotrimoxazole
and fusidin. Augmentin (77.8%) was most active drug
against S. aureus and gentamycin (85.7%) against E. coli.
Using SPSS 14, statistical correlation of educational
levels to bacterial isolates indicated a weak and
insignificant relationship in both sexes (p>0.01). Only 21
patients claimed to be using condom always while
highest bacterial isolates (41.8%) was observed among
those who used it occasionally. Higher incidence of
26.3% was observed among patients with multiple
partners as compared to 22.6% observed in those with
single partners. This work observed the need for the
hospital to provide partner notification and treatment as
well as early and correct diagnosis. It also recommended
the use of augmentin, gentimicin and sparfloxacin in
69.
YAHAYA,
ABDULLAHI
PGS/0405/602010
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
STUDENTS’
GENDER, SCIENCE
REASONING
ABILITY AND
THEIR
UNDERSTANDING
OF BASIC SCIENCE
CONCEPTS AT
JUNIOR
SECONDARY
SCHOOL LEVEL.
JUNE,
2011
syndromic treatment, where laboratory investigations are
not available.
The main purpose of the study was to find out the
relationship between junior secondary school students’
gender, science reasoning ability and their understanding
of the basic science concepts. Five research Questions
and four hypotheses guided the study, the methodology
adopted for the study was a correlational survey, the area
of the study covered all junior secondary schools (JSS) in
Yobe State. The Sample of the study comprised of all
JSS 3 of Yobe State. A total of three hundred and forty
two, (342) students were sampled out of a total
population of 5432 JSS 3 students across the state, the
sample for the study was drawn out of the eighteen (18)
schools sampled from the three educational zones. The
sampling procedure adopted was a stratified random
sampling and the parameter for the stratification is
gender. The instrument was pilot tested and its reliability
was determined using Kuder-Richardson (KR-21)
formula. The value obtained for this was KR-21 =0.
9583. The following statistical tools were used for the
analysis of the data and testing the hypotheses;
regression, point biserial correlation, Pearson correlation,
frequency and percentages, all the hypotheses were tested
at 0.05 a -level. Findings from the study indicated that
there was a significant relationship between JSS 3
students' gender, science reasoning ability and students’
understanding of the basic science concepts. There was
no significant correlation between gender and JSS 3
students' understanding of basic science concepts. There
was significant correlation between JSS 3 students'
science reasoning ability and their understanding of basic
science concepts. There was significant relationship
between the three levels of science reasoning ability
(Intuitive thinkers, and reflective thinkers) and their
understanding of basic science concepts. Some of the
Suggestion for Further
Research Based on the
limitations and findings of
this study, the researcher
made to following
suggestions for further
research work. A similar
study can be replicated
elsewhere in a different
setting to see the variability
in the students reasoning
ability and the influence of
gender. There is also the
need for more researches
that would aim at gaining
more insight into individual
students' reasoning ability
and other factors like school
setting and prior knowledge,
which serve as foundation
for learning of science at the
basic educational level.
70.
SULEIMAN,
MOHAMMED
PGS/0405/401038
5
DISTRIBUTION
AND ABUNDANCE
OF
ZOOPLANKTONS
IN WASAI
RESERVOIR, KANO.
Recommendations made were as follows: Teaching
strategies aim at enhancing students’ reasoning abilities
should be emphasized by science educators. And
secondly since gender is not factor in understanding
science, Male and female students should always be
given same opportunities to learn science, also students at
the junior secondary school 3 level should be frequently
tested by their teachers to determine their science
reasoning ability levels so as to devise appropriate
teaching strategies.
MARCH, The effects of some physico-chemical factors on the
2011
distribution and abundance of zooplanktons in Wasai
reservoir, Kano were studied from December, 2005 to
February, 2006. Highest temperature and transparency
recorded were 23°C and 0.35m respectively, while lowest
records for temperature and transparency were found to
be 16°C and 0.25m respectively. Highest pH was
recorded as 8.6 and lowest recorded was 7.8. Dissolved
oxygen concentration and biochemical oxygen demand
ranged between 4.7mg/L and 3.6mg/L as well as 2.7mg/L
and 2.0mg/L respectively. Chemical concentration of
phosphate, nitrate and nitrate were in the range of
0.78mg/L to 0.32mg/L, 0.17mg/L to 0.000mg/L and
0.400mg/L to 0.000mg/L as the highest and the lowest
values for the three ions respectively. Distribution and
abundance of zooplanktons was found to be in the order
of protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda with
Arcella spp, Amoeba proteus and Actinophrys spp as the
zooplanktons species identified with the highest counts
within the four respective zooplanktons group studied.
Statistical analysis using correlation analysis to relate
physical factors with the zooplanktons distribution and
abundance revealed weak relationship (P<0.05) and in
respect of chemical factors reveal strong positive
relationship (P<0.05). The study showed that the river is
not polluted and could serve as a good breeding site for
71.
EZIHE,
MAGNUS
IHEANYI
PGS/20062007/4010
547
PREVALENCE OF
ASYMPTOMATIC
BACTERIURIA
AMONG
PREGNANT
WOMEN
ATTENDING
ANTENATAL
CLINIC AT
ABUBAKAR
TAFAWA BALEWA
UNIVERSITY
TEACHING
HOSPITAL, BAUCHI
JUNE,
2012
72.
OMOARE,
ADESUYI
PGS/0607/401055
PREVALENCE OF
ENTEROBACTERIA
JUNE,
2012
production of fishes in large quantity for economic
growth of the community.
An investigation into the prevalence of asymptomatic
bacteriuria (ASB) among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinic at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, was carried out. A total of
500 urine samples were collected, 400 were women with
confirmed diagnosis of pregnancy of 12 - 26 weeks and
100 were made up of non pregnant women that are
sexually active in apparently normal health condition
without signs and symptoms of UTI. The specimens were
processed in the Laboratory for Physical and Chemical
Properties, Microscopy and cultured for bacteria growth.
The result of the study showed a prevalence rate of 7.5%
(30 infected cases out of 400 pregnant women). While
among the control group a prevalence rate of 4% was
obtained. The statistical analysis of the result of this
study showed insignificant difference in the two groups
and in the age distribution of the infection (P>0.05). The
predominant bacterial organism isolated was E. coli
(30%) followed by S. aureus and S. saprophyticus each
making 20% of the isolates. Proteus mirabilis was 10%
while Klebsiella aerogenes and Citrobacter freundii each
constituted 6.7% of the isolates. The least isolated
organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia
marcescens each accounted for only 3.3% of the total
isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity test carried out on the
bacteria isolates showed high sensitivity to Pefloxacin,
Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol while most of them
were resistant to Co-trimoxazole, Ampiclox and
Zinnacef. Because of high prevalence of asymptomatic
bacteriuria, we recommend routine screening for this
condition in all antenatal clinics in this environment to
avoid the complication of ASB in future.
The prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in children under
five years old presenting with diarrhoea was investigated.
AYODEJI
1
CEAE IN UNDER
FIVE CHILDREN
PRESENTING WITH
DIARRHOEA IN
BAUCHI, NIGERIA
Six hundred (600) stool samples were selected at random
and analysed from children attending Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), State
Ministry of Health Under Five Clinic and Al-Wadata
Clinic between March, to June, 2010 in Bauchi
Metropolis. The health facilities were chosen based on
geographical location and the socioeconomic status of
people within the health facilities. Sample bottles were
administered and collected along side with questionnaires
which were completed by each parent. An overall
prevalence rate of enterobacteriaceae was 91.5% and 12
different bacterial species were isolated with the
following prevalence rates; E.coli 50.3%, Klebsiella spp.
11.3%, Shigella spp. 10.0%, Citrobacter freundii 8.6%,
Morganella morganii 7.5%, Salmonella spp. 3.8%
Yersinia enterocolitica 3.5%, Providencial spp. 2.2%,
Edwardsiella spp. 1.5%, Enterobacter spp. 0.4%,
Proteus spp. 0.4% and Seratia mercescens 0.2%
respectively. Diarrhoea was found in 78% of the children
with highest vulnerability age 1-2 years. The percentage
of males was 48.5% while that of females was 51.5%.
Parents who used tap water for domestic purposes were
80%, while 33.3% treated their water before use and the
most common method of water treatment among parents
was by boiling (41.5%). It was found that 52.7% of
children lived in areas with poor drainage systems.
Diarrhoea prevalence was affected by seasonal changes
with the highest prevalence in the month of June and the
causes of diarrhoea were found to be multifactorial.
Antibiotics susceptibility was significantly high (P <
0.05) and was higher in Shigella spp. when compared
with Klebsiella spp. and E.coli. It was concluded that
enterobacteriaceae that causes diarrhoea in children is
prevalent in Bauchi metropolis. The public should be
educated on water treatment, personal hygiene and
adequate nutrition in under five children.
73.
MUHAMMED,
MAKAMA
MUSA
PGS/0607/401054
3
IN VITRO
EVALUATION OF
THE ANTIHELMINTHIC
ACTIVITY OF
CRUDE EXTRACTS
OF PROSOPIS
AFRICANA
AGAINST
HAEMONCHUS
CONTORTUS OF
SHEEP
AUGUS
T, 2012
74.
ADO, UMAR
ADAMU
PGS/20062007/4010
540
MULTI-DRUG
RESISTANT
TUBERCULOSIS
PATTERN IN KANO
METROPOLIS,
NIGERIA
JULY,
2012
In vitro anthelmintic screening of crude aqueous and
ethanolic extracts of stem bark and leaves of Prosopis
africana against Haemonchus contortus of sheep was
evaluated. The crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of
this plant were obtained after extraction with ethanol and
water. Four extracts, aqueous extracts stem bark (AESB),
ethanol extracts stem bark (EESB), aqueous extracts
leaves (AELF) and ethanol extracts leaves (EELF) were
obtained. Phytochemical constituents identified from the
extracts include tannins, Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids,
cardiac glycosides and Saponins. Anthelmintic activity
was assessed by comparing the efficiency of these
extracts with the conventional anthelmintic Albendazole.
In this study, an inhibition rate of 90% or greater was
considered significant. Out of the four extracts obtained
from P. africana only aqueous extracts stem bark
(AESB) and ethanol extracts stem bark (EESB) produced
significant (P<0.001) inhibition rate of 90%. The aqueous
ethanol portions of leaves produced non significant
(p>0.001) inhibition rate of 86.5%. The inhibitory
activity aqueous ethanol extracts of AESB and EESB
might be due to the presence tannins and alkaloids which
were not identified earlier in aqueous and ethanolic
portion of leaves. The result of this study indicates that P.
africana stem bark showed a potent anthelmintic activity
comparable to Albendazole. This plant may offer an
alternative source for the control of gastro intestinal
nematodes of sheep and goats. It is recommended that in
depth studies on the various active principles responsible
for the anthelmintic efficacy of this plant is warranted.
Sputum specimens of 342 patients attending the directly
observed therapy short course (DOTS) of Aminu Kano
Teaching Hospital, Kano (AKTH) and Infectious Disease
Hospital, Kano (IDH) were investigated for multi-drug
resistance tuberculosis (MDR- TB) using the MDR- plus
method. Two hundred and ninety eight sputum
Further in depth studies on
the various active principles
responsible for the efficacy
and the development of
quality assurance protocols
involving the use of
reference substance of plant
origin for this extract is
warranted.
75.
JUMMAI,
UTUNG
PGS/0607/401055
0
ALGAE
ASSOCIATED WITH
INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENT IN
KAKURI KADUNA,
NIGERIA.
MAY,
2012
specimens were for diagnosis examination while 41 were
for follow up examination, three samples were not tested
due to breakage during preparation. Of the total number
examined, 36 (10.6%) were multi-drug resistant
tuberculosis, five (1.25%) were Isoiniazid (INH) mono
resistant, two (0.50%) were Rifampicin (RIF) mono
resistant. Among the follow-up patients 27 (7.96%) were
Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) while among the diagnosis
patients nine (2.65%) were MDR also diagnosis one
(0.29%) was INH mono resistant and one (0.29%) was
RIF mono resistant. While among follow-up patients
4(1.17%) were INH mono resistant 1(0.29%) was RIF
mono resistant, there was no significant association
between drug resistance and age group (P=0.531). Also
there was no significant association between drug
resistant and sex (P = 0.508).
Studies on algae associated with industrial effluent in
Kakuri Kaduna, The objective of this study was to
determine the composition of algae, Physicochemical
properties and the influence of the physicochemical
properties on the composition of algae. The aim was to
identify algae associated with industrial effluent.
Sampling were collected for 12 months (April, 2009 May, 2010) using plankton net. Samples were preserve
using iodine lugols solution. Identification was carried
using binocular microscope, reference made to (Patrick
and Reinmer 1966). Algae cell count was carried out
using drop count method made by Valecar and Desai,
(2004). The study area was divided into Station A, B and
C. A-being effluent from Coca-Cola Plc, B-being effluent
from 7-up Bottling companies and C-being confluence of
A and B. Three algal classes viz:- Bacillrophyceae,
Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae were identified in the
3 stations. 55 algal taxa were identified, 19 were diatoms,
27 were green algal, 9 were (blue-green algal). The
diatoms were dominated by pinnate forms, the green
Further studies should be
carried out on effect of
organic pollution on plants
cultivated using the effluent
water and animals drinking
from the effluent.
Studies should be carried out
on the effect of organic
pollution to man.
76.
HAMZA,
SULE
PGS/0607/401054
8
SUSCEPTIBILITY
PATTERN OF
BACTERIA
ASSOCIATED WITH
UNIRARY TRACT
INFECTIONS AND
BETA-LACTAMASE
PRODUCTION IN
KANO
METROPOLIS.
FEBRU
ARY,
2013
algal were dominated by Chlorococcales and blue-green
algal were dominated by Chrococales forms. Algae cell
counts were higher in the dry season than wet season.
Cyanophyta were abundant in wet season and in dry
season. Microcystis aeruginosa was the only bloom
forming blue green algal species identified. The species
richness (‘R') was higher in the Chlorophyta than any
other algal class, Evidence of high concentration of
organic sugar materials. Physicochemical parameters
namely transparency, log of concentration, temperature,
conductivity, nitrates /nitrogen, phosphate/phopharose,
biochemical oxygen demand and Dissolved Oxygen
showed variation (p < 0.05) in the two seasons.
A study on three hundred (300) midstream urine samples
of patients suspected of urinary tract infection attending
three different hospitals in Kano metropolis was carried
out. Of the 300 urine samples analysed, 114(38.0%) were
found to have significant bacteriuria. Six different
species of bacteria were isolated, with E. coli having the
highest
frequency
58(50.9%)
followed
by
Klebsiellapneumoniae 27(23.7%), Staphylococcus aureus
8(7.0%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 11(9.6%),
Proteus mirabilis 8(7.0%) while Pseudomonas
earuginosa had the least frequency of occurrence
2(1.8%). Beta-lactamase production was statistically
significant (X2 = 11.07). Out of the 58 isolates of E. coli,
40(56.3%) produced the enzyme, Klebsiellapneumoniae
15(21.1%) while Pseudomonas earuginosa had 2(1.4%)
as the least producer of the enzyme. Distribution of the
uropathogens with respect to age group was statistically
significant (p<0.05), higher infection rate was found in
the age group of 21-30(years) while those within the age
bracket of ≥ 71 exhibited the lowest infection rate. The
overall susceptibility pattern of the isolates was
statistically significant (p<0.05). Ofloxacin had the
highest activity in vitro against the isolates followed by
77.
ADEBI, IYKE
PGS/0506/401053
3
ROLE OF CLUSTER
OF
DIFFERENTIATION
RATIO (CD4/CD8)
IN THE
MONITORING OF
HIV PATIENTS
COINFECTED WITH
TUBERCULOSIS
ATTENDING SOME
HOSPITALS IN FCT
ABUJA
SEPTEM
BER,
2013
gentamycin while resistance was mostly observed in
cotrimoxazole and augumentin under the same condition.
The Studies on the role of CD4 and CD8 ratios in the
diagnosis and monitoring of HIV patients attending
Maitama, Wuse, Asokoro general Hospitals and Zanclay
Medical Centre all in Federal Capital Territory Abuja.
The study was conducted among patients clinically
confirmed with Tuberculosis attending chest clinics, HIV
positive, and HIV co-infected with TB. A total of 200
venous blood samples were collected in EDTA, 50 each
from patient under consideration and from those that are
clinically not infected. Demographic data was also
obtained such as Age, sex, Occupation, State of origin,
history of contact, BCG immunization complains and
Symptoms where patients that are younger than 15 years
were discarded. HIV testing was done based on the WHO
and USAlD recommendations. FACE count instrument
was used to determine the absolute number of CD4/CD3
and CD8/CD3 values. Analysis of result was carried out
for Ratio differences and Gaps between TB, HIV and
HIV co-infected with TB was determined with SPSS
statistical Package using Absolute Minkowski Distance
(Proximity Matrix). The result revealed that there is
significant difference in CD4 counts of patients HIV, TB,
and HIV co-infected with TB. There is also a significant
difference in the CD8 count of Patients with HIV, TB,
and HIV co-infected wich TB. There are significant gaps
between CD4 and CD8 ratios among patients with HIV,
TB, and HIV co-infected with TB. HIV prevalence was
found to be highest among business men and housewives
and least among Welders, Retirees and politicians. There
is significant difference in HIV, TB and HIV/TB patients
on drugs and those not on drugs. The CD4 and CD8
among the HIV, TB and HIV/TB patients on drugs is
significantly higher than those not on drugs. HIV
prevalence was highest in Benue and least in Abia,
C/River, Delta and Nasarawa. HIV co-infected with TB
is highest in Kaduna and least in A/lbom, Adamawa,
Ebonyi, Ekiti and Enugu. The significant difference in
CD4 and CD8 ratio among HIV, HIV/TB and TB makes
CD4/CD8 ratio as a very good index for monitoring HIV.