Sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid (mucus and/or pus).

Demonstrates a superior orbital fracture on the left with fragments of bone extending toward the frontal lobe.
There was no evidence of an optic canal fracture.

• OPEN
• CLOSED

Although the skull is tough, resilient, and provides excellent protection for the brain, a severe impact or blow can result in fracture of the skull and may be accompanied by injury to the brain. Some of the different types of skull fracture include: Simple: a break in the bone without damage to the skinLinear or hairline: a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of boneDepressed: a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brainCompound: a break in or loss of skin and splintering of the bone. Along with the fracture, brain injury, such as subdural hematoma (bleeding) may occur.

• INTRACEREBRAL
• SUBDURAL
• EPIDURAL
• SUBARACHNOID

• form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers between the dura (the outer protective covering of the brain) and the arachnoid (the middle layer of the meninges).

• buildup of blood occurring between the dura mater (the brain's tough outer membrane) and the skull.

• is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is the most common cause of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.
90-95% of all intracranial aneurysms are located in the carotid system. The anterior communicating artery is the most common site (30%), followed by the posterior communicating artery
(25%) and the middle cerebral artery
(20%).

What is a brain AVM?
Normally, arteries carry blood containing oxygen from the heart to the brain, and veins carry blood with less oxygen away from the brain and back to the heart. When an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurs, a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or on its surface bypasses normal brain tissue and directly diverts blood from the arteries to the veins

This is a CAT scan of a patient with a bleeding stroke caused by CAA. The two bright areas represent recent areas of bleeding into the brain. Both areas are in the outer part of the brain that is characteristic for CAArelated strokes.

• MENINGITIS
• ENCEPHALITIS
• ABSCESS

Subdural empyema and diffuse cerebral edema in a patient with bacterial meningitis (same patient as in Image 18). Obtained 1 week after Image 18, this contrast-enhanced CT scan shows diffuse cerebral edema and lacunar infarcts in the thalamus.

Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation (irritation and swelling with presence of extra immune cells) of the brain, usually caused by infections.

• ASTROCYTOMAS
• GLIOMAS
• PINEAL REGION TUMORS
• LIPOMA
• ACOUSTIC NEUROMA
• MENINGIOMA

• astrocytomas
Astrocytomas are glial cell tumors that are derived from connective tissue cells called astrocytes. These cells can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytomas are the most common type of childhood brain tumor.

• Brain stem gliomas are tumors found in the brain stem. Most brain stem tumors cannot be surgically removed because of the remote location and delicate and complex function this area controls. Brain stem gliomas occur almost exclusively in children; the group most often affected is the school-age child. The child usually does not have increased intracranial pressure, but may have problems with double vision, movement of the face or one side of the body, or difficulty with walking and coordination

• optic nerve gliomas
Optic nerve gliomas are found in or around the nerves that send messages from the eyes to the brain. They are frequently found in persons who have neurofibromatosis, a condition a child is born with that makes him/her more likely to develop tumors in the brain. Persons usually experience loss of vision, as well as hormone problems, since these tumors are usually located at the base of the brain where hormonal control is located. These are typically difficult to treat due to the surrounding sensitive brain structures.

• medulloblastomas
Medulloblastomas are one type of PNET that are found near the midline of the cerebellum. This tumor is rapidly growing and often blocks drainage of the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord), causing symptoms associated with increased ICP. Medulloblastoma cells can spread
(metastasize) to other areas of the central nervous system, especially around the spinal cord. A combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy is usually needed to control these tumors

• pineal region tumors
Many different tumors can arise near the pineal gland, a gland which helps control sleep and wake cycles. Gliomas are common in this region, as are pineal blastomas (PNET). In addition, germ cell tumors, another form of malignant tumor, can be found in this area.
Tumors in this region are more common in children than adults, and make up 3 to 8 percent of pediatric brain tumors. Benign pineal gland cysts are also seen in this location, which makes the diagnosis difficult between what is malignant and what is benign. Biopsy or removal of the tumor is frequently necessary to tell the different types of tumors apart. Persons with tumors in this region frequently experience headaches or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.
Treatment depends on the tumor type and size.

• HEAD
• HEAD VASCULAR CTA CTV
• PITUITARY & SELLA TURCICA
• INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
• ORBITS
• PARANASAL SINUSES
• TMJ
• FACIAL BONES
• DENTAL
• STEREOTACTIC

IOML
OML
CML

HEAD/BRAIN (ADULT)
SCOUT: LATERAL
FOV -240
LANDMARK: OML – 15 DEG ABOVE OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML 1-1.5 ML/SEC, TUMOR,
METS 5 MIN DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 5 x 5 mm
START LOCATION: FORAMEN MAGNUM
END LOCATION: VERTEX
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
25

15 DEG AND 20 DEG ABOVE OML

CT HEAD – LOSS OF BALANCE
SCOUT: LATERAL
FOV -240
LANDMARK: OML – 15 DEG ABOVE OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML 1-1.5 ML/SEC, TUMOR,
METS 5 MIN DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 2 x 2 mm POSTERIOR FOSSA
5 x 5 mm THE REST
START LOCATION: FORAMEN MAGNUM
END LOCATION: VERTEX
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
25

CT HEAD – SEIZURES -20 DEG TO
OML

SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML- 3-5 ml /sec -
15 - 20 SEC DELAY CTA
30 SEC DELAY CTV
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1-2 MM
START LOCATION: BELOW SELLAR FLOOR
END LOCATION: 4-5 CM ABOVE SELLA
RECON: 50% OVERLAP
FILMING: 3 D RECON
DFOV
18

PITUITARY AND SELLA TURCICA
SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1-1.5 mm
DFOV
12
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML FOR ACOUSTIC NEUROMA OR HEARING LOSS
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1-2 MM, 1MM THROUGH CANAL, 2 MM PETROUS BONE
START LOCATION: CORONAL: P. SEMI-CIRC. CANAL, AXIAL: F. MAGNUM
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH PETROUS BONE
AXIAL THROUGH PETROUS BONE
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

SCANNED
DFOV
20 CM
RECON:
R & L SIDE
DFOV
10 CM

SCOUT: LATERAL
DFOV
15CM
LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML MASS OR VISUAL DISTURBANCE 2 CC/SEC
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 2-3 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: SPH. SINUS, AXIAL: TOP OF MAX. SINUS
END LOCATION: CORONAL: ANTERIOR GLOBE
AXIAL:UPPER ORBITAL RIM
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

OPTIC NERVE PROTOCOL

SUPINE-CORONAL

DENTAL ARTIFACT OMISSION-
MULTIANGULATION

SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML MASS 2 cc/sec
65 SEC DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 2-3 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: EAM
AXIAL: S. MENTI
END LOCATION: CORONAL: ANTERIOR GLOBE
AXIAL: SUPERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
20 CM

INCLUDE MANDIBLE!!!!!!

SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: 100-140 ML MASS 2 cc/sec
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
DFOV
15 CM
SLICE THICKNESS: 3 - 5 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: BEHIND SPHENOID SINUS
AXIAL: BOTTOM OF MAX. SINUS
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH FRONTAL SINUS
AXIAL: THROUGH FRONTAL SINUS
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: NONE
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1 - 2 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: POSTERIOR TO JOINT
AXIAL: POSTERIOR TO JOINT
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH THE ENTIRE JOINT
AXIAL: THROUGH THE ENTIRE JOINT
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

SCANNED
DFOV
20 CM
RECON:
R & L SIDE
DFOV
10 CM

• Biopsy of intracranial lesions
• Aspiration of cysts
• Laser microsurgery
• Aspiration of brain abcess