DEFINITION OF SPORTS
INJURY
• 1. Occurs as a result of participation in an
organized practice or game.
• 2. Requires medical attention by a team
athletic trainer or physician.
• 3. Results in restriction of athlete’s
participation for one or more days beyond
day of injury
DEFINITION OF ACUTE
INJURY
• “Characterized by a rapid onset, resulting
from a traumatic event.”
• Critical Force or impact force
• Example: Broken bone from a one time
traumatic force.
• Ex: Sam Bradford (Oklahoma QB out 2-4
weeks with shoulder injury sustained on a
hit by BYU linebacker)
DEFINITION OF CHRONIC
INJURY
• “Characterized by a slow, insidious (spreading harmfully
and quietly) onset, implying a gradual development of
structural damage.”
• Not associated with one traumatic episode
• Develops progressively over time
• Overuse injuries that cause a progressive breakdown
over tissue, leading eventually to failure
• Popular sites for these are Achilles tendon (running),
patellar tendon (jumping, landing, kicking), and rotator
cuff(overhead movements)in shoulder.
• Example: Deceleration phase of a swing or throw.
“Slamming the brakes!”
• EX: Daisuke Matsuzaka (Red Sox P shoulder fatigue)
SOFT TISSUE VS. SKELETAL
TISSUE
• There is a difference between an injury
that involves soft tissue and skeletal
tissue.
SOFT TISSUE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MUSCLES
FASCIA
TENDONS
JOINT CAPSULES
LIGAMENTS
BLOOD VESSELS
NERVES
MUSCLES (SOFT TISSUE)
• MUSCLES – Contractile tissue of the body
responsible for movement
FASCIA (SOFT TISSUE)
• FASCIA – Fibrous membrane that covers,
supports, and separates muscles
TENDONS (SOFT TISSUE)
• TENDONS – A tendon is a tough yet
flexible band of fibrous tissue that
connects muscle to bone
JOINT CAPSULES (SOFT TISSUE)
• JOINT CAPSULES – Sac-like structure
that encloses the ends of bones in a
diarthrodial (movable) joint
LIGAMENTS (SOFT TISSUE)
• LIGAMENTS – Ligaments are the fibrous,
slightly stretchy connective tissues that
hold one bone to another in the body,
forming a joint. Ligaments control the
range of motion of a joint, preventing your
elbow from bending backwards, for
example, and stabilizing the joint so that
the bones move in the proper alignment.
BLOOD VESSELS (SOFT TISSUE)
• BLOOD VESSELS - Blood vessels are
hollow utensils for carrying blood.
NERVES (SOFT TISSUE)
• NERVES - Any of the cordlike bundles of
fibers made up of neurons through which
sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass
between the brain or other parts of the
central nervous system and the eyes,
glands, muscles, and other parts of the
body. Nerves form a network of pathways
for conducting information throughout the
body.
SKELETAL TISSUE
• SKELETAL TISSUE INCLUDES ANY
BONY STRUCTURE IN THE BODY
WHAT IS CARTILAGE?
• CARTLAGE - Cartilage is a type of connective tissue in
the body. It is made of cells called chondrocytes
embedded in a matrix, strengthened with fibers of
collagen and sometimes elastin, depending on the type
of cartilage. There are three different types: hyaline
cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage
serves to provide structure and support to the body's
other tissues without being as hard or rigid as bone. It
can also provide a cushioning effect in joints.
• Cartilage is avascular, meaning that it is not supplied by
blood vessels; instead, nutrients diffuse through the
matrix. Cartilage is usually flexible, again depending on
the type. Some of the bodily structures that include
cartilage are the ears, nose, ribcage, and intervertebral discs.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES VS.
SKELETAL TISSUE
INJURIES
• SOFT TISSUE INJURIES:
CONTUSIONS, SPRAINS, STRAINS
SKELETAL TISSUE INJURIES:
FRACTURES
WHAT IS A CONTUSION?
• CONTUSION – A contusion is a fancy word for a
BRUISE. Broken Blood Vessel. Ecchymosis
(dicoloration) and Hematoma (pooling of blood)
WHAT IS A SPRAIN?
• SPRAIN – Sprains are injuries to
LIGAMENTS/CAPSULES, which surround all synovial
joints (the most common and most movable type of joints
in the human body)
• First Degree Sprain – Mildest form of sprain (little or no
swelling with minor ligament damage)
• Second Degree Sprain – More damage, swelling is more
pronounced.
• Third Degree Sprain – Most severe, Complete tear of
ligament. Extensive damage, pain, swelling and
hemorrhage along with considerable loss of joint stability
WHAT IS A STRAIN?
• STRAIN –Injury involving MUSCLES and TENDONS or
the junction between the two.
• FIRST DEGREE STRAIN – Mildest form of strain. Pain
is noticable during use. There may be mild swelling and
muscle spasm present
• SECOND DEGREE STRAIN – More extensive. Pain
and swelling are more pronounced. Functional loss is
moderate. These types of injuries are associated with
excessive forced stretching.
• THIRD DEGREE STRAIN – Most severe form and imply
a complete rupture of the soft-tissue structures involved.
WHAT
IS
A
FRACTURE?
FRACTURE – A break or crack in a bone
•
• Swelling,
• Deformity – compare injured part with noninjured part
• Pain and tenderness – usually can point to pain
at site – feel gently along bone to find pain
• Loss of Use
• Grating Sensation – broken bone ends rub
together . DO NOT MOVE INJURED LIMB
• History of Injury – suspect a fracture when
severe forces are involved. Athlete may have
heard or felt the bone snap.
WHAT IS A STRESS FRACTURE?
• STRESS FRACTURE – A break or crack in the
bone that develops over a long period of time as
opposed to a break that occurs from one
traumatic event. (Can also be caused by low
calcium levels in diet)
• Things to look for:
• Pain/Tenderness - A constant ache is NOT
relieved with rest
• Absence of Trauma - Suspect a fracture when
there is no history of traumatic event, yet
symptoms persist
• Repetitive Activity – Athlete is involve in
repeated stressful episodes
• Duration – Symptoms have slowly developed
over a longer period of time.
WHAT IS AN AVULSION
FRACTURE?
AVULSION FRACTURE –An avulsion
fracture is an injury to the bone in a place
where a tendon or ligament attaches to the
bone. When an avulsion fracture occurs,
the tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of
the bone.
WHAT IS A GREENSTICK
FRACTURE?
GREENSTICK FRACTURE –A fracture in
which one side of a bone is broken while
the other is bent (like a green stick).
Usually associated with infants or young
children.
WHAT IS A SPIRAL FRACTURE?
SPIRAL FRACTURE – A fracture, sometimes
called a torsion fracture, in which a bone has
been twisted apart. Usually associated in abuse
cases.
WHAT IS A COMMINUTED
FRACTURE?
COMMINUTED FRACTURE – A fracture in
which bone is broken, splintered or crushed into
a number of pieces.
WHAT IS A TRANSVERSE
FRACTURE?
TRANSVERSE FRACTURE – A fracture in
which the break is across the bone, at a right
angle to the long axis of the bone.
WHAT IS A COMPOUND
FRACTURE?
COMPOUND FRACTURE – A fracture in
which the bone is sticking through the skin. Also
called an open fracture.
WHAT IS A COMPRESSION
FRACTURE?
COMPRESSION FRACTURE – A
compression fracture is usually understood to
mean a compression fracture of the spine, or
vertebral compression fracture. A compression
fracture occurs when a number of vertebrae in
the spine are broken.
WHAT IS A DISCLOCATION?
DISLOCATION – The displacement of
contiguous surfaces of bones comprising a
joint. Examples: Shoulder joint and Hip Joint
TYPES OF DISLOCATIONS
TWO TYPES OF DISLOCATIONS CAN OCCUR
DEPENDING ON THE SEVERITY OF THE
INJURY.
SUBLUXATION – Partial or Incomplete dislocation
of an articulation
LUXATION – Complete dislocation of a joint
WHAT IS SUBLUXATION?
SUBLUXATION– A partial or incomplete
dislocation of an articulation
WHAT IS LUXATION?
LUXATION– A complete dislocation of a joint
DEFINITION OF CATASTROPHIC
INJURY
• Sport injury that results in a brain or spinal
cord injury or skull or spinal fracture.
• Majority of fatalities occur with brain
injuries.