Advanced Veterinary Terminology
VETE 4302
Michelle Hervey, LVT
03/01/2015
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Affects L3 & L4 stage of Dirofilaria immitis
Prevents L3’s from becoming L4’s
Which prevents L5’s from becoming adults
If no adults there are no microfilariae
http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/Dimmitis.htm
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Dogs starting at 6
weeks of age
Cats starting at 6
weeks of age
http://www.adogslifehatboro.com/
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Asymptomatic, and will be
discovered on routine annual
Heartworm Test.
Coughing, dyspnea
Exercise intolerance
Hemoptysis (coughing
blood)
Ascites
http://www.vetnext.com/images/z/73343941087%20292.jpg
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Preventatives come in topical, oral tablets, and
oral chews.
Topical for Dogs
and Cats
http://www.1800petmeds.co
m/Advantage+Multiprod10945.html
Topical for Dogs
and Cats
http://www.1800petmeds.co
m/Revolution-prod10265.htm
Chewable Tablets
for Dogs
http://www.1800petmeds.co
m/Trifexisprod11190.html?AFFID=GG&I
D=274237160&gclid=CjwKEAi
AjsunBRCy3LSlz_PJqCgSJACJ
Y7yKDim6Cwdi65CshRqZKouqXUFMvk6eGxLKLmR
6ObmJBoCloHw_wcB
Chewable for Dogs and
Cats
www.1800petmeds.com
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Advantage Multi for Dogs and Cats/Topical
Revolution for Dogs and Cats/Topical
Trifexis for dogs/Tablets
Heartgard Plus and Heartgard/Chews
http://www.1800petmeds.com/Trifexisprod11190.html?AFFID=GG&ID=274237160&gc
lid=CjwKEAiAjsunBRCy3LSlz_PJqCgSJACJY7y
KDim6Cwdi65CshRqZKouqXUFMvk6eGxLKLmR6ObmJBoCloHw_
wcB
http://www.1800petmeds.co
m/Revolution-prod10265.html
http://www.1800petmeds.com/Advan
tage+Multi-prod10945.html
http://www.1800petmeds.com/search.jsp?Ns=
product.salesvolume%7C1&Ntt=heartgard+plus www.drsfostersmith.com
&_requestid=339087
DIAGNOSIS
Positive antigen test
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Positive concentration test
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Radiographs with right
ventricle enlargement,
enlargement of pulmonary
artery, enlarged loblar
arteries, increased
perivascular patters.
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Ultrasound with turbulent
blood flow and heartworms
visible in the right ventricle
of the hreat.
(Summers, 2007)
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http://www.beckeranimalhospital.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/microfilaria2.jpg
http://www.heartworm.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/06/Heartworms_VDKEY.jpg
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Immiticide (only Treatment of adults)
Contains Arsenic
Harmful to patient
Expensive to client
Hard to get
Given in 2 to 3 Doses
http://www.marvistavet.com/html
/body_heartworm_treatment.html
http://pointsaboutpets.com/tag
/dog/
TREATMENTS
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Immiticide (only Treatment
of adults)
Contains Arsenic
Harmful to patient
Expensive to client
Hard to get
Given in 2 to 3 Doses
PREVENTATIVES
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Preventatives are given
every 30 days.
Protect against heartworms,
and intestinal parasites.
Some preventatives are 3 in
ones which protect against
ectoparasites, heartworms
and intestinal parasites.
The monthly cost of
preventative vs. the cost of
treatment is inecpensive.
COMMON IN DOGS
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Ancylostoma caninum
(Canine Hook Worm)
Toxacara canis
(Canine Round Worm)
Toxascaris leonina
(Canine and Feline Round
Worm)
COMMON IN CATS
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Trichuris vulpis
(Canine Whipworm)
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
(FelineHook worm)
Ancylostoma braziliese
(Southern Hook Worm)
Toxocara cati
(Feline Round Worm)
Toxascaris leonina
(Canine and Feline
Round Worm)
Life Cycle
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Direct life cycle
Hosts: Dogs and Cats
Eggs in feces
Molt from L1-L3 in
environment
Migration dependant
on host
Transmission
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Skin penetration by
L3 larva
Transmammary-most
common route for
puppies and kittens.
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Pale Mucus Membranes
Anemia
Dull hair coat
Lethargy
Diarrhea
Melena
Anorexia
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Seen on fecal flotation
Assume all puppies
are infected.
http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/im
ages/aduodenale.jpg
http://www.catnmore.com/images/Hookwor
mEgg1.jpg
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Cutaneous Larval Migrans
People can become infected with L3 through skin penitration.
L3 are in a local location causing the person severe pruritus.
Rarely migrate through viscera
Humans are a dead end host for the hook worm.
http://o.quizlet.com/i/V89V8dPukMc02KcQw
L5DBQ_m.jpg
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/zoonotic
hookworm/zoonotichookworm_lifecycle.gif
LIFE CYCLE
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Direct Life Cycle
Hosts: Dogs and Cats
Eggs in feces
Infective Stage L2
(highly resistant to
environment)
Migration dependant on
transmission and age of
infection.
TRANSMISSION
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Ingestion
Transplacental
(Puppies)
Ingestion of paratenic
host with L2 in tissues
(uncommon)
Transmammary
(uncommon)
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Vomiting
Diarrhea
Pot-bellied
Dull hair coat
Can have intestinal obstruction
Cough
Pneumonia related lung migration
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Found on fecal
flotation
Assume puppies are
infected
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/toxocariasis/home_
page_image_toxocariasis.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tox
ocara_canis.JPG
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Visceral Larval Migrans
Ocular Larval Migrans
Humans can be paratenic host
(fecal-oral transmission)
Larvae migrate through viscera
to the liver, lungs, CNS.
Can cause blindness
Children less then 4 yrs of age
are most affected because they
put unclean hands infected with
L2 feces in their mouth.
This is also why dogs and cats
should not be allowed to lick
people in the face.
http://outbreaknewstoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Toxocara_canis_LifeCy
cle.gif
http://o.quizlet.com/YtxUQUS1dg.2.Xg5eePZTg_m.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
b/be/Toxocara-canis-adults.jpg
LIFE CYCLE
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Direct Life Cycle
Host: Dogs and Cats (rare
in cats)
Location: Large Intestine
Eggs in feces
Infective L3 stage
NO tissue migrans
Prepatent period: 3
months
TRANSMISSION
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Fecal -Oral
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Mucoid diarrhea
+/- Hematochezia
Anemia
Can be asymptomatic with low worm burdens
Inflammation of cecum.
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Found on fecal
floatation.
If suspected infection
fecal should sit for 15
minutes because
Trichuris spp. are
heavy eggs and take
longer to float up to
the surface.
http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/images/
parasiteimages/strongyloides/trichuris_Eggs.gif
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No public health significance
Preventatives can be costly for animal owners and there are many
available. It can be hard for owners to decide which one to go with. As
veterinary professionals we can assist owners and explain the significance of
preventatives. Preventatives are better for the patients and many protect
against heartworms, intestinal parasite, and they often do ectoparasites as
well. The owner needs to decide which preventative is easiest to give to their
pet. The preventatives come in topical, oral tablets, and oral chews. These are
to be given every 30 days to prevent heartworms, intestinal parasites, and
ectoparasites (if labeled for them). Owners will be happier with their pets
health, and do not have to worry about their pet passing intestinal parasites to
themselves or their children.
Heartworm prevention is so much easier then the treatments. Treatments
involve giving the pet an adulticide called Immiticide. The treatments are
harmful to the pets because they contain arsenic, and the cost to the owner
could be thousands of dollars to treat. The pets have to be kept still and
confined after treatments.
Once the owner is properly informed of the pros and cons of preventative
vs. treatment the owners will be happy they made the decision to use
preventative. Their pets health will be better as well.
Foreyt, W.J.,(2001).Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual
Fifth Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Ames, Iowa. Print
Hendrix, C.M., Robinson, E.,(2012) Diagnostic Parasitology
for Veterinary Technicians Fourth Edition. Elsevier
Mosby. St. Louis, MO. Print
Romich, J.A.,(2010).Fundamentals of Pharmacology for
Veterinary Technicians Second Edition. Delmar. Cengage
Learning. Clifton Park, NY. Print
Summers, A.,(2007)Common Diseases of Companion Animals
Second Edition. Mosby Elsevier. St. Louis, MO. Print
Zajac, A.M., Conboy, G.A.,(2012). Veterinary Clinical
Parasitology Eighth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Ames,
Iowa. Print