LINIMENTS
Author: as. Yu.Yu.
Plaskonis
Liniment (liquid or ointment) - dosage form for external
use, is a fat liquid or gelatinous mass, which melt at
body temperature.
Wide application of liniment in medical practice
due to their advantages:
 Medicinal substances of the liniment is well
absorbed by the skin, and have high
bioavailability.
 Compared with ointments liniments better
applied to the skin, leaving fewer traces on skin
and clothing of the patient.
Classification liniment may be carried
out on various grounds.
The therapeutic
liniments are:
• analgesic,
• irritants,
• anti-inflammatory,
• astringent,
• fungicidal
The nature of the
dispersion medium
liniments can be
divided into
liniments:
• fatty,
• alcohol,
• soap-alcohol


Fatty liniments (Linimenta pinguia seu
olimenta), as the dispersion medium include
fatty oils or fat-like substance (lanolin). The
most commonly used sunflower, linseed,
castor oil. Medicinal substances can include
both liquid (chloroform, turpentine, ether, tar)
and powder (camphor, menthol, novocaine,
dermatol, etc.).
Liniment alcohol (Linimenta spirituosa)
contain alcohol and liqueurs (usually brandy
peppers), as well as various medicinal
substances.


Soap-alcohol liniments (Sapolnimenta),
contained as a dispersion medium alcoholic
solutions of soap. They may be liquid (if they
contain potassium soap) or jelly (if they
contain sodium soap) When rubbing the skin
cause emulsification of sebum and rapidly
absorbed into the skin, along with drugs.
Vazolimenta characterized by the presence of
Olii Vaselini . Due to the high chemical
inertness of Olii Vaselini is very stable during
storage.
By type of disperse systems liniments
can be divided into:
• Homogenous: solvents and extraction
• Heterogeneous: liniments - suspension
liniments - emulsion
combined

Liniment is prepared
by the general rules
of preparation of
liquid dosage forms.
Homogenous and
some liniment
liniments, emulsions
are usually prepared
directly in a dry glass
for the dispence.

It should be remembered that thick and
viscous liquid (fatty oils, tar, methyl
salicylate, etc.), as well as liquid, which differ
in density of water (ether, chloroform) are
sold by weight. Water, alcohol, water and
alcohol solutions, measured from the volume.

Liniments suspensions prepared in mortar. In
the prescribed liquids medicinal nonsolutes
are ground down by liquid components by
rule of Deryahin.

Emulsion liniment is prepared with the use of
emulsifier on the general rules of preparation
of emulsions.

When producing liniment solutions first in a
bottle put solids, bottle weighed , weighed
solvent (or, measure). All fragrant liquid is
added in the last turn. At the same time the
extract in the recipe substances forming
eutectic (menthol, camphor, phenyl salicylate,
etc.) –they are dissolved separately - first one
substance, then the solvent and therefore has
to make another substance is soluble drugs
have been introduced in the liniment
according to their solubility in the prescribed
components: dissolved in the solvent in which
they are more soluble, and then mixed with
other ingredients.

Insoluble in liquids, prescription drugs have been
crushed liquid components. Since the dispersion
medium in the liniment thick, viscous, in the
suspension liniment not introduce surface-active
matter if they are not prescribed by a doctor. The
stability of the suspension is achieved due to the
high viscosity of the medium. Emulsion liniments
are prepared using emulsifiers of the general rules of
preparation of emulsions. Heterogeneous liniments a
supplementary label "shake before use". Quality
liniment made by the deviation in the mass, as well
as the organoleptic characteristics: homogeneity,
lack of foreign inclusions, color, odor.
Liniment-solutions include several mutually
soluble substances. This is a transparent
mixture of fatty oils with essential oils,
Chloroformum, Methyl salicylate, ether,
turpentine. May include in their composition
and a variety of solids, soluble in prescribed
fluids: Camphora, Mentholum,
Anaesthezinum etc.
Rp.: Chloroformii 10,0
Olеi Нelianthi
Olеi Terebinthinae
aa 20,0
M.D. S. To rub in the joint
In a bottle for dispense of orange glass weighed
20,0 sunflower oil, then without removing the
scales 10,0 chloroform and least 20,0
turpentine. Sealed, shaken until smooth.
Prepares to dispense: № prescription labels
"Store in a dark, cool place." Rub on painful
joints
All three liquid components mutually soluble
in each other, turpentine is included to the list
of fragrant matters . Chloroform though
shows by itself a volatile liquid with a
characteristic smell, to the list of fragrant does
not belong. Therefore it is in the last turn
necessary to weigh out turpentine.
W.C.P.(f.s.)
Date
№1
Olei Нelianthi 20,0
Chloroformii 10,0
Olei Terebinthinaе 20,0
________________
m = 50,0
Prepared :
Checked:
Rp.:
Mentholi 2,0
Camphorae 3,0
Olei Helianthi 80,0
Methylii salicylatis 5,0
M .D.S. To rub in the joint


The prescribed solid substances (Mentholum,
Camphora) are well soluble in sunflower-seed
oil, but in connection with formation of
eutectic mixture they need to be dissolved in
turn.
In a bottle for dispense of orange glass put 2,0
menthol, weighed 80,0 sunflower oil,
dissolved. After the complete dissolution of
the menthol is added 3,0 camphor dissolved.
At least weighed 5,0 methyl salicylate.
Prepares to dispense: № prescription labels
"Outside", "Keep in a cool, dark place."
W.C.P.(f.s.)
Date
№2
Mentholi 2,0
Olei Helianthi 80,0
Camphorae 3,0
Methylii salicylatis 5,0
_____________
M = 90,0
Prepared :
Checked:



Liniments - suspensions - are thin hangings
up parts of in the prescribed liquids medicinal
nonsolutes (Zinci oxidi, Talci, Xeroformii,
calcspar, Amyli, Sulfanilamidi preparations).
As a dispersible environment is used glycerin,
fat oils, alcohol, water and other.
Prepare preparation of suspensions on general
rules.
Emulsion liniments consist of mixture of fat oils with meadows
or contain soap solutions. As an example, it is possible to bring
the pharmacopeias sample of writing over of liniment ammoniac :
Rp.: Olei Helianthi 74,0
Solutionis Ammonii caustici 25 ml
Acidi oleinici 1,0
Misce.Da.
Signa. For rubbing


This medicinal preparation - emulsion liniment in
the complement of which enters a fragrant liquid is
solution of ammonia . Role of emulsifier an
ammoniacal oleate, formed as a result of reaction of
neutralization, acts part.
In a bottle for dispense weighed 74,0 sunflower oil,
add 1.0 oleic acid (drops), mix. Then add 25 ml
ammonia solution, shaken. Prepares to dispense: №
prescription, '' Store in a cool dark place before use
shake'',''.
WCP.(f.s.)
Date
№3
Olei Helianthi 74,0
Acidi oleinici 1,0
Solutionis Ammonii caustici 25 ml
М=100,0
Combined liniments

Combined liniments include various dispersed
systems: emulsions, suspensions, solutions. Prepare
them according to the rules of preparation of
individual disperse systems. Powdered drugs have
been introduced into the emulsion on the general
rules: soluble in oil: - injected into the oil phase;
soluble in water - the water until the emulsion. Do
not soluble either in water or in oil-injected type
suspensions in the finished emulsion.

Rp.: Linimenti ammoniati
Mentholi 0,5
Misce.Da.
Signa.
50,0

This drug - combined Liniment - emulsion solution which consists of sweet-smelling,
volatile substances - ammonia and menthol,
two viscous liquids - sunflower oil and oleic
acid. Menthol is readily soluble in oil,
because it has to be put into oil-bearing phase
to obtain an emulsion.
In a bottle for dispense dark glass is placed 0,5 menthol and
weighed 37,0 sunflower oil. Dissolved add 12,5 ml ammonia,
shaken. Prepares to dispense: № prescription, label: "External''
'Store in a cool, dark place", "shake before use''.
WCP.(f.s.)
Date
№5
Mentholi 0,5
Olei Helianthi 37,0
Acidi oleinici 0,5
Solutionis Ammonii caustici 12,5 ml
М=50,5

A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical
compounds or elements that has a single chemical
composition that solidifies at a lower temperature
than any other composition. This composition is
known as the eutectic composition and the
temperature is known as the eutectic temperature. On
a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic
temperature and the eutectic composition gives the
eutectic point.[1] Not all binary alloys have a
eutectic point: those that form a solid solution at all
concentrations, such as the gold-silver system, have
no eutectic