Standard 2A:
Macromolecules
Warm-up 10/08
• What are the 2 macromolecules shown here?
• What is a function of each?
Protein
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•
•
•
•
Cell Structure
Movement/Transport
Enzymes
Regulatory
Defense
Nucleic Acid
• Genetic Information Storage
• Genetic Information Transfer
Agenda 10/07
• Standard 2A Review
• Hand in Mini-Poster
2A Standard Test Topics
• Macromolecules – Structure and Function
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
Macromolecule Review
• Share your Mini-Macro Poster with three
other people that did not have your same
macromolecule.
• Fill-in Review Chart
• Flash Cards
• Macromolecule Video
– http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0
Warm-up 10/08
• One more time. Which is what?
A
C
B
D
Agenda 10/08
• Video Review (start at 3:35)
• Standard 2A
Macro Mini-Poster
p.13
You will be graded on providing all of the following information about your
macromolecule. This information must be somewhere on your poster.
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What is your macromolecule made out of? (be VERY specific)
What are some different types of your macromolecule?
What are some examples of your macromolecule?
How does that macromolecule apply to your life? (Be VERY specific)
What would happen to a person who did not have, or could not use, your
macromolecule?
• What are two interesting facts about your macromolecule?
• Include a diagram or picture of your molecule.
• Write 2 quiz questions on your macromolecule (on a separate piece of
paper)
Warm-up 10/07
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which of the following is a carbohydrate?
Which is a Protein?
Which is a Lipid?
B
How do you know?
OH
C
A
Agenda 10/17
• Protein Quizzle
• Nucleic Acids
– Structure
– Answers pp. 12-13
• HW- Review pp. 14-15 Due Tomorrow
• STANDARD 2 Thursday
Nucleic Acids
• http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/int
_dnazoom.html
• A closer look…
– http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna_flash.html
• Can you build DNA?
– http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/buildd
na/
Nucleic Acids CHONP
One Strand of DNA
phosphate
• The backbone of the
molecule is alternating
phosphate and a
sugar, deoxyribose.
• The teeth are
nitrogenous bases.
sugar
Nitrogen
base
Nucleic Acid Structure
DNA
RNA
Nucleic Acids
p.12
NUCLEIC ACIDS carry the genetic
• _______________
information in a cell.
DNA or DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID contains
______________________________
all the instructions for making every protein
RNA copies and
needed by a living thing. _____
transfers this genetic information so that
proteins can be made. The subunits that
make up nucleic acids are called
NUCLEOTIDES
_______________.
STRUCTURE
Nucleotide (3 sub units)
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Phosphate
Group
P
CH2
O
N
C
C
Sugar
(deoxy-ribose)
C
C
Nucleic Acid Questions p. 13
1. Nucleic acids carry __________
GENETIC information in
a molecule called _____
DNA or
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC acid.
_____________________
2. DNA has the instructions for making a cell's
PROTEIN
__________.
RNA copies DNA so
3. The nucleic acid _____
PROTEINS can be made.
___________
NUCLEOTIDES are the subunits making up
4. _____________
nucleic acid.
Nucleic Acid Questions p. 13
5. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon
_________,
a phosphate, and a nitrogen
SUGAR
_______.
BASE
ATP is a high energy molecule made from a
6. _____
NUCLEOTIDE with THREE
______________
_______ phosphates.
Building DNA
• Bonds can be made by
– Find the 5’ carbon on the deoxyribose sugars of the
template strand.
– Build the complementary strand by matching nucleotides
to the template strand.
– Notice they will be anti-parallel configuration of template
and complementary strands.
– Match the complimentary base pairs (hydrogen bonds)
that enable replication and error correction.
•
Required macromolecules
– 1 DNA strand (choose a template and create it’s
complementary strand)
Warm-up 10/08
Which is what?
B
A
CARBOHYDRATE
NUCLEIC ACID
C
D
LIPID
PROTEIN
Agenda
• Review Check pp. 14-15
• Macro Review
• Macro Bingo
• 2A Standard Tomorrow 10/10
Packet Cover:
What is this? Function?
2A Review p. 14
1. Give the symbols for the elements that make up each
of the following:
CHO
CHONP
_____carbohydrates ______lipids
_________DNA
CHOP
______
CHON proteins
2. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules & give a
function for each.
a. Carbohydrates- sugar , starch, cellulose, glycogen
b. Lipids- phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol
c. Protein- enzymes, collagen, keratin
d. Nucleic Acid- DNA, RNA
2A Review p. 14
3. Name the subunits that make up each of the
macromolecules.
monosaccharide
CarbohydratesLipids- Fatty acids
DNA- nucleotides
Proteins- Amino acids
4. Enzymes can be denatured (unfolded) by what
environmental factors? Heat and pH
5. What process is used to link amino acids together?
Dehydration or condensation reaction
(removal of water)
2A Review p. 14
6. Name the bonds found between amino acids in a
polypeptide chain._________
peptide
7. Explain the difference between a disaccharide and a
polysaccharide. Give an example of each.
Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides ; sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides ;
starch, cellulose, glycogen,
8. What two functional groups are found in amino
acids?
Amino - NH2 and Carboxyl or Acid - COOH
2A Review p. 14
9. Why are enzymes important to organisms?
The control and regulate chemical reactions,
often speeding up the process
10. What is the difference between a saturated
and unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated fats have all single bonds between the
carbons, they are solid at room temperature and
found in animal fat.
Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds
between the carbons, they are liquid at room
temperature and found in plants.
Major Class
Carbohydrates
CHO
(C H2 O)n
n= number of
Carbon
Functions
-energy
-structure
Subclass
Monosaccharide
(monomer)
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
(polymer)
Examples
Identifying
Features
Fructose
Glucose
1 ring
Sucrose
2 rings
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Many rings,
Branched or
Stacked,
linked
Major Class
Subclass
Examples
Identifying
Features
Lipids
CHO
FATS
Long chains
ENERGY
Saturated or
unsaturated,
Fatty acids,
Triglycerides
Polar Head
CHOP
Cell
membrane
Phospholipids
two nonpoloar
tails
All are
non-polar
(hydropholic)
Major Class
Subclass
Examples
Identifying
Features
Proteins
CHON
Enzymes
Support
Reactions
Movement
Transport
Defense
Amino Acids
(monomers)
20 Types
Polypeptides
(polymer)
Enzymes
collagen
Hormones
Keratin
NH2 –
Amino
Group
COOH –
Acid
Major Class
Nucleic Acids
CHONP
Nucleotide:
Sugar, Phosphate,
and Nitrogen Base
Subclass
DNA
Examples
Genetic information
RNA
Transfer of Genetic
information
Macro Bingo
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Carbohydrate
Amino acid
Cholesterol
Cellulose
Fat
Enzyme
DNA
Lipid
Hydrophobic
hydrophilic
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Glycogen
Unsaturated
Organic compound
Peptide bond
Saturated
Phospholipid
Polymer
Starch
Polysaccharide
Monomer
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Polypeptide
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Protein
Steroid
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Atomic #
Covalent Bond
Atomic Mass
The Molecules of Cells
• The Molecules of Cells
You are what you eat.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KE
NlK0
Macromolecules
Similarities among all types of cells
• All cells use nucleic acids to store and access
information (DNA & RNA)
• All cells use proteins as catalysts (enzymes) for
chemical reactions
• All cells use lipids for membrane components
• All cells use carbohydrates for energy source
and in cell walls
• You are what you eat!
– http://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0
What are Macromolecules?
• Biologically important macromolecules are
“polymers” of smaller subunits
Macromolecule
Subunit
Polymer
Monomer
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
:
:
:
monosaccharide (sugar)
amino acids
nucleotides
Where do these subunits come from?
• Converted in Photosynthesis or
Chemosynthesis
• Metabolism
• Recycled from old cells
LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)