Name –
9.1 World War II – the early years
Pre 1930s Diplomacy
Portsmouth Conference & Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan.
Washington Conference
Reduced Navies ratios: US-5, Brit-5, Jap-3, Italy–1.75, Fra-1.75
How did this actually help Japan?
Kellogg Briand Pact -
Signed by 62 nations to outlaw war
Dawes Plan – Cycle of money. What happens when it stops?
Good Neighbor Policy – Positive relations with Latin America. How will that help in WWII?
1931 – Japan invades Manchuria. What happens?
U.S. issues Stimson Doctrine which says Japan claim is illegitimate
1932 – World Disarmament Conference – failure
1933 – Hitler becomes Chancellor
FDR allows dollar to drop (helps U.S., hurts Europe)
1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia. What happens?
Italy’s Fascist leader – Benito Mussolini
U.S. passes first Neutrality Act (no arm sales to belligerents)
1936
Spanish Civil War – seen as ideological between Fascism and Democracy
What does U.S. do? Germany? France? Italy? Britain?
Guess who wins?
Fascist leader – Francisco Franco
Germany moves into the Rhineland
How does France and Britain react?
U.S. issues 2nd Neutrality Act (no loans to belligerents)
1937
Japan invades more of China
FDR give “Quarantine” speech
Japan sinks USS Panay, but apologizes. What does the U.S. do?
U.S. issues 3rd Neutrality Act (no shipment of arms to Spain)
1938
Anschluss between Germany and __________
Hitler wrote about this in Mein Kampf (“____ ____________”)
Munich Conference
Hitler demands Sudetenland, promises last place he wants. What is significant about that area?
British leader Neville Chamberlain allows it. Criticized by Winston Churchill. Calls it Appeasement
1939
St. Louis – ship with 900 Jewish refugees arrived.
What did the U.S. do?
March- Germany takes over rest of Czechoslovakia. But Hitler promised…
Aug – Non-aggression Pact between Germany and _______
Even through Hitler and Soviet leader Josef Stalin dislike each other.
Sept 1st – Germany invades Poland with blitzkrieg attack.
Sept 3rd – Britain declares war on Germany (France and others follow)
Fall – USSR invades Baltic States and Finland
“Phony War” on French/German border
U.S. issues Neutrality Act, but allows for Cash-and-Carry of Weapons
Early Holocaust
Where did Hitler write of his views for Germany?
Why were Jews the scapegoats?
How were Jews treated in the U.S.?
What other groups were targeted?
Nuremberg Laws – 1935 legislation which restricted the rights of Jews in Germany.
What did the Germans do once they entered Poland and other areas?
How did the persecution of Jews help the U.S. war effort later on?
1940
After months of “phony war” Germany attacks. But who first?
Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and then France (Italy also attacks southern France).
Vichy France set up. (___________ gov’t of who?)
Tripartite Pact between Axis powers Germany and Italy with ________. Why?
FDR wins 1940 election against Wendell Willkie
U.S. place embargo of oil and steel to Japan. What does that do?
U.S. passes Selective Service Act. Are we in the war?
(1940)
Battle of Britain begins – What type fighting was it?
Luftwaffe
How will Britain survive?
U.S. passes Lend-Lease Act which helps those “vital to the defense of the U.S.”
Seen as the end of official neutrality, Isolationists oppose it
America First Committee
What famous person is in it?
Bases-for-Destroyers Deal (“Land-Lease”) – How does this help Britain double?
1941
Atlantic Charter – April, 1941.
Secret meeting between U.S. (FDR) and Britain (Churchill).
Made peace objectives for after war.
Battle of Britain continues
Germany invades USSR.
Hitler double-crosses Stalin.
Make two-front war
Japan takes over former French colonies in Indochina.
Shoot-on-Sight order by FDR – Convoys to shoot German wolfpack subs.
USS Reuben James sunk by German sub.
How do the U.S. people react?
Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941
“Day of Infamy” .1q.
Over 2,400 Americans killed and Pacific Fleet damaged
People stunned, but was it really a surprise?
Japan’s Leader – Gen. Hideki Tojo
Dec 8th after FDR’s Infamy speech, U.S. declares war on Japan.
Three days later Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. Why?
Reflection Questions
What could have been done to stop Hitler as he gained land?
How is the U.S. and FDR alike and different from Hitler during the Great Depression and growth of government?
How was the U.S. not actually neutral as they declared in the days before Pearl Harbor?
Even through FDR wanted the U.S. to help Britain, why did we not join until after Pearl Harbor?
9.2 World War II – The Battlefields
European and Pacific Theaters
Military Leaders to Know
George Marshall – Chief of Staff of Military
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Commander of Allied forces in ___________
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Leader of ___________ Forces
Others to be familiar with: U.S. – Gen. Omar Bradley, Gen. George Patton, Adm. Chester Nimitz
German – Erwin Rommel, British – Bernard Montgomery, French – Charles de Gaulle,
Chinese – Chaing Kai Shek, Mao Zedong
Atlantic Ocean War
U.S. had to overcome German subs (Wolfpacks)
Used Convoys and produced more Liberty Ships, Use of sonar, radar and bombing of bases.
What was the impact of subs on Florida?
European Theater
Operation Torch – taking of North Africa. What was important about North Africa?
2nd Front – ___________ was calling for a 2nd front.
In Feb., 1943, the Soviets stopped the German advance at the Battle of _____________. Began slow push back.
U.S./British would invade Sicily and Italy in 1943. It would take 2 years to fully defeat Germans there.
On_____________, the 2nd front requested by Stalin finally came with the largest air-sea-land battle ever.
D-day with the codename Operation Overlord with the landing on the Normandy coast of France.
By the end of August, _______ was liberated.
Germans had desperate counterattack at the _________________in Dec., 1944, but eventually lost.
April 30, 1945 – Hitler kills himself
May 8, 1945 – VE Day
In final months, U.S. troops discovered the concentration camps. Did they know of them before?
What did Eisenhower order?
Pacific Theater
After Pearl Harbor, _________ continued their expansion.
April, 1942 – ________________ pushed out of Philippines and the Bataan Death march.
Turning point – Battles of ____________ and Midway in May and June 1942.
Stopped invasion of Australia and destroyed four Japanese carriers (& 300 planes)
Island Hopping - Plan in_________ – skip over (and isolate) strongly held islands and advance towards Japan
Aug. 1942 – Guadalcanal - 1st land defeat
Oct, 1944 – Leyte Gulf (Philippines) – ________returns as Japanese Navy is virtually wiped out. (kamikazes used)
(Pacific Theater con’t)
Spring, 1945 – Iwo Jima and Okinawa – fierce fighting to the death by the Japanese.
From Iwo Jima, U.S. could now launch air bombing raids on Japan
Question for new President Truman – If the Japanese would fight that hard on other land, what would
happen in an invasion of their home country?
Manhattan Project
Who convinced FDR to approve the Manhattan Project in the early part of the war?
Robert Oppenheimer – head of project
What was the decision that now President Truman had to make?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki – only places in world that have ever had an atomic bomb used.
Enola Gay – plane that dropped 1st bomb (Little Boy)
Besides saving lives, what was another reason made Truman decide to use the atomic bombs?
VJ Day – September 2, 1945, On USS Missouri - Japan accepts unconditional surrender
Wartime Conferences
Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill before U.S. in war – made plans for after war such as _______
Casablanca – FDR and Churchill (Jan ’43)
Will accept only an Unconditional Surrender. Why?
Teheran – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Nov ’43)
Plan for 2nd front. What battle did that end up being?
Yalta – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Feb ’45)
Plan for post-war Eastern Europe and U.N. But what did the USSR do instead of plan?
Potsdam – Truman**, Attlee, and Stalin
Truman does not trust Stalin (how will that affect bomb decision?)
Nuremberg Trials
Military Tribunals to try the lead Nazis.
Why is this something different from prior history?
Marshall Plan - George Marshall’s plan to rebuild war-torn Europe
Any other reasons?
Did it work?
Why did the USSR and Eastern bloc countries not participate?
Reflection Questions
How did the actions of the U.S. and the British in delaying a 2nd front later caused conflicts?
How did the U.S. win the war in the Atlantic?
How did the U.S. defeat the Japanese?
How did the war conferences impact the future events that would occur?
9.3 World War II – The Home Front
Government Growth during the war. (and after growth in Great Depression)
Why did this happen?
What about liberties?
Rationing - Ration Stamps (“food stamps)
Office of Price Administration – regulated almost every aspect of civilian lives with freezing of prices, wages,
and rationing of commodities.
How to pay for the war?
The U.S. paid for the huge increase by
1 – raising ________
2 – selling war bonds (over $135 million)
How would that help the U.S. after the war ended?
Industrial Production
War Production Board established to manage ____________________
Office of War Mobilization – in charge of production and controlling _______________
Many credit the incredible production of the U.S. as the key to winning the war
(produced twice as much as axis powers combined)
Propaganda
Office of War Information – propaganda used to:
Maintain public morale, Encourage sacrifice and conserve resources, Increase War production
Famous for war posters
Used movies, music, and popular culture to project patriotic view of war. Who was used for comedy?
Science
Office of Scientific Research and Development
Some famous work: Manhattan Project, Radar, Sonar
Other important research: Fertilizers, Pesticides, Medicines, Preservations, Codebreakers
Serving in the military and on the home front
Before the U.S. ever entered the war, they passed the Selective Service Act in 1940.
Over 10 million drafted in addition to the volunteers
Civilian Air Patrol and other organizations helped home defense
What happened in Inverness?
How did the war help the South and the West?
What happened in Florida?
WWII was beneficial to the State. Agriculture and Industry increased
Many bases were built (converted) for year-round training: Ft. Blanding, Beach Hotels
Training for D-Day in various locations
Treat of German invasion and coastal cities (back-lighting)
Growth in cities and farms
More people moved to cities to work in factories.
Victory Gardens
Farmers had to produce more, with less. Technological improvements helped.
Sale of food to other areas of world
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
Better known as the GI Bill. Helped over 15 million former soldiers after they returned.
Some of the best-know parts:
1.
2.
Helped in the post-war expansion of economy
1944 Election
FDR would win his 4th Presidential election (only one), Would choose Truman as new VP (little known)
Would die early in the 4th term not long before VE Day
Women during the war
Over 200,000 served in the military – WAAC (army), WAVEs (navy), WASPs (army air corp)
Into the labor workforce (over 5 million) – “Rosie the Riveter”
What would happen after the war?
Family difficulties – “Dear John” letters, child-care
Japanese-Americans - 20,000 served in military
Nisei – 2nd generation, born in U.S.
Executive Order 9066 – over 100,000 Japanese-Americans forced to go to Internment Camps.
Korematsu v. U.S. – upheld internment policy
Native Americans - Over 25,000 served in military
Navajo Code talkers
Many moved off reservations to work in wartime industries
Mexican Americans - U.S. encouraged immigrants to come and work in factories and farms
braceros - temporary farmworkers during harvest
Zoot Suit Riots – summer of 1943, resentment in LA of Mexican immigrants
African-Americans
Segregated military
Tuskegee Airmen
A. Philip Randolph – leader who threatened “march on Washington” by workers.
Executive Order 8802 (Fair Employment Act) - Equal pay for jobs in military industries
C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality) – fought for rights
“Double V” slogan – V for victory over fascism abroad and equality at home.
Reflection Questions
How would the 2nd World War contribute to the Civil Rights and Feminist movements in the later decades?
In what ways did the government grow in power during the 2nd World War?
In what ways was racism shown during the 2nd World War?
How did the war change various areas of the country?
9.4 – 1950s Domestic – Social
Although the title of this is “The Fifties”, it is not just the 1950s
Post WWII: 1945 to 1963
Why 1963 as a stopping point?
Baby Boom
Why an increase in the number of children born in this time period?
Business Boom
After a short post-war recession (why?), overall great growth.
Employment Act of 1946 – goal of _____________________ due to recession
What does that show?
Growth of White Collar jobs
How did the GI Bill contribute to this?
What about women in the workplace?
How did the savings/ration system during the war contribute to the unprecedented prosperity of the 1950s?
Franchises - the right or license granted by a company to an individual or group to market its products or
examplesservices in a specific territory
Conglomerates - a corporation consisting of a number of sub-companies or divisions in a variety of unrelated
industries, usually as a result of merger or acquisition.
ExamplesLabor & Unions
Post-war inflation affected workers which salaries did not keep up, 1946 over 4.5 million workers went on strike
When mine workers threatened to strike, _________ threaten action
Taft-Hartley Act (passed in 1947)
Outlawed __________
Permitted states to pass laws to become ______________________ states
Outlawed ______________________ (strikes by other unions not involved)
President could declare 80 day “_______________________”
Truman vetoed bill, but was overridden
1955 AFL and CIO would reunify
Peak of Union involvement - early 1950s, since then the effects of Taft-Hartley have lessened their power
How did the “right-to-work” laws help the south?
Rise of the Sunbelt
Population shift from The “_____________” to the “_______________”
Effects of the New Deal Projects and WWII
Defense-related industries built during Cold War
Effects of Air Conditioning
Would continue to modern-day
The Suburbs
Rapid growth of suburbia in the Post-WWII era
In a single generation, the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites
Effects:
Levittowns – mass produced housing
White Flight –
Automania
Federal Highway Acts – Eisenhower Interstate system
Why was it made?
What is the numbering system?
What is “death by Interstate?”
How did the Interstates help to expand suburbs?
How did the Interstates not only help expand the Automobile Industry, but also lessen the power of the
Railroads?
How did the Interstates help create a more “homogenous” U.S.?
Other Effects:
Economic Prosperity
Between 1945 and 1960, pre-capita disposable income tripled
Post-War standard of living was the highest in the world
Would help add to a consumer culture
Planned Obsolescence – “throwaway society”
New Products
Advertising Age (TV effects)
Television
By the end of the 1950s, TV became a center of family life for many
I Love Lucy, Father Knows Best, Bandstand, Ozzie and Harriet, Mickey Mouse Club, Lassie, Flintstones, Leave it to Beaver
3 National networks dominated (______, ______, _____)
“_____________________________” by FCC Chairman Newton Minnow
How was the culture portrayed on TV?
How does it affect language and “homogenous culture?”
Music, Radio and Records
Rock n Roll emerges - Blend of black R&B and white country music
Elvis Presley
Payola Scandal – corporate payoffs of DJs
LPs – “______________” records
45s – smaller records
Leisure Time
Why did Americans have more leisure time?
That combined with more disposable income lead to what?
Sports grow
Passive – watching (baseball, football)
Active – actually involved (bowling, hunting, fishing, golf)
TV, Dime stores/shopping, Vacations
Family Time
Dr. Benjamin Spock’s book on _________________
Dr. Jonas Salk – _________ vaccine
Organized religion expands dramatically (“great awakening?”) - Membership in church part of identity and
socialization
Women roles
Seen in traditional view
Paid less than men
Early feminist movement brewing - How does I Love Lucy show this?
Critics
Beatniks / Beat Movement – criticized conformity in modern society
Allen Ginsberg – Howl – rebellion against societal standards
Jack Kerouac – criticized materialism and __________________
J.D. Salinger – Catcher in the Rye – alienation and _________________ of youth
David Riesman (sociologist) – individualism replaced with __________________
Michael Harrington – The Other America - Plight of the __________________
Reflection Questions
How did the Interstates, TV, and business models all contribute to the conformity of the 1950s?
What were the effects of the Taft-Hartley Act?
How did Americans show their prosperity?
What were the critics of the 1950s upset with?
What are some similarities that you see with the 1950s and the 1920s?
9.5 – Post WWII Political
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 – GI Bill of Rights
Over 15 million given opportunities, Postwar boom in higher education
How does that change the face of college students?
How does that change the Florida University system?
Low-interest loans - Effects on home ownership, suburbs, Farms and businesses
Helped stimulated the postwar economic expansion
1948 Election
Dem –
Rep –
Dixiecrats (States’ Rights Party) – Strom Thurmond
Why did they leave the Democrats?
What was wrong with the polls?
Truman’s Fair Deal Plan
First Introduced in 1946, and again after 1948 election, Fair Deal tried to expand upon the New Deal programs
National Health Care system
Aid to education
Civil Rights
Public housing
Minimum wage hike
Most measures defeated in Republican-controlled Congress - _____________________ only major one passed
Foreign policy (Cold War) took priority
22nd Amendment
Passed in 1951 - Limited President to _________________
Made Washington’s precedent a rule. Why?
Executive Order 9981 - 1948 (after congress would not pass law)
Truman desegregates the military with executive order.
“I Like IKE”
1952 Election
Rep –
Dem –
Checker’s Speech - Eisenhower’s VP ________________
1956 Election
Rep –
Dem –
Eisenhower Presidency - “Modern Republicanism”
Fiscal Conservative who tried to balance the budget, sometimes rated as the top economic President
Was it his policies or a great economy?
Did expand Social Security, raise minimum wage, Federal Highway Act – Interstates
Did not expand much on other domestic issues, Looking in hindsight, was this a mistake?
McCarthyism -A Second Red Scare
Worrying about communism after a World War. Sound Familiar?
Smith Act – passed in 1940, made it illegal to advocate __________________________
Upheld in 1951 with Dennis et al v. United States
HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee
Started in WWII to find Nazis in gov’t, used then against communists
Leader in late 40s – Richard Nixon
ACLU argued this was against 1st Amendment Rights
Hollywood Ten – blacklisted for not testifying
Alger Hiss -1950 - Worked in State Dept.
“pumpkin papers” - Nixon lead investigation
Never convicted of Espionage, but of __________________
Rosenbergs
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were traced to spy ring that gave______________________
Found guilty of treason and executed in 1953
Some thought it was just hysteria
Joseph McCarthy – Rep. Senator from ____________ - Use communism issue in reelection campaign in 1950
Said 205 Communists worked in State Department
Popularity increased as he used a steady stream of unsupported accusations.
Loved by many as he attacked wealthy and privileged
Helped Republican candidates in early 50s
During the televised Army-McCarthy Hearings he was exposed.
“McCarthyism” = “witchhunt”
1950s Civil Rights
WWII – Phillip Randolph – March on Washington threat
Jackie Robinson and baseball – 1947
1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - Overturns ____________________________
Chief Justice – Earl Warren,
Thurgood Marshall - NAACP
“separate facilities are inherently unequal” - Schools were to end segregation with “all deliberate speed”
Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955 - ______________ resisted segregation law
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. organizes boycott
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - Leader of non-violent protests (passive resistance)
Greensboro (NC) sit-in movement – 1960 - Woolworth lunch counter was segregated
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) started
Little Rock Central High School – 1956, Gov. Orval Faubus used National Guard to keep black students out
Eisenhower sends in troops to uphold federal authority
“Little Rock Nine”
Reflection Questions
What successes did Truman have in implementing his domestic policies?
What were the highlights of Eisenhower’s Presidency?
In what ways was the threat of communism a hysteria?
How did civil disobedience and passive resistance help to end segregation in the South?
9.6 Early Cold War
United Nations - Begins in 1945
Idea from __________________ and ___________________
General Assembly
Security Council – 15 nations (Permanent members with US, USSR, France, Britain, China)
Europe – Post WWII
Nuremberg Trials 1945-6 - Top ______ leaders tried for war crimes (Showed cooperation between allies)
Satellite nations in Eastern Europe - Communist manipulated elections
“_______________ Bloc” of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
Occupation of Germany - Split 4 ways by:
Soviet controlled area becomes __________________
Other 3 sectors – West Germany
“Iron Curtain” – Communist Eastern Europe
Asia – Post WWII
Japan – Under control of US __________________ until 1951
US troops stayed (against communists?)
Philippines – 1946 became independent country
China
Civil War after WWII
Nationalists led by _______________________ (for Democracy, but corrupt)
Communists led by _______________________
Two Chinas
Peoples Republic (Red China)
Formosa/Taiwan - Nationalists
Which one did US support?
What was the effect on Truman?
Marshall Plan
After war and harsh 1946-7 winter, Europe in bad shape
George Marshall outlined program of economic help
Economic aid to European countries
Soviets and Eastern Bloc turned down aid
Western Europe economic growing by 1950s
Was the Marshall Plan actually a plan against communism?
Cold War - Conflict between the USSR and US from mid-1940s to early 1990s
Early Roots: Red Scare after WWI, Potsdam Conference
How was the relationship of Truman different than FDR?
Truman’s policies - Some saw it as reasonable response to USSR effort to increase communism
Conservatives said he was soft on communism; Others say he overreacted to USSR’s historic need for
border security
Truman Doctrine
After threat of communist takeover in _____________ and ________________ ’46
Truman asks Congress for economic aid to assist freedom
Idea was to Contain communism.
Containment idea
Dean Acheson and George Kennan (Mr. X) – influential advisors
NSC-68 (1950- after China) – secret at time
Increase _________________________
_________________ w/ non-communist countries
Work against “_______________ effect”
Restructure of the Military
Atomic Energy Commission established in 1946
National Security Act – 1947
Organized Military under Department of _________________ – “Pentagon”
CIA – Central Intelligence Agency established
National Security Council – coordinate ____________________________ in Executive Branch
Fell in line with Truman Doctrine and cold war strategy
Selective Service System and peacetime __________ – 1948
Berlin Airlift 1948
Soviets cut off land access to West Berlin
Massive ______________ of supplies
“candy bombers” Soviets later open roads
Atomic Arms race
Soviets test atomic bomb in 1949
Rosenbergs/Hiss
US – H-bomb in 1952
NATO – 1949 -North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Military alliances with Western Europe, Canada, and US
What would G. Washington think of this?
Warsaw Pact – 1955 - Military alliance of Communist nations of Eastern Europe
Korean War
1950 – North Korea (Communist) invade South Korea
UN authorized force to defend South Korea, Why did USSR not use their veto vote of Security Council?
Gen. MacArthur stops invasion and pushes back, But goes beyond orders including bombing China
Truman removes MacArthur despite public approval of MacArthur’s actions
Armistice would establish ________________ in 1953
More than 54,000 Americans killed
Brinkmanship - Eisenhower’s policy led by John Foster Dulles
Use idea of __________________________
Dulles advocated more reliance on nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis
1956 – Egypt got funds for ______________ from Soviet Union. Egypt then nationalized French/British-owned
Suez Canal.
Britain, France, Israel attach Egypt and retake Canal.
Eisenhower was furious that allies had not contacted U.S. beforehand
U.S. joins U.N. and world in condemnation.
After crisis, U.S. dominate force in middle east, not Britain or France.
Eisenhower Doctrine
After Suez Crisis, Eisenhower pledged economic aid to Middle Eastern counties.
Also pledged to aid militarily against communism spread.
Builds upon Truman Doctrine with military and middle east focus.
Asia and Latin America Conflicts
France retook control of Indochina after WWII.
U.S. aided France in Vietnam against communist forces.
SEATO – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – 1954
Made to try to prevent Indochina from becoming Communist. (Domino Theory)
_________ involved in several overthrows in the 1950s.
Produced Anti-U.S. feeling
Cuba- 1959
Dictator Batista overthrown by _________________-led communists.
American-owned businesses nationalized and alliance with ______________
Later Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis with JFK
1956 – Hungarian Revolt – New gov’t established, but Moscow sends in troops and restores communist gov’t.
Why didn’t the U.S. help Hungary?
1957 - Sputnik I and II – shock U.S.
US National Defense and Education Act 1958
Explorer I – U.S. first satellite 1958
NASA started in 1958 to direct U.S. space effort
1961 – _______________ in Space, 1962 – _____________ first to orbit, 1969 – _________________ on moon
U2 Crisis – U.S. spy plane w/ Frances Gary Powers shot down.
Scheduled peace summit with Khrushchev and Eisenhower cancelled
Eisenhower’s Farewell address - Warned about the “unwarranted influence…by the ____________________________.”
Reflection Questions
How was the Marshall Plan design to help not only Europe, but the United States also?
How did the U.S. react to events in Europe during the late 40s and 1950s? (give specific examples)
How did events outside of Europe contribute to future events that would effect U.S. foreign policy?
What were the goals of NATO, the Truman Doctrine, SEATO, and the Eisenhower Doctrine?