MOUNT ALOYSIUS COLLEGE
Portage Area Early College
Cresson, PA 16630
COURSE:
BL202 - Anatomy & Physiology 1
CLASS MEETINGS:
August 25, 2014 – May 28, 2015
Monday – Friday Period 8, 49 minutes/period
INSTRUCTOR:
Mr. Raymond Trybus, BS, MSS Sports Medicine
CREDITS:
4 Semester Hours
CONTACT:
rtrybus@portageareasd.org
OFFICE HOURS:
by appointment
Required Text:
1. Marieb, E.N. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed. 2012.
2. Marieb, E.N. Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Cat version.
3. One or more three-ring binders for organizing handouts.
Supplemental Materials: Outlines, activity sheets and/or learning objectives will be distributed to specify
important information for each topic. PowerPoint handouts are provided for each lecture.
Additional Resource: Mr. Trybus’s Homepage on the PASD website
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course is designed to provide an understanding of the structure and function of the human body. Basic
concepts, including chemistry, cytology, and histology are emphasized. The following systems are studied in
detail: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous. Laboratory exercises involve related micro- and gross
anatomy exercises.
COURSE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand the relationship between human anatomy and physiology.
2. Apply the basic concepts of homeostasis, diffusion, and osmosis to body physiology.
3. Describe chemical compounds that comprise the human body and the typical reactions of these
compounds.
4. Describe the structure of a “typical” cell and outline the functioning of subcellular organelles.
5. Identify and describe the tissue types found in the body.
6. Describe the structure and function of the skin and its associated structures.
7. Describe the development and functioning of the skeletal and muscular systems, identify the
components of each, and relate how these systems act together to produce movement.
8. Describe the organization of the nervous system and the physiology of nerve impulse conduction.
9. Describe how the nervous system acts to coordinate and integrate bodily functions.
ACADEMIC HONESTY AND INTEGRITY:
All students are expected to be honest in their academic work and to display integrity in the demonstration of
their achieved competencies. Cheating or other willful decision on the part of the student to be dishonest in
the representation of the work of others as his/her own, is unacceptable behavior. If you are unsure of what
constitutes plagiarism, see page 11 of your agenda or the instructor.
Any student found guilty of giving or receiving help in an examination or found guilty of deliberate plagiarism
in the submission of a project will receive a grade of zero for the incident. Further penalties may be imposed
as directed by the circumstances.
GRADING SYSTEM:
Your grade can be calculated by dividing the sum of all your scores by the total number of possible
points. A record of all your scores will be kept on the grade book on eSchoolbook so that you have a
constant assessment of your level of performance. No extra credit will be given. Cheating,
plagiarism, and misconduct will be treated severely. Copying another individual’s work or allowing
someone to copy your work is regarded as cheating.
Standard Departmental Grading Scale:
A = 92-100% of total points
B+ = 88-91%
B = 83-87%
C+ = 79-82%
C = 74-78%
D = 65-73%
F = 0-64%
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Exam Review Sheets - Prior to each exam, you will be provided with an Exam Review Sheet. This sheet
contains a list of items that will be tested for mastery. You are expected to use the review sheet in
preparation for the exam.
Homework (10 points each) - Prior to each exam, you will be provided with a homework assignment.
Each of these assignments is related to topics covered in class. You are expected to complete and
submit each assignment prior to the chapter exam. Assignments may include, but are not limited to:
short answer essays, internet/journal reviews, concept maps, and short projects. The grade for late
assignments will be reduced by 1 point per calendar day.
Lecture Exams – Three lecture exams will be given during each nine weeks. Each exam will be based
on learning objectives, lecture notes and reading assignments covered.
Participation:
1. Each student is expected to read lecture and lab assignments in advance and to participate in classroom
discussions of materials.
2. Each student is expected to participate in classroom discussions of current events and situations in
everyday life related to Anatomy & Physiology.
3. Supplementary materials will be provided, and each student is expected to use these additional resources
and/or additional help as needed to understand course material and meet course objectives.
4. Each student is expected to take legible, thorough notes.
5. Each student is expected to turn in assigned work on time and be prepared to discuss it.
6. Each student is expected to read the lab procedures before each lab session. The lab manual and/or any
lab handouts must be brought to each lab session. During each lab session, each student is expected to
participate in discussions, and to record the results and the answers to the additional questions in the lab
manual.
7. Each student is expected to follow the lab safety rules and demonstrate an effort to maintain the safety of
all individuals in the lab.
8. Each student will provide his/her own dissection gloves/lab apron for rat/organ dissections.
A Final Note:
Striving to meet the above objectives will aid in the cognitive development of each student and
increase his/her awareness of the effects of interactions of body organs and systems. The written and oral
communication skills of each student will be fostered. Students shall work together to further the education
of all individuals involved in the course in a constructive manner and in doing so, skills useful in everyday life
and the workplace will be developed.
Outline by Chapter and Competency:
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
1.1
define Anatomy and Physiology.
1.2
1.3
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.
Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they
are related.
1.4
List functions that humans must perform to maintain life.
1.5
Define homeostasis and explain its importance.
1.6
Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body
function.
1.7
Describe and/or demonstrate the anatomical position.
1.8
Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes.
1.9
Locate the chief body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
2.1
List the major energy forms and provide one example (from the body) of the use of each
energy form.
2.2
Define chemical element and list four elements that form the bulk of body matter.
2.3
Explain the relationship between elements and atoms.
2.4
List the subatomic particles and describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the
atom.
2.5
Define radioisotope and explain briefly how radioisotopes are used in the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
2.6
Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons to make and break
chemical bonds.
2.7
Define the term molecule and explain its relationship to compounds.
2.8
Differentiate between ionic, polar covalent, and nonpolar covalent bonds, and decribe
the importance of hydrogen bonds.
2.9
Contrast synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and oxidation/reduction reactions.
Chapter 3: Cytology.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
3a.1
Define the terms: cell, organelle, and inclusion.
3a.2
Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma
membrane).
3a.3
Describe the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli.
3a.4
Identify on a cell model or diagram the organelles and discuss the major functions of each.
Chapter 3: Cell Physiology.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
3b.1
Define selective permeability, diffusion (including dialysis and osmosis), active transport,
passive transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic,
and isotonic.
3b.2
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane , and explain how various transport processes
account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.
3b.3
Describe the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and explain the role of the
mitochondrion in each.
3b.4
Describe the use of the genetic code in the production of the primary structure of a protein,
and explain the formation of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure.
Chapter 3: Histology.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
3c.1
Describe the process of mitosis, and list important events that occur during each of the phases
of mitosis.
3d.2
describe the importance of mitosis to the development of early embryonic stages
3c.3
Describe the process of differentiation as it relates to the formation of primary germ layers.
3c.4
Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major
tissue types differ structurally and functionally.
3c.5
Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body.
3c.6
Describe the process of tissue repair (wound healing).
Chapter 4: The Skin and Body Membranes.
Standards/Competencies: The student will:
4.1
List several important functions of the integumentary system and explain how these functions
are accomplished.
4.2
Recognize and name the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis (papillary and reticular
layers), hair and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.
4.3
Name the uppermost and deepest layers of the epidermis and describe the characteristics of
each.
4.4
Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal derivatives - sebaceous glands, sweat
glands, nails, and hair.
4.5
Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the function of melanin.
4.6
Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
4.7
Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and
malignant melanoma.
4.8
List the general functions of each membrane type—cutaneous, mucuos, serous, and synovial—
and give its location in the body.
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
5.1
List the functions of the skeletal system.
5.2
List and define the major features of a bone (both external and internal).
5.3
Compare and contrast: spongy and compact bone, red and yellow bone marrow, endochondral
and intramembranous bone ossification. Give examples of bones formed by endochondral or
intramembranous ossification.
5.4
Describe the basic organization of a Haversian system.
5.6
List and give examples of the five major bone types.
5.7
Use a graph to explain the roles of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the maintenance of
homeostasis with regard to blood Ca++ concentration.
5.8
List and define the major types of movement permitted by joints.
5.9
Describe and give examples of the three major joint types, and identify specific examples of
diarthroses and the movements they permit.
5.10
Describe the functional anatomy of the knee joint.
5.11
Describe specific health concerns related to the skeletal system.
5.12
Identify the major bones and bone markings associated with the axial and appendicular
skeletal divisions.
Chapter 6: The Muscular System.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
6.1
Identify and describe the four properties of muscle tissue.
6.2
Compare and contrast smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissues.
6.3
Identify and define the gross anatomy of a muscle.
6.4
Identify and describe the functional histology of skeletal muscle cells.
6.5
Describe the “Sliding Filament Hypothesis” and physiologic changes which must occur in the
sarcomere to allow this event to take place.
6.6
Describe three major concepts related to muscle contraction—transmembrane potential,
motor unit, and neuromuscular junction.
6.7
Describe the five important organic compounds which provide energy for muscle contraction,
and explain how they are obtained and used during low level activity to peak exertion.
6.8
Explain the relationship between anaerobic respiration, lactic acid production, and oxygen
debt.
6.9
Explain how the production of free creatine affect muscle growth, and the role steroids play in
muscle development.
6.10
Describe the events of a single twitch muscle contraction, and contrast single twitch,
summation, and tetanus muscle contractions.
6.11
Identify the three classes of levers, and give examples of each in the human body.
6.12
Identify and define the three parts of a muscle.
6.13
Classify muscles according to their role in the production of body movements.
6.14
Compare and contrast initial and recovery heat.
6.15
Identify major skeletal muscles and their actions.
Chapter 7: The Nervous System I.
Standards/Competencies: The students will
7.1
List and describe the four functions of the nervous system.
7.2
Outline the organization of the human nervous system, and describe the function of each
subdivision.
7.3
Describe the function of glial cells, and list the function and location of specific examples of
glial cells.
7.4
Identify and describe the parts of a neuron
7.5
Identify classes of neurons based upon number of processes, and direction and destination of
impulses.
7.6
Draw correlations between the sodium-potassium exchange pump and: resting potential,
generation of an impulse, and repolarization.
7.7
Detail the changes in ion concentrations that occur in a neuron during: rest, depolarization,
and repolarization.
7.8
Describe how an impulse is conducted along the surface of a neuron. Compare and contrast
continuous and saltatory conduction.
7.9
Label and define the structures involved in the synaptic transmission of an impulse.
7.10
Describe the synaptic transmission of an impulse.
7.11
Describe the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters - give examples.
Chapter 8: The Nervous System II
Standards/Competencies: The students will
8.1
Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres,
diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model and on preserved sheep
brain specimens.
8.2
Name the three meningeal layers and state their functions.
8.3
Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood brain barrier.
8.4
Define EEG and explain how it evaluates nerve functioning.
8.5
List two important functions of the spinal cord.
8.6
Describe the structure of the spinal cord.
8.7
Describe the general structure of a nerve.
8.8
Identify the cranial nerves by number and name, and list the major functions of each.
8.9
Describe the origin and fiber composition of (a) ventral nerve roots, (b) the spinal nerve proper,
and (c) ventral and dorsal rami.
8.10
Discuss the distribution of dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves.
8.11
Name the four major nerve plexuses, the major nerves of each, and describe their distribution.
8.12
Identify the structural organization and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Laboratory Topics
1
Orientation, Lab Safety/Rules
2
Language of Anatomy
3
The Microscope
4
Basic Cell Structure
5
Passive Membrane Processes (Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Dialysis, Filtration)
6
Mitosis
7
Epithelial Tissues (Microscopic examination)
8
Connective Tissues (Microscopic examination)
9
The Integument
10
The Skeletal System Part 1 – The Axial Skeleton
11
The Skeletal System Part 2 – The Appendicular Skeleton
12
Body Movements
13
Muscle Tissues (Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac)
14
Muscle Mechanics (First, Second, Third Class Levers)
15
Muscle Identification (including Name, Origin, Insertion, Action)
16
Nervous Tissue (Microscopic examination)
17
Sheep Brain Dissection
18
Reflex Testing
The instructor reserves the right to add to, delete from, or alter the above stated policies if in so doing
will maintain the proper environment for teaching and learning. All such policy changes will be announced in
advance.