CHAPTER 7
ETHNICITY
What is Ethnicity?
• What is ethnicity? How is
it different than race?
– Ethnicity – cultural
– Race - biological
• Ethnic groups are tied to
particular places
– Cultural traits derive from
conditions and practiced in
that homeland
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN
ETHNICITY & RACE
• Race – transmitted genetically
from parents to children
• Ethnicity – derived from
“distinctive features of particular
places on the Earth’s surface”
• Why is skin color important to
geographers?
• African American = a group with
an extensive cultural tradition
(does not mean black – ex. Miles)
• Black = skin color (does not mean
African American)
• African American and blacks are
not the same thing
– Most black Americans descend from
Africa (black race does equal
African-American ethnicity for
them)
– Some blacks descend from nonAfrican regions (black race does not
equal African American ethnicity for
them)
• Hispanic/Latino is an ethnic group,
not a race (choose white, black,
other….)
• Asian as a race and AsianAmerican as an ethnicity
ISSUE #1
Where are Ethnicities Distributed?
ETHNICITIES IN THE U.S.
• 2 largest are Hispanics
(14%) and African
American (12%)
• Clustering of ethnicities
based on scale
– Regional , city, and within
cities (neighborhoods)
– Trend of concentration in
neighborhoods over the
course of the 20th century?
CONCENTRATION cont.
REGIONAL
• African Americans – SE
• Hispanics – SW
CITY
• African Americans are
highly clustered within cities
(more than half live in
cities)
- ex. Detroit
• Asian Americans – West
• American Indians – SW and
Plains
• Hispanics – similar to that of
African Americans in
northern cities
– Mixed in states with largest H
population (CA and TX)
African-Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and
in northern cities.
Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest
and in northern cities.
Asian Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.
Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the
plains, the southwest, and Alaska.
Ethnicities in
Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic
Americans, Asian Americans, and
European Americans are clustered
in different areas of the city.
Ethnicities
in Los
Angeles
Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white,
African American,
and Asian areas in
and around Los
Angeles.
Ethnic Diversity, New York City
RACE IN THE U.S.
• 14 races on last U.S.
census (75% white, 12%
black, 4% Asian, 1%
American Indian or
Alaska Native, 0.1%
Native Hawaiian or
other Pacific Islander,
6% some other race)
WHAT RACE ARE YOU?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
White
Black, African American, or Negro
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian India
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Korean
Vietnamese
Other Asian
Native Hawaiian
Guamanian for Chamorro
Samoan
Other Pacific Islander
Other Race
AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION
PATTERNS
• You are responsible for this section, read it and
refer to your 20% summary sheet.
1. Immigration from Africa to the colonies in the 18th
century
2. Immigration from to U.S. South to northern cities
during the first half of the 20th century
3. Immigration from inner city ghettos to urban
neighborhoods in the second half of the 20th
century and early 21st century
SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
• U.S. has a history of
discouraging spatial interaction
between races (past by law,
today through discrimination)
• Plessy v. Ferguson establishes
separate but equal in the 1890s
– Led to Jim Crow Laws (see
examples)
– School segregation video (next
slide)
• Brown v. Board of Education
ended (at least legally) separate
but equal in the 1950s
– Led to “white flight”
– What is blockbusting?
Segregation in the U.S.
SOUTH AFRICA - APARTHEID
• Apartheid – a legal
system in South Africa
that created the
physical separation of
different races into
different geographic
areas
– Repealed in the 1990s
(look at pp.228-230 and
the worksheet)
Black “Homelands” in South Africa
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black
“homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of
one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.
Train Station Stairs for Whites South
Africa under Apartheid
Train Station Stairs for Blacks
South Africa under Apartheid
KI#1 Review Questions
1. This is the identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
2. Define ethnicity.
3. What are the two largest ethnicities in the U.S. and what are their
percentages?
4. The largest percentage of Hispanics come from ______
5. List the three major migration flows for African Americans.
6. True/False: “Asian” is recognized as a race and an ethnicity, while Hispanic is
only considered an ethnicity, but not a race.
7. Ethnicity is important to geographers because its characteristics derive from
the distinctive features of what?
8. What is really the only feature of race that matters to geographers and
why?
9. What doctrine led to very little spatial interaction among whites and nonwhites in the U.S. until the 1950s/1960s?
10. What legal system in South Africa created the physical separation of
different races into different geographic areas until the early 1990s?
KI#1 Review Questions
1. This is the identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor - Race
2. Define ethnicity. – identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a
particular homeland or hearth.
3. What are the two largest ethnicities in the U.S. and what are their percentages?
Hispanic at 14% of total pop.; Afr.-Am. at 12%
4. The largest percentage of Hispanics come from ______ (Mexico)
5. List the three major migration flows for African Americans. (From Africa to the colonies
in the 18th century, from U.S. South to northern cities during the first half of the 20th
century, from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half
of the 20th century and first decade of the 21st century)
6. True/False: “Asian” is recognized as a race and an ethnicity, while Hispanic is only
considered an ethnicity, but not a race. True
7. Ethnicity is important to geographers because its characteristics derive from the
distinctive features of what? Particular places on Earth
8. What is really the only feature of race that matters to geographers and why? Skin color
because it is the basis for which people in many societies are organized/sorted out in
places such as school, neighborhoods, recreation….
9. What doctrine led to very little spatial interaction among whites and non-whites in the
U.S. until the 1950s/1960s? Separate but Equal
10. What legal system in South Africa created the physical separation of different races into
different geographic areas until the early 1990s? Apartheid
KI#2 Review Questions
1. Define nationality.
2. True/False: All Americans are part of a nationality and race but only some
choose to identify with an ethnicity.
3. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular
ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality is called a ___
4. How do most countries view independent mass media?
5. Define multi-ethnic state.
6. The United Kingdom and the former Soviet Union are good examples of
multi-ethnic or multinational sates?
7. The Soviet Union broke up into ____ newly independent countries, which
break down into these five groups.
8. _________ is the largest multinational state.
9. This area, consisting of Sunni Muslims, has been particularly troublesome
for Russia.
10. By the late 20th century, in much of Europe, __________ identity once
again became more important that nationality.
KI#2 Review Questions
1.
Define nationality. Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and
personal allegiance to a particular country
2. True/False: All Americans are part of a nationality and race but only some choose to
identify with an ethnicity. True
3. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been
transformed into a nationality is called a ___
Nation-state
4. How do most countries view independent mass media? As a threat/risk to the stability of
their government
5. Define multi-ethnic state. A state that contains more than one ethnicity
6. The United Kingdom and the former Soviet Union are good examples of multi-ethnic or
multinational sates? Multinational states
7. The Soviet Union broke up into ____ newly independent countries, which break down into
these five groups. 15, Baltic, European, Central Asian, Caucasus, Russia
8. _________ is the largest multinational state. Russia
9. This area, consisting of Sunni Muslims, has been particularly troublesome for Russia.
Chechnya
10. By the late 20th century, in much of Europe, __________ identity once again became more
important that nationality. Ethnic
• National Anthems
• Nationalism Song
ISSUE #3
Why do Ethnicities Clash?
WHY DO THEY CLASH?
1. To dominate the
national identity
(different ethnicities
fighting in the same
country ex. Rwanda)
2. Ethnicities are divided
among more than one
state (ex. Jewish
populations pre-Israel)
ETHNIC COMPETITION TO DOMINATE
NATIONALITY
• Especially prevalent in
sub-Saharan Africa
• Particularly the Horn of
Africa and central Africa
• Examples include
Sudan, Ethiopia and
Eritrea, Lebanon,
Somalia
Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa
Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries
of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and
Somalia).
Refugee Camp in Darfur, Sudan
Farmers from Darfur in western Sudan have been chased from their homes
by agents of the Sudanese government.
DIVIDING ETHNICITIES AMONG MORE
THAN ONE STATE
• Newly independent
countries are often created
to separate two ethnicities
(rarely segregated
completely)
• When an ethnicity is split
among more than one
country conflict may result
• Examples include
India/Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
and the Kurds
Ethnic Division of South Asia
Fig. 7-16: At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and
Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many
killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the
country of Bangladesh.
DIVISION OF INDIA
HISTORY
• British colony from early
1800s – 1947
• Split into two countries
(India for Hindus, Pakistan
for Muslims)
• In 1971 East Pakistan
became Bangladesh
CONSEQUENCE
• Led to the forced migration
of millions as they moved to
the new countries (many
killed)
• Kashmir – neither India or
Pakistan agreed on the line
running through this region
that separates them (much
debate and violence)
Train Station in Amritsar, India,
October, 1947
The station is filled with Hindu refugees who have fled from the new country of Pakistan.
Jammu and
Kashmir
Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir
became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars
over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.
Sinhalese &
Tamils in Sri
Lanka
Fig.7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language,
while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.
ISSUE #4
What is Ethnic Cleansing?
WORLD WAR II
• Largest levels of forced migration
occurred during WWII
• During the 1990s the term ethnic
cleansing emerged (process in
which a more powerful ethnic
group forcibly removes a less
powerful one in order to create
an ethnically homogeneous
region)
• EC is not traditional armies
fighting each other, it is the use of
all means to remove every
member of the other group (men,
women, children, elderly….)
1939-1945
Forced Migrations after World War Two
Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations,
especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.
YUGOSLAVIA
• Located on the Balkan
Peninsula
• Yugoslavia was created after
WWI to unite several
different ethnicities
• Tito – governed Yugoslavia
from 1953-1980
(“Yugoslavia has seven
neighbors, six republics, five
nationalities, four languages,
three religions, two
alphabets, and one dinar”)
– Economy held them together
The Balkans
in 1914
Fig. 7-20: The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in
1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire.
The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.
DESTRUCTION OF MULTI-ETHNIC
YUGOSLAVIA
• Ethnic rivalries and fighting emerge after Tito’s
death in the 1980s, the country breaks up in the
early ‘90s
• New countries – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro (many
not happy with the new boundaries and/or
division of ethnicities)
• This led to horrific ethnic cleansing
– Exs. – Bosnia & Herzegovina, Kosovo
Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia
Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia until its breakup in 1992. Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992
included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia,
Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.
BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA
• Population consisted of Bosnian
Muslims(48%), Serb (37%) and
Croat (14%)
• Serbs and Croats fought to unite
their areas with the countries of
Serbia and Croatia
– To achieve this they carried out
ethnic cleansing (1990s) of Bosnian
Muslims, especially the Serbs
against Bosnian Muslims (why?)
• 1996 – B&H is divided into three
regions, Serbs end up getting
about half the country (they only
made up 1/3 of the population)
Bridge Destroyed in Bosnian War
1993
KOSOVO
• After gaining
independence Serbia
launched a campaign to
control the province of
Kosovo (1990s)
– Led to Serbian ethnic
cleansing of the Albanian
Muslim population
– 750,000 of 2 million
Albanians forced to flee to
refugee camps
– NATO launches air attacks
against Serbia until Serbia
withdrew
Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
Fig. 7-1.1: Aerial photography helped document the stages of ethnic
cleansing in western Kosovo in 1999.
BALKANIZATION – p.247
• Understand what this process is and why it is
important
Chapter 07: Review
07.01 African Americans are primarily concentrated
in the
1. West
2. South
3. Northeast
4. Southwest
5. Midwest
07.01 African Americans are primarily concentrated
in the
1. West
2. South
3. Northeast
4. Southwest
5. Midwest
07.02 Hispanic Americans are primarily concentrated
in the
1. West
2. South
3. Northeast
4. Southwest
5. Midwest
07.02 Hispanic Americans are primarily concentrated
in the
1. West
2. South
3. Northeast
4. Southwest
5. Midwest
07.03 The most likely destination for African slaves
was
1. North America
2. South America
3. Caribbean
4. Western Europe
5. Middle East
07.03 The most likely destination for African slaves
was
1. North America
2. South America
3. Caribbean
4. Western Europe
5. Middle East
07.04 Apartheid
1. Classified people in one of two races
2. Was created by French settlers
3. Included the creation of “homelands”
4. Is still in place in South Africa
5. Had the support of most European countries in
the 1980s
07.04 Apartheid
1. Classified people in one of two races
2. Was created by French settlers
3. Included the creation of “homelands”
4. Is still in place in South Africa
5. Had the support of most European countries in
the 1980s
07.05 In the 1920s, this region best exemplified the
concept of the nation-state:
1. South America
2. Sub-Saharan Africa
3. Middle East
4. Europe
5. Southeast Asia
07.05 In the 1920s, this region best exemplified the
concept of the nation-state:
1. South America
2. Sub-Saharan Africa
3. Middle East
4. Europe
5. Southeast Asia
07.06 Which of the following is the best example of a
multinational state?
1. The former Soviet Union
2. Canada
3. France
4. Iran
5. Denmark
07.06 Which of the following is the best example of a
multinational state?
1. The former Soviet Union
2. Canada
3. France
4. Iran
5. Denmark
07.07 In which of the following decades was
nationalism most evident in Europe?
1. 1950s
2. 1960s
3. 1970s
4. 1980s
5. 1990s
07.07 In which of the following decades was
nationalism most evident in Europe?
1. 1950s
2. 1960s
3. 1970s
4. 1980s
5. 1990s
07.08 Which of the following ethnic groups has the
least representation in Lebanon?
1. Jews
2. Christians
3. Druze
4. Shiites
5. Sunnis
07.08 Which of the following ethnic groups has the
least representation in Lebanon?
1. Jews
2. Christians
3. Druze
4. Shiites
5. Sunnis
07.09 The basic glue holding Yugoslavia together was
1. Religion
2. Language
3. Economics
4. Nationality
5. Pressure from the Soviet Union
07.09 The basic glue holding Yugoslavia together was
1. Religion
2. Language
3. Economics
4. Nationality
5. Pressure from the Soviet Union
07.10 Since 1991 in the Balkans, the most severe
ethnic cleansing has been committed by
1. Croats
2. Bosnians
3. Macedonians
4. Serbs
5. Slovenes
07.10 Since 1991 in the Balkans, the most severe
ethnic cleansing has been committed by
1. Croats
2. Bosnians
3. Macedonians
4. Serbs
5. Slovenes