Industrial Revolution
• Definition: greatly increased output of
machine-made goods that began in
England in the 18th century.
• Textile: A cloth, especially one
manufactured by weaving or knitting; a
fabric.
• England had small farms. Bought up
by large landowners.
Beginnings
• Large enclosures
•
•
forced new
technology - did what
to peasants?
Jethro Tull and Seed
Drill
Crop Rotation /
Breeding led to more
available
food/resources. Leads
to…?
Britain
• Advantages of
Britain
– Large population
(pop. Increase)
– Nat.
Resources=coal,
iron, H2O, rivers,
harbors
• Military stability on
•
home land
Factors of
Production
– Land, Labor, Capital
Economics
• Capital
-money
-investments
• Enterprise
-business
-shipping
-mining
-railroads
-factories
Who or what are entrepreneurs?
Questions
• In what ways did geographical features
assist industrial progress in England?
• In what ways did humans change their
environment for industrial progress?
• Which natural characteristics were most
important for the industrial revolution?
Factors of Production
Land
Labor
Capital
• Britain takes
the lead
Revolution in the textile industry
• Shift from the cottage industry to the factory
system (power source?)
1).Harvest and clean the fiber or wool
2). Card it and spin it into threads
3). Weave the threads into cloth
4). Sew the cloth into clothes
• New machinery led to England taking the lead.
Critical Inventions
– 1733 John Kay: The
flying shuttle
(weaving)
What was a concern with
the flying shuttle?
– 1760’s James
Hargreaves: The
spinning jenny
(improved spinning
wheel)
– 1793 Eli Whitney:
The cotton gin
What do you think is driving new innovations?
Other Imp. Inventions
• James Watt’s
improved steam
engine led to canals,
shipping, etc. Who originally
designed the steam engine? For what
purpose?
• New road systems -
turnpikes
• George Stephenson locomotive. Led to
Manchester-Liverpool
(16 mph, fast). Railroads
expanded quickly.
Why are railroads
important?
• Population boom:
– (1750) European pop:
140 million
– (1850) European pop:
266 million
• Urbanization…growth
of cities
{movement of people
to cities}
– (1800) London: 1 million
– (1850) London:2.5 million
• Focus on industrial
capitalism
• Late 1800s: nobles
•
•
became the rich
upper class
Middle class grew
Lower class: workers
and peasants
Living
• Government non•
•
•
interaction
Garbage, police,
crowding.
Life span, medical
problems.
Women and child
labor eventually
curbed.
Factories
• Avg. work day: 14 hours.
• Avg. work week: 6 days, if not 7.
• Benefits?
• Child/Women Labor
• Cotton factories
• Coal mining
Liberal Movements in Response
• Labor laws to help workers
• Formation of Unions
• New ideas/movements/isms
– Socialism, Communism
Reform (Enlightenment Ideas)
• Factory Act 1833: limited child labor
– Illegal under 9, limited hours for others
• Mines Act 1842: limited women/children in
mines
• Ten Hours Act 1847: take a guess
• Schooling
Union and Reform Movements
• Union: The act of
•
•
uniting or the state of
being united.
Collective Bargaining
(negotiations) leads to
strikes. Ineffective until
skilled workers unite
with unskilled
Combination Acts
(1799, 1800)
–
Repealed in 1825
Luddites
• Textile workers
• Why would they resist the
•
•
mechanization of the textile
industry?
Smashed machines, burned
factories
Widely supported