CML
Centre of Environmental Science
Life Cycle Inventory Modeling using
Integrated Hybrid Model
- With a case study of Linoleum
Sangwon Suh
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CML
Centre of Environmental Science
1. Introduction
• Calculated truncation in “SETAC” LCI
Reference
Estimated
truncation
Method
Lave et al., 1995
50%
1st order upstream
Lenzen, 2001
9~52%
3rd order (energy)
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Centre of Environmental Science
1st
2nd
[Lave et al., 1995]
1. Introduction
3rd
4th
[Lenzen, 2001]
5th
6th
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Centre of Environmental Science
1. Introduction
Alternative : Input-output based LCI
[Moriguchi et al., 1993]
[Hendrickson et al, 1998]
[Joshi, 2000]
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Centre of Environmental Science
1. Introduction
Activated carbon and charcoal
Alkali metals
SIC 2819Industrial inorganic
chemicals, NEC
Alumina
Aluminum chloride
Aluminum compounds
Aluminum hydroxide (alumina trihydrate)
Aluminum oxide
Aluminum sulfate
Alums
Ammonia alum
Ammonium chloride, hydroxide, and molybdate
Ammonium compounds, except for fertilizer
Ammonium perchlorate
Ammonium thiosulfate
Barium compounds
Bauxite, refined
182 items
Beryllium oxide
Bleach (calcium hypochlorite), industrial
Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), industrial
Bleaches, industrial
Bleaching powder, industrial
Borax (sodium tetraborate)
Boric acid
Boron compounds, not produced at mines
Borosilicate
Brine
Bromine, elemental
Calcium carbide, chloride, and hypochlorite
Calcium compounds, inorganic
Calcium metal
Carbide
Catalysts, chemical
Cerium salts
Cesium metal
Charcoal, activated
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Centre of Environmental Science
1. Introduction
Objectives
• Systematic LCI modeling : Integrated hybrid model
• Empirical test using existing case study
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Centre of Environmental Science
2. Methodology
Hybrid LCI modeling
• Integrating computational structure of
LCI [Heijungs, 1994] : Physical unit/operation time
IOA [Stone, et al., 1963] : Monetary unit/total production
Full interaction between processes and economy
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Centre of Environmental Science
2. Methodology
Hybrid matrix
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Centre of Environmental Science
Lacquer Production
0.263$ Solvent
Industrial Org.Chem
0.031$ Ind.Bld
Chem.Ind. Installat’n
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Centre of Environmental Science
2. Methodology
Technology Outflows
Total
from P
Intervention Intervention matrix of P
intervention = by processes by IO comm.
Inflows
Technology
from IO matrix of IO
-1
Final
demand
0
1
~
 A S  y 
~
M P P
  
N A 0 


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CML
Centre of Environmental Science
2. Methodology
Required treatment
• IO part
1. Inclusion of domestic and imported capital
and current commodity
2. Price update: the base year of the IO table  current price
3. Subtraction of the portion of commodity flows represented
by the product based system
• LCA part
1. Allocation
2. Price adjustment (consumer’s price vs. producer’s price)
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Centre of Environmental Science
3. Case study
• Linoleum [Gorree, et al., 2000]
• Main data gaps
- production & transportation of
pesticides, fertilizer S, additives, solvent,
adhesives, catalysts
- Capital goods
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Centre of Environmental Science
3. Case study
Procedure
Cost composition table/cost estimation for cut-offs
Capital requirements estimation
Link estimated cost to each IO cell
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Centre of Environmental Science
3. Case study
• Cost composition table
- Linseed oil, Tall oil, …(12 major ingredients)
- Catalysts, fertilizer S, … (8 cut-off flows)
- Industrial building, material handling equipment,…(3 capitals)
• Capital requirements estimation
- Linseed oil, Tall oil, …(12 major ingredients)
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Centre of Environmental Science
3. Case study
• 3 Cases
- Baseline (Existing LCI)
~ ~~
M  PA 1~
y
- Hybrid (Cut-offs and capitals : 38 links)
1
~
y


A S ~
~
M P P
  
N
A

 0
- IO LCI (Miscellaneous floor coverings)
M  PA 1y


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Centre of Environmental Science
4. Result
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
POC
OD
GW
Baseline
HT
AEF
AES
SEF
Hybrid
SES
TE
AD
EUT
ODR
IO LCI
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Centre of Environmental Science
4. Result
Summary
Percent change
Baseline
Hybrid Max
IO LCI
0%
5% ~ 73% (avg. 18%)
-85% ~ 124% (avg. 3%)
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Centre of Environmental Science
4. Result
Sources of difference
Process based LCA
IO based LCA
Truncation
Truncation
Incomplete data
Incomplete data
Aggregation
Base year difference
Price difference
Use of IO based result should be limited
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Centre of Environmental Science
5. Conclusion
Conclusion
1. Both process and IO based LCI suffer from their
inherent problems: truncation and aggregation
2. Hybrid LCI : technology matrix of LCI be fully
integrated to national accounts
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CML
Centre of Environmental Science
5. Conclusion
3. Hybrid method as worked out: capturing most of
the flows without loss of process specific data
4. Limitations of this study
- IO data only covers national economy
- Inclusion of capital goods can be improved
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Centre of Environmental Science
Software information
Missing Inventory Estimation Tool (MIET)
Download @
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/miet
CMLCA
Download
@ http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/software/cmlca
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