QUIT
14
A New Industrial Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 The Expansion of Industry
SECTION
2 The Age of the Railroads
SECTION
3 Big Business and Labor
VISUAL SUMMARY
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14
A New Industrial Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries
and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work,
the American labor movement, and businesses
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14
A New Industrial Age
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six
years, the United States will be linked by rail from coast to
coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese
immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for
low wages. You are a journalist assigned to describe this
monumental construction project for your readers.
What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion?
Examine the Issues
• What dangers do the railroad workers encounter?
• How will businesses and the general public benefit from the
transcontinental railroad?
• How might railroad construction affect the environment?
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A New Industrial Age
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific complete
the transcontinental railroad.
1870 Franco-Prussian War breaks out.
1875 British labor unions win right to strike.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the
telephone.
1877 Munn v. Illinois establishes government
regulation of railroads. Mother Jones supports
the Great Strike of 1877.
1879 Thomas A. Edison invents a workable light
bulb.
1882 United States restricts Chinese
immigration.
continued . . .
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14
A New Industrial Age
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1883 Germany becomes the first nation
to provide national health insurance.
1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president.
1886 Haymarket riot turns public sentiment
against unions.
1890 Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust
Act.
1890 Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa
peaks.
1893 Women in New Zealand gain voting rights.
1894 President Cleveland sends federal troops to
Illinois to end the Pullman strike. William
McKinley is elected president.
1900 William McKinley is reelected.
1896 First modern Olympic Games are held in
Athens, Greece.
HOME
MAP
1
The Expansion of Industry
KEY IDEA
Industry booms as natural resources,
creative ideas, and growing markets
fuel technological development.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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MAP
1
The Expansion of Industry
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
At the end of the 19th century,
natural resources, creative ideas,
and growing markets fueled an
industrial boom.
Technological developments of the
late 19th century paved the way for
the continued growth of American
industry.
TERMS & NAMES
• Thomas Alva Edison
• Bessemer process
• Christopher Sholes
• Edwin L. Drake
• Alexander Graham Bell
ASSESSMENT
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MAP
1
The Expansion of Industry
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List resources, ideas, and markets that affected the
industrial boom of the 19th century. Then note how
each item contributed to industrialization.
Resources, Ideas, Markets
Impact
Oil drill
Oil boom, wealth
Bessemer process
Bridge construction, more railroads
Steel
Frame buildings
Electrical power
Artificial light widely available
Telephone
Faster communications
continued . . .
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1
The Expansion of Industry
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think that consumers gained power as industry
expanded in the late 19th century?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• Yes. Availability of products; more leisure time
• No. low wages; less skill and craft
continued . . .
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MAP
1
The Expansion of Industry
ASSESSMENT
3. If the United States had been poor in natural resources,
how would industrialization have been affected?
ANSWER
Less wealth; less industry; slower growth
continued . . .
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MAP
1
The Expansion of Industry
ASSESSMENT
4. Which invention or development described in this
section had the greatest impact on society? Think About:
• the applications of inventions
• the impact of inventions on people’s daily lives
• the effect of inventions on the workplace
ANSWER
Electricity: changed business and home environments
Telephone: sped up communication, faster service, faster growth
Bessemer process: steel used for buildings, machines, factories,
bridges, railroads
End of Section 1
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2
The Age of the Railroads
KEY IDEA
The growth and consolidation of the
railroads benefit the nation but lead to
corruption and regulation.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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2
The Age of the Railroads
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The growth and consolidation of
railroads benefited the nation but
also led to corruption and required
government regulation.
Railroads made possible the
expansion of industry across
the United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• transcontinental railroad
• Crédit Mobilier
• George M. Pullman
• Munn v. Illinois
• Interstate Commerce Act
ASSESSMENT
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2
The Age of the Railroads
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List
five effects of the rapid growth of railroads.
Regulation of
industry
Growth of towns
and cities
Creation of
nationwide
market
Rapid Growth of
Railroads
Consolidation of
railroads
Corruption
continued . . .
2
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The Age of the Railroads
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think the government and private citizens
could have done more to curb the corruption and power
of the railroads? Think About:
• why the railroads had power
• the rights of railroad customers and workers
• the scope of government regulations
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
• Yes. Consumer boycotts; more regulation; better prosecution of corrupt officials
• No. Munn v. Illinois broke new ground for regulation; more regulation would
have slowed industrial growth.
continued . . .
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2
The Age of the Railroads
ASSESSMENT
3. The federal government gave land and made loans to
the railroad companies. Why was the government so
eager to promote the growth of railroads?
ANSWER
Railroads increased United States settlement and built up
United States commerce.
continued . . .
2
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The Age of the Railroads
ASSESSMENT
4. Why do you think that some Americans disliked the
railroad as a new means of transportation?
ANSWER
Pollution and social changes brought on by railroads
impeded freedoms. Some feared change because of
unknown consequences.
End of Section 2
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GRAPH
3
Big Business and Labor
KEY IDEA
The expansion of industry in the North
results in the growth of big business and in
the formation of unions by laborers seeking
to better their working conditions and pay.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
3
Big Business and Labor
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The expansion of industry resulted
in the growth of big business and
prompted laborers to form unions to
better their lives.
Many of the strategies used today in
industry and in the labor movement, such
as consolidation and the strike, have their
origins in the late 19th century.
TERMS & NAMES
• John D. Rockefeller
• Sherman Antitrust Act
• Mary Harris Jones
• Samuel Gompers
• Social Darwinism
• Eugene V. Debs
• Andrew Carnegie
• vertical and horizontal
integration
• Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW)
• American Federation of
Labor (AFL)
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
3
Big Business and Labor
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List
four notable achievements and setbacks of the labor
movement between 1876 and 1911.
Event One
Event Three
1892:
The Steel Strike
1877:
The Great Strike
Event Two
1886:
The Haymarket Affair
Event Four
1911:
Triangle Fire
continued . . .
GRAPH
3
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Big Business and Labor
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th century
are best described as ruthless robber barons or as
effective captains of industry? Think About:
• their management tactics and business strategies
• their contributions to the economy
• their attitude toward competition
ANSWER
“Barons”—exploitation of workers; greed; personal gain
“Captains”—philanthropy; national commerce; jobs
continued . . .
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GRAPH
3
Big Business and Labor
ASSESSMENT
3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or counter
the philosophy of Social Darwinism?
ANSWER
Support: Carnegie well-suited to his society; caused his
success
Counter: advantages beyond Carnegie’s personal qualities
continued . . .
GRAPH
3
HOME
Big Business and Labor
ASSESSMENT
4. If the government had supported unions instead of
management in the late 19th century, how might the
lives of workers have been different?
ANSWER
Labor relations more peaceful; larger unions; higher
wages; safer working conditions; lower profits
End of Section 3