1914-1918:
The World
at War
Differing Viewpoints
 “Family Feud”
 “Fall of the Eagles”
 “The War to End All Wars”
 “The War to ‘Make the
World Safe for Democracy’”
Causes
of the
War
#1: Tangled Alliances
Bismarck
1. Dual Alliance (1879)  Ger. & A-H
3. Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.
[now France is isolated—Bismarck is happy!] but what about
Russia?
4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887)  restore
relations between Ger. & Rus.Pan-Slavism
1888
5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
6. British-Japanese Alliance (1902)
7. The Entente Cordiale (1904)  Br.& Fr.
8. British-Russian Agreement (1907)
Bismarck Wilhelm II
2.Three Emperors’ League (1881) 
Ger, A-H, Rus. [secret pact not to fight each other]
1907
1882
Triple
Entente
Triple
Alliance
Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Duel
Austria
Germany
Hungary Alliance
1879
Italy
Alliances PRIOR
to the WWI
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
By 1914, the major powers of Europe had
found themselves divided into two security
alliances:
Triple Entente
• France
• Great Britain
• Russia
Triple Alliance
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Italy
World War I
Great Britain wanted to maintain the balance of power
Europe in 1914
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
3. Economic Rivalries
4. Imperial Rivalries
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
1. First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
2. Russo-Japanese War (1905)
3. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 
Persia
4. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
5. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
6. The First Balkan War (1912)
7. The Second Balkan War (1913)
5. Aggressive Nationalism
World War I
Germany and France both wanted to
play a larger role in continental politics:
Germany
gain status as
world power
France
regain control of
Alsace-Lorraine
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
Congress of Berlin
Protectorate
1889
Annexes it!
1908
Serbia
War:
The
Setting,
the
Causes
6. Lack of an organization
that could control problems
among nations
Quintuple Alliance
Holly Alliance
… Cooperation broke down
… Rivalries increased….and….there were
No “Peace Keeping” Organization!!!
Causes of World War I
Nationalism: National needed to be upheld in
all situations – No compromise
 Imperialism: Colonies were absolutely
necessary for national well-being
 Militarism: The best solution to any
international problem was military
 Economic competition: Nations were in
economic competition with each other
 Alliance system: Europe was divided into two
armed camps
 Lack of International Diplomatic Order:
No international organization existed;
Diplomacy was arbitrary

Bismarck
“Europe today is a
powder keg and
the leaders are like
men smoking in an
arsenal. . . .
. . . A single spark
will set off an explosion
that will consume
us all. . . .
. . . Some damned, foolish thing
in the Balkans will set it off.”
The
“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Austria gives Serbia an
“Ultimatum”
Text: P362-363
• What was it?
• Why did Austria present it?
• What is meant by the phrase “Germany
gave Austria a blank check”?
•What were the results?
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Romania
1907
Ottoman
Empire
Greece
Triple
Entente
Britain
Russia
1914
Triple
Alliance
Serbia
Austria
Hungary
Duel Germany
Alliance
1879
Italy
France
Bulgaria
1915
Japan
Allied Powers
Central Powers
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Who’s To Blame?
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!...
or French scapegoat?
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Western Front
Battle of the Marne (1914) –
The French stopped the German assault that began in a
desperate battle in September 1914. The stalemate that
resulted created the trench warfare of the Western
Front.
The Schlieffen Plan is dead; it now became a two-front
war
Battle of Verdum (1916) –
From Feb-December, Germany attempted to break
through French lines at Verdum in a battle that was
designed to cause France to “give up” due to extreme
cost.
Results: Gr advance four miles; British five miles—it’s
obvious the war WILL NOT be “quick” or “decisive”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000 casualties.
Western Front (Continued)
Battle of the Somme (1916) –
From July-November 1916, Britain attempted to break
through the German lines along the Somme River.
Battle is one of the largest in all history!
With minimal gains of territory, British lost 350,000,
French allies lost 250,000. Germans lost @450,000
The Battles o the Marne, Somme and
Verdun were all fought on which nation’s
soil?
FRANCE
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Sacrifices in War
War Is HELL !!
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The
Eastern
Front
Eastern Front:
Stretch of battlefield along the German
and Russian Border where Russians and
Serbians battled Germans and Austrians
• Battle of Tannenberg
(Oct 1914):
Germans attacked the Russian army near this
town and in 4 days crushed the invading
Russian army and drove it in full retreat!
• Battle of Limanova
(May 1915):
A-H attacked the Russian army near this town;
although outnumbered, in 17 days they crushed
the invading Russian army capturing over 30,000
Russian prisoners along with their equipment.
Russia never recovers!
A Multi-Front War
2 A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum
___
5 Germany marches through Belgium
___
7 1st Battle of the Marne
___
6 Britain declares war on Germany
___
3 Germany declares war on Russia
___
8 Battle of Tannenberg
___
9 Battle of Verdum
___
1 German General develops the Schlieffen Plan
___
10 Battle of the Somme
___
Place in Chronological Order
4 Germany declares war on France
___
___ A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum
___ Germany marches through Belgium
___ 1st Battle of the Marne
___ Britain declares war on Germany
___ Germany declares war on Russia
___ German General develops the Schlieffen Plan
___ Battle of the Somme
Place in Chronological Order
___ Germany declares war on France
2 A-H gives Serbia an ultimatum
___
5 Germany marches through Belgium
___
7 1st Battle of the Marne
___
6 Britain declares war on Germany
___
3 Germany declares war on Russia
___
1 German General develops the Schlieffen Plan
___
8
___ Battle of the Somme
Place in Chronological Order
4
___
Germany declares war on France
Directions:
• TEAMS SHARE:
• Review 13.3 (pp 369-377)
• Identify/define and explain the significance of
each of the following:
1. Gallipoli Campaign
2. Unrestricted submarine warfare
3. Total War
4. Rationing
5. Propaganda
6. Zimmermann Telegram
7. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
8. 2nd Battle of the Marne
9. Armistice
Ottoman Front
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
America
Joins
the
Allies
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
“Art”
of
World
War I
“Gassed”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:
“Fit for active service!”, 1918
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
___ 2nd Battle of the Marne
___ U.S. declares war on Central Powers
___ Wilson’s 14-Points
___ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
___ Zimmerman Telegram
___ Russian Bolshevik Revolution
___ Germany resumes unrestricted submarine
warfare
7 2nd Battle of the Marne (May 1918)- U.S. troops in Europe!
___
3 U.S. declares war on Central Powers (April, 1917)
___
5 Wilson’s 14-Points (Jan. 1918)
___
6 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918
___
2 Zimmerman Telegram (Feb. 1917)
___
4 Russian Bolshevik Revolution (Nov. 1917)
___
1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine
___
warfare