Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Position
• Standing erect, with palms
and feet facing forward
•
Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

Introduction to Anatomy
Positions and Directions
Prone : Lying face down
Supine : Lying face up
Unilateral : Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides of the body

Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
• Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
• Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views explanation of planes of motion video pdf file- intro to anatomy

Sagittal Plan
Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
– The plane dividing the body into right and left portions
– Also anteroposterior
– Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
– The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
– Also called the
Coronal plane

Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Horizontal plane
– The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
– Also called the
Transverse plane

Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.
THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.

Introduction to Anatomy
Relationship Between Planes and Axes
Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Frontal
Longitudinal
(vertical)
Sagittal
Sagittal
Horizontal
(Transverse)
Frontal
(Coronal)
Flexion, Extension
Rotation of extremities, Axial rotation
Abduction,
Adduction

Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms of its plane of motion.
Cartwheel Frontal
Back somersault
Head spin
Sagittal
Transverse or horizontal
Pirouette Transverse or horizontal
Side hops Frontal
Split Frontal
Front roll Sagittal

Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms of its plane of motion & axis of rotation
Shoulder flexion/extension
Plane
Sagittal
Hip abduction
Head rotation
Axis frontal
Frontal sagittal
Transverse longitudinal
(Horizontal)

Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the three planes of motion
How do we train our bodies?
Consider the following:
•
Which planes of motion?
•
Think of gym equipment (machines vs free weights)
•
Function activities – daily life activities
•
Movements in sports

Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the three planes of motion
Our bodies generally move in more than one plane at a time.
Moving in the 3 planes of motion clips
Which plane of movement is usually neglected in training?
Answer: Transverse (horizontal) Plane

Introduction to Anatomy
Assignment:
For each plan of motion list and describe 3 exercises/ warm-ups.
Your description should include what plane(s) it is moving in and which axis (axes) is/are involved.
If you choose a multi-joint exercise you only need to describe one joint during the exercise. (Name that joint in your description)
You can include pictures in your description.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction

Superior (cranial) is a term used to describe
a place that is toward the upper part of the body. For example the skull is superior to
the shoulders. Superior can also be used to mean above.

When the lower part of the body (or below is referred to, the term inferior (caudal) is used. For example, the knees are inferior to the shoulders.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction


Lateral means towards the side of the body or away from the middle imaginary
body line (the midline). For example, the humerus is lateral to the sternum
Medial is used to describe the position of a part of the body located towards the midline. For example, coccyx is medial to the carpals.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction


Anterior (ventral) is used to describe the front or towards the front of the
body. For example, the sternum is anterior to the vertebrae.
Posterior (dorsal) is used to describe the back of the body. For example, the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction

Proximal means closer to the center of
the body. For example, the shoulder is
proximal in relation to the hand.

Distal means away from the center of the body. For example, the hand is distal in relation to the head.
These are only used when discussing limbs

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Ipsilateral means ‘on the same side’ of a reference point.
Contralateral means ‘on the opposite side’ of a reference point.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Superficial refers on the surface or exterior.
Deep refers to internal or inside.
A structure closer to the surface of the body is superficial, while a structure further away from the surface is deep.

Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Activity:
Give an example of the use of the following
terms in relation to body parts, bones or muscles:
e.g. “the patella is _________ to the scapula.”






Inferior/Superior : Caudal/Cranial
Proximal/Distal
Medial/Lateral
Posterior/Anterior : Dorsal/Ventral
Superficial/Deep
Ipsilateral/Contralateral

– Flexion
– Extension
– Hyperextension
– Adduction
– Abduction
– Prontaion
– Supination
– Retraction
– Protraction
– Elevation
– Depression
– Rotation
– Circumduction
– External Rotation
– Internal Rotation
– Inversion
– Eversion
– Dorsiflexion
– Plantarflexion
– Radial Deviation
– Ulnar Deviation
– Opposition
Movements of the body video

Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the
– angle between two bones
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing
– the angle between two bones
In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Introduction to Anatomy
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

Movements
Introduction to Anatomy
Adduction
• Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Pronation
• Turning the arm or foot downward
• (palm or sole of the foot down)
• Prone
Supination
• Turning the arm or foot upward
• (palm or sole of the foot up)
• Supine
Over-pronation in the ankle

Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Retraction - Moving a part backward
Protraction - Moving a part forward
Elevation - Raising a part
Depression - Lowering a part
(Occurs at the shoulders as well)

Movements
Rotation
• Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
• Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
• Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External rotation
• Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
Introduction to Anatomy

Movements
Lateral Flexion
• Side-bending left or right
Introduction to Anatomy

Introduction to Anatomy
Movements of the foot
Inversion
• Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
• Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
• Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
• Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

Introduction to Anatomy
Movements of the wrist & thumb
Radial Deviation
• Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation
• Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.
Opposition
• Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

Introduction to Anatomy
Additional ROM