Claims made by defining
something in a parallel structure
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What is culture (1)
“Culture is activity of
thought, and
receptiveness to
beauty and humane
feeling.” page 1
Parallel three
aspects
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What is not culture
“Scraps of
information have
nothing to do with
it.” Further
developing his claim
from the negative
side.
Exercise on Parallel Structure
to Expand an Definition/Process/Classification,
etc. so as to Leave Room
for Further Comments.
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The last but not the
least important of the
CUSP goals is
communication or clear
communication which
means/covers/involves
1. Willingness to listen;
2. Timely response;
3. Persuasive skills
…
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What is an Inclusive
practice? One way to
define this is to define
what is not an inclusive
practice.
Make a list of what
exclusive practices here
and organize the list by
certain logic.
You can keep going on
to comment on the
consequences of
exclusive practices…
William Temple (archbishop)
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William Temple (15
October 1881 – 26
October 1944) was a
priest in the Church of
England. He served as
Bishop of Manchester
(1921–29), Archbishop
of York (1929–42), and
Archbishop of
Canterbury (1942–44).
See Whitehead, page 2
“Every intellectual revolution
which has ever stirred humanity into greatness
has been a passionate protest against inert ideas” (2).
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
Inert ideas that are merely
received into the mind
without being utilized, or
tested, or thrown into fresh
combinations. Page 1
Live Ideas will lead to
transformative learning
The whole book [The Aims
of Education] is a protest
against dead knowledge,
that is to say against inert
ideas.” See Whitehead,
Preface.
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That is to say, Live Ideas are
those that are utilized, or
tested or thrown into fresh
combinations.
Live Ideas always lead to
other, new ideas.
Example of inert teaching:
force students to memorize
some dead data;
Live teaching: connect
knowledge with cultural,
historical, and experiential
aspects, etc.
The corruption of the best
is the worst of all

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corruptio optimi pessima, Latin
The corruption of the best is the worst
of all
For definition and pronunciation:
http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/corruptio%20op
timi%20pessima
See Whitehead, page 2
To understand all, is to forgive all 2
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The result of teaching small parts of a large
number of subjects is the passive reception of
disconnected ideas, not illumined with any
spark of vitality.
the French proverb:
“To understand all, is to forgive all.”
The function of education is to nurture
understanding, sympathy, and forgiveness.
Reference to St. Augustine
Augustine, a Latin church
father, is one of the most
important figures in the
development of Western
Christianity. He
"established anew the
ancient faith" (conditor
antiquae rursum fidei),
according to his
contemporary, Jerome.
Best remembered by his
book, Confessions
(Confessiones, 397-398),
among other things.
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Widely seen as the first
Western autobiography ever
written, and was an
influential model for
Christian writers throughout
the following 1000 years of
the Middle Ages
Modern English translations
of it are sometimes
published under the title The
Confessions of St. Augustine
in order to distinguish the
book from other books with
similar titles, such as JeanJacques Rousseau's
Confessions.
Augustine of Hippo

Augustine was born to a
pagan father named
Patricius and a Catholic
mother named Monica. He
was educated in North Africa
and resisted his mother's
pleas to become Christian.
Living as a pagan
intellectual, he took a
concubine, with whom he
had a son, Adeodatus, and
became a Manichean. Later
he converted to Catholic…
What is the Rhetorical Reason to Use
Allusions or Other References?

In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup
d'état and installed himself as First
Consul; five years later the French
Senate proclaimed him Emperor. In
the first decade of the nineteenth
century, the French Empire under
Napoleon engaged in a series of
conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—
involving every major European
power. After a streak of victories,
France secured a dominant position
in continental Europe and
Napoleon maintained the French
sphere of influence through the
formation of extensive alliances
and the appointment of friends and
family members to rule other
European countries as French client
states.
Reason by Analogy
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The ages of
Shakespeare and of
Molière are no less past
than are the ages of
Sophocles and of
Virgil. Page 3
A is no less than B…
A/B is no less than
C/D…

William Shakespeare
1564-1616), English
poet and playwright
(37 plays);
England’s national
poet (154 sonnets)
or the Bard of Avon;
and wordsmith
(inventing 1700
words);
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin,
mostly known by his stage name Moli’ère,
(January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673)

a French playwright and actor
who is considered one of the
greatest masters of comedy in
Western literature. Among
Molière's best-known dramas
are Le Misanthrope (The
Misanthrope), L'École des
femmes (The School for Wives),
Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur,
(Tartuffe or the Hypocrite),
L'Avare ou L'École du
mensonge (The Miser), Le
Malade imaginaire (The
Imaginary Invalid), and Le
Bourgeois gentilhomme (The
Bourgeois Gentleman).
Sophocles, Greek Tragedian
(c. 497 BC- 407 BC)

Sophocles wrote 123
plays during the course
of his life, but only
seven have survived in
a complete form: Ajax,
Antigone, Trachinian
Women, Oedipus the
King, Electra,
Philoctetes and Oedipus
at Colonus.
Virgil, Roman Epic Poet
(70 BCE – 19 BCE)

Publius Vergilius
Maro (also known
by the Anglicised
forms of his name
as Virgil or Vergil)
was a classical
Roman poet, best
known the Aeneid.
Whitehead

Furthermore, we should not endeavor to use
propositions in isolations. Page 4
En bloc: en bloc (ä blôk , n bl k )

adv.

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As a unit; all together: "I have been drawing
our attention to the public and private
qualities of the several arts lest they be
treated en bloc" (William H. Gass).
Approaching a subject/Topic
by consequences
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The consequences of a plethora of halfdigested theoretical knowledge are
deplorable. Page 4
Make a list of consequences and arrange
them by the degrees of importance or some
other logic.
This works most effective when drafting a
proposal in which you want to convince your
audience to accept your point of view
For instance, the relationship between a chair
and energy/oil issue
Left hand bowling/primrose
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTEM_46568U
Primrose images: “In education, as elsewhere, the
broad primrose path leads to a nasty place” (4).
To be "led down the primrose path" is an idiom
suggesting that one is being deceived or led astray,
often by a hypocrite. The primrose path also refers to
someone living a life of luxury apparently linking
primroses to libertine indulgence.
Whitehead, page 4
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Education is the acquisition of the art of
the utilization of knowledge. Page 4
Pragmatism or practical dimension in
education…
If it were easy, the book ought to be
burned;
In education, as elsewhere, the broad
primrose path leads to a nasty place.
Keeping Knowledge Alive
page 5

It contains within itself the problem of
keeping knowledge alive, of preventing
it from becoming inert, which is the
central problem of all education.
Royal road to something 6


“There is no royal road to learning through an airy
path of brilliant generalizations” (Whitehead 6).
Charles Sanders Peirce, in his How to Make Our
Ideas Clear (1878), says, "There is no royal road to
logic, and really valuable ideas can only be had at the
price of close attention." This essay was claimed by
William James as instrumental in the foundation of
the philosophical school of pragmatism. Sigmund
Freud also famously described dreams as the "royal
road to the unconscious".
Seven Wise Men of Greece
page 6

The Seven Sages (of
Greece) or Seven
Wise Men (c. 620
BCE–550 BCE) was the
title given by ancient
Greek tradition to seven
early 6th century B.C.E.
philosophers, statesmen
and law-givers who
were renowned in the
following centuries for
their wisdom.
Seven Wise Men of Greece &
Their Wise Sayings
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Solon of Athens - "Nothing in excess"
Chilon of Sparta - "Know thyself"
Thales of Miletus - "To bring surety brings ruin"
Bias of Priene - "Too many workers spoil the
work"
Cleobulus of Lindos - "Moderation is the chief
good"
Pittacus of Mitylene - "Know thine opportunity"
Periander of Corinth - "Forethought in all things"
See the Wood by Means of the Trees
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The problem of education is to make
the pupil see the wood by means of the
trees. Page 6
What’s the limit?
Life in all its manifestations…
First-hand learning vs. second-hand
learning
Part vs. Whole—Synecdoche
Read Aloud and Enjoy
Whitehead’s Elegant Prose 7

Elegant intellects which despise the theory of
quantity, are but half developed. They are more to
be pitied than blamed, The scraps of gibberish, which
in their school-days were taught to them in the name
of algebra, deserve some contempt. This question of
the degeneration of algebra into gibberish, both in
word and in fact, affords a pathetic instance of the
uselessness of reforming educational schedules
without a clear conception of the attributes which
you wish to evoke in the living minds of the children.
Two Models: Vivid vs. dry

The curves of the history are more vivid
and more informing than the dry
catalogues of names and dates which
comprise the greater part of that arid
school study. Page 8
Geoffrey Chaucer 8
(c. 1343 – 25 October 1400)
Mismatch between this Portrait
and his hilarious Stories


an English author, poet,
philosopher, bureaucrat,
courtier and diplomat. Although
he wrote many works, he is best
remembered for his unfinished
frame narrative The Canterbury
Tales. Sometimes called the
father of English literature,
Chaucer is credited by some
scholars as the first author to
demonstrate the artistic
legitimacy of the vernacular
English language, rather than
French or Latin.
In this sense, he is a British
Dante as Lu Xun in China.
Chaucer, Geoffrey
variety in subject matter, genre, tone, and
style with complexities and humor

Perhaps the chief characteristics of Chaucer's works are their
variety in subject matter, genre, tone, and style and in the
complexities presented concerning the human pursuit of a
sensible existence. Yet his writings also consistently reflect an
all-pervasive humour combined with serious and tolerant
consideration of important philosophical questions. From his
writings Chaucer emerges as poet of love, both earthly and
divine, whose presentations range from lustful cuckoldry to
spiritual union with God. Thereby, they regularly lead the reader
to speculation about man's relation both to his fellows and to
his Maker, while simultaneously providing delightfully
entertaining views of the frailties and follies, as well as the
nobility, of mankind.
The Black Death 8-9
1348-1350

The Black Death (8-9) was
one of the deadliest pandemics
in human history, peaking in
Europe between 1348 and
1350. It is widely thought to
have been an outbreak of
bubonic plague caused by the
bacterium Yersinia pestis, but
this view has recently been
challenged. Usually thought to
have started in Central Asia, it
had reached the Crimea by
1346. From there, probably
carried by fleas residing on the
black rats that were regular
passengers on merchant ships,
it spread throughout the
Mediterranean and Europe.
between Scylla and Charybdis 14
between two equally perilous alternatives
neither of which can be passed without encountering
and probably falling victim to the other


Classical Mythology. a sea
nymph who was transformed
into a sea monster: later
identified with the rock
Scylla
Scylla was a horrible sea
monster, with six long necks
equipped with grisly heads,
each of which contained
three rows of sharp teeth.
Her body consisted of twelve
tentacle-like legs and a cat's
tail and with four to six dogheads ringing her waist.
Odyssey XII

In Homer's Odyssey XII, Odysseus is given advice by Circe to
sail closer to Scylla, for Charybdis could drown his whole ship:
"Hug Scylla's crag—sail on past her—top speed! Better by far to
lose six men and keep your ship than lose your entire crew" she
warns and tells Odysseus to bid Crataeis prevent her from
pouncing more than once. Odysseus then successfully sails his
ship past Scylla and Charybdis, but Scylla manages to catch six
of his men, devouring them alive:

"...they writhed
gasping as Scylla swung them up her cliff and there
at her cavern's mouth she bolted them down raw—
screaming out, flinging their arms toward me,
lost in that mortal struggle."
Charybdis
could drown his whole ship

In Greek mythology,
Charybdis or Kharybdis
(pronounced /kəˈrɪbdɨs/; in
Greek, Χάρυβδις) was a sea
monster, once a beautiful
naiad and the daughter of
Poseidon and Gaia. She
takes form as a huge
bladder of a creature whose
face was all mouth and
whose arms and legs were
flippers and who swallows
huge amounts of water three
times a day before belching
them back out again,
creating whirlpools.
The Nature of Education

"Education is the acquisition of the art of the
utilization of knowledge." This simple
sentence from Whitehead's introductory
essay in his Aims of Education (1929, p. 4),
epitomizes one of his central themes:
Education cannot be dissected from practice.
write a paragraph long précis

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A précis (English pronunciation: /preːˈsiː/) is a formal
summary of a given subject. A précis does not seek to
persuade in regard to a subject, but simply to present it, be
that subject an artifact, a person, an event, or even a
concept. It should provide the reader an accurate, brief, and
well-rounded impression of the subject. Any opinion the
writer may hold on a subject should not be reflected in the
writing of a précis. A verbal summary composed in this
fashion may also be called a précis.
The word is French in origin, and retains in English most
of its original French pronunciation. One who produces a
précis on a subject is said to precise (English
pronunciation: /prɪˈsaɪ̯ z/) that subject.