Chapter# 28: Identifications
Jacob Riis
A reporter for the NY Sun. He was a photo journalist. His book HOW THE OTHER HALF
LIVES detailed life in the slums. He was trying to bring attention to the situation of the poor
to bring about some sort of change.
Ida Tarbell
A woman Muckraker and McClure’s journalist who wrote MOTHER OF TRUSTS in 1904,
which chronicled the Standard Oil Company.
Robert M. LaFollete
The Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin (AKA Fighting Bob), who created the
“Wisconsin Idea” which was the model for a state progressive government. He used the “brain
trust”, which was a panel of experts who assisted him in creating an efficient, effective
government. The Republicans snubbed him from the Presidency in favor of Teddy Roosevelt.
Charles Evans Hughes
The Reformist Republican Governor of NY who gained prominence by reporting malpractices
by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust. He ran against Wilson in the Election of
1916.
Upton Sinclair
Author of the 1906 book THE JUNGLE, he tried to describe the conditions of canning factory
workers. Instead his readers were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His
book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products.
Initiative
The process of petitioning a legislature to introduce a bill. It was part of the Populist Party’s
platform in 1891, along with referendum and recall. These all intended to make the people
more responsible for their laws and allow them to make political decisions rather than the
legislature.
Referendum
When citizens vote on laws instead of the state or national governments. The referendum
originated as a populous reform in the populist party, but was later picked up by the
progressive reform government.
Recall
A second election could be called by the people, and could possibly remove an incompetent
politician from office.
Muckrakers
A nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of
money on researching and digging up “muck”, hence the name muckrakers. They were named
by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public
aware of problems that needed fixing.
Elkins Act
The Elkins Act of 1903 was an act passed by Congress against the Railroad Industries. It was
specifically targeted at the use of rebates. It allowed for heavy fining of companies who used
rebates and those who accepted them. It is part of the Progressive Reform movement.
Hepburn Act
This Act was signed by Teddy Roosevelt to give the ICC the right to set rates that would be
reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and
pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates. It was the first time in US history
that a government agency was given power to establish rates for private companies.
Northern Securities Case
The Northern Securities was a holding company in 1902. The company was forced to dissolve
after they were challenged by Roosevelt, his first trust-bust.
Meat Inspection Act
Passed in 1906. It stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject
to federal inspection. Part of the Progressive reforms, which helped out the consumer.
Pure Food and Drug Act
It was created in 1906 and was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods
and pharmaceuticals. It was made to protect the consumer.
.
Newlands Act
A Congressional response to TR in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of
public lands in Western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects.
Dollar diplomacy
Taft’s foreign policy which replaced “bullets with dollars”; involved investors instead of
military. Eventually worked better in Latin America than China.
Payne-Aldrich Act
Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower
tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This
split the Republican Party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (higher tariff).
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
The Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and
Alaska against Roosevelt’s conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry,
supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft fire Ballinger. But Taft was in
favor of Ballinger, and instead fired Pinchot, which divided the Republican Party.
Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots
Know:
Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser,
Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1.
What were the goals of the Progressives?
Lower Tariffs, women’s rights, conservation, economic competition, fighting monopolies,
corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know:
McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips,
Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2.
What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
Political and Corporate Corruption, racism, child labor.
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires'
Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3.
Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
To use state power to control the trusts, and to stem the socialist threat by generally improving the
common person’s conditions of life and labor. Put power back to the people. Primary elections and
initiative. Direct voting, referendum and recall. The 17th amendment, which created the direct
election of US Senators.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4.
What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
Regulation of Railroads and trusts. In 1901 Robert M. La Follette took considerable control from
the corrupt corporations and returned it to the people. Governor of CA Hiram W. Johnson helped to
break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on CA politics in 1910.
Progressive Women
Know:
Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's
Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5.
How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
In terms of Women’s social progress, they were very effective. A crucial focus for women’s
activism was the settlement house movement. Settlement houses exposed middle-class women to
poverty, political corruption, and intolerable working and living conditions. Most female
progressives defended their new activities as an extension of their traditional roles of wife and
mother. Female activists worked through organizations like the Women’s Trade Union league and
the National Consumers League. Florence Kelley took control of the National Consumers League in
1899 and mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the
workplace. Caught up in the crusade, some states controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol.
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know:
Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6.
What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
Control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know:
Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7.
Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is
undeserved."
This is false, as TR busted the Northern Security Company when they tried to take over the
Northern Railroads.
Caring for the Consumer
Know:
The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8.
What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?
People were horrified by the disgusting imagery and demanded better production conditions. This
resulted in the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy
Scouts, Sierra Club
9.
What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
The first instance was the Desert Land Act of 1887, which let the federal government sell dry land
for cheap as long as the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years. Then there was the
Forest Reserve Act of 1891, which let the President save public forests as national parks and
other preserves. The Carey Act of 1894 gave federal land to the states on the condition that
it be irrigated and settled. Roosevelt, a naturalist and rancher, got Congress to pass the
Newlands Act of 1902, which let the federal government collect money from the sale of
public lands in western states and then use these funds to create and support irrigation
projects. In 1900 TR saved 125 million acres of land in federal reserves to save the nation’s
shrinking forests. A policy of “multiple-use resource management” emerged amongst
engineers and professional foresters because of TR, which aimed to combine recreation,
sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same
expanse of federal land. Many westerners soon realized how to work with federal
conservation programs and not resist the federal management of natural resources.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10.
What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
When Wall Street had a panic in 1907, the financial world blamed TR because of his trust-busting.
Congress then passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908 as a response which authorized national
banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
Know:
William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11.
What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
For the 1908 election the Rep. chose Taft, who was then Secretary of War under TR. The Dem.
Chose Bryan. Taft won. During his term, Roosevelt tried to protect against socialism and to protect
capitalists against popular indignation. He greatly enlarged the power and prestige of the
presidential office, and he helped shape the progressive movement and beyond it, the liberal reform
campaigns later in the century. TR also opened the eyes of the American people to the fact that they
shared the world with other nations.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12.
"William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
Taft had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, such as Roosevelt, and none of Roosevelt’s
zest. He generally adopted an attitude of passitivity towards Congress.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
Know:
Dollar Diplomacy
13.
What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
Taft encouraged Wall Street Bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest to the US. NY
Bankers thus strengthened American defenses and foreign policies, while bringing prosperity to
America. In china’s Manchuria, Japan and Russia controlled the Railroads. Taft saw in the
Manchurian monopoly a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests and a slamming of
the Open Dorr policy. In 1909 SE. of State Philander C. Knox proposed that a group American and
foreign bankers buy the Manchurian railroads and then turn them over to China. Both Japan and
Russia flatly rejected the selling of their railroads.
Taft the Trustbuster
Know:
Rule of Reason
14.
Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft, since he brought about more lawsuits to trusts compared to Roosevelt. In 4 years Taft made 90
lawsuits, whereas Roosevelt made 44 in 7 years.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know:
Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15.
Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
Taft had singed the Payne-Aldrich Bill in 1909, which increased tariffs, as opposed to his vow of
lowering tariffs. He also fired Pinchot in the 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, which resulted in
conservationists complaining, since Ballinger opened up lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska
for development. He also broke up Roosevelt’s US Steel corporation, which Roosevelt worked hard
to reform.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16.
How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
In 1911 the National Progressive Republican League was formed with La Follette as its leading
candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. In Feb. of 1912, TR, with his new views
on Taft, said he would run again, clarifying his statement of no 3 consecutive terms. The TaftRoosevelt explosion happened in June of 1912 when the Republican convention met in Chicago.
When it came time to vote the TR supporters claimed Fraud and in the end refuse d to vote.
TAFT thus won the Rep. nomination.
Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad – Big Picture Themes
1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate
and split the Republican vote with Taft.
2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the
tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people.
3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions
in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he
ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.
4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying
Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the
time being.
Chapter #29: Identifications
Eugene Debs
Socialist who ran for P, and caused other Socialists to think they would win.
Pancho Villa
Bandit RobinHood who was a rival of P. Carranza, and was never caught by Pershing.
John J. Pershing
An Am. General who faced Pancho villa and the Meuse-Argonne offensive in WWI. Also led
Am. Expeditionary forces in Eu. During WWI.
Central Powers
During WWI, Ge, A-H, Bulgaria, and Turkey’s alliance against the Allies.
Allies
Composed of FR, BR, and RU, later JP and IT, then US, they fought against Central Powers in
WWI. Treaty of Versailles ended WWI.
Lusitania
Br. Passenger ship sunk by a GE U-Boat, which also had Am. Caused US to enter WWI.
Sussex Pledge
A pledge GE broke when they shot down the Sussex, from FR. Wilson threatened to break
ties.
Federal Reserve Act
Most Imp. Piece of Legislation from Civil War to New Deal. Made a regulatory agency for
banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by
Federal Reserve Board, which was controlled by Public. Federal Reserve controls amt. of $ in
circulation thru reserves and interest rates.
New Nationalism
Progressive policy of TR-1912 Prog. Platform- favored a more active gov. role in econ. And
soc. Affairs. –favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of
powerful regulatory agencies in WA- favored women’s suffrage and soc. Welfare programs
(including min. wage laws and “Socialistic” social insurance”.)
New Freedom
Wilson’s policy that favored the small business, entrepraneurship, and the free funcitoning of
unregulated and unmopolized markets.
Underwood Tariff
Substantially reduced import fees. Lost Tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax
that was implemented with the 16th amendment.
Federal Trade Commission
A committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate commerce. It was created
to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies.
Clayton Antitrust Act
This helped to control monopolies by lengthening the Sherman’s Act list of business practices
that were objectionable (interlocking directorates).; It exempted labor and agr. Organizations
from antitrust prosecution; legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
Chapter #29 Identifications
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912
Know:
Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1.
Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
Wilson was for stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions, AKA New Freedom.
TR was for New Nationalism, which included stronger control of trusts, woman’s suffrage, and
programs of social welfare. Wilson’s New Freedom favored small enterprise, entrepreneuership,
and the free functionoing of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Democrats shunned the
social-welfare programs and supported the fragmentation of trusts. The campaign cooled down
when Roosevelt was shot by a fanatic. He eventually recovered after suspending campaigning for a
couple of weeks.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2.
"The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Taft and Roosevelt split the Rep. votes, giving Wilson the presidency. TR’s Prog. Party soon died
out due to lack of officials elected to state and local offices.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3.
How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
Wilson relied on sincerity and moral appeal to attract voters. He was extremely smart but lacked the
common touch with the public. He didn’t have people skills. Wilson’s idealism and sense of moral
rightneousness made him incredibly stubborn in negotiating.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
Know:
Underwood Tariff
4.
What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
Wilson called for an all-out war on the TWoP: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson called a
special meeting of Congress in 1913 to address the new tariff. He got Congress to pass the
Underwood Tariff Bill, which significantly reduced the tariff rates. Under authority form the 16th
amendment, Congress also enacted a graduated income tax.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know:
The Federal Reserve Act
5.
How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the
U.S. in 1913?
The most serious prob of the Nat. Banking Act passed during the Civil War in 1863 was the
inelasticity of currency. Banking reserves were located in NY and a handful of other large cities
couldn’t be mobilized in times of financial stress into areas that needed $.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know:
Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6.
How did Wilson curb the trusts?
Wilson pushed the Fed. Trade Commission Act of 1914. This authorized a presidentially appointed
commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meat packers. The
commissioners were expected to crush monpoplies at the source. The Clayton Anti Trust Act of
1914 lengthened the Sherman’s Act’s list of business practices that were deemed objectionable. It
also sought to exempt labor and gr. Prg. From atri0trust prosecution, whle legalizeing strikes an
dpeaceful picketing. Uion leader Smauel Gompers lauded it.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know:
The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act,
Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and
actions.
The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 made loans abaila le to farmers at low artes of interest. The
Warehouse Act of 1916 authorized loans on the security of staple crops. The La follette Seamen’s
Act of 1915 benefiited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on Am. Ships. P.
Wilson assisted the workers with the Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916, gibing assistance
to fed. Civil-service employees during periods of disability. Also in 1916, the P. approved an act
restricting child labor on products flowing into interstate commerce. The Adamson Act of 1916 est.
an 8 hr work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce. Wilson ominated for the
Supreme Court reformer Louis D. Brandels, the first Jew to be a SC judge.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know:
Haiti
8.
Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson was an anti-imperialist and withdew from aggressive foreign policy. He got rid of the
Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1913, which ad expempted Am. Cosatal shipping from tolls. He also
signed the Jones Act in 1916, which granted the Phillipiines territorial status and promised
independence as soon as a stable gov. could be est. When political turmoil broke out in Haiti in
1915, Wilson dispatched Marines to protect Am. Lives and property. In 1916, he signed a treaty
with Haiti providing for US supervision of finances and the police. In 1917, Wilson bought the
virgin Islands from Denmark.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know:
Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers,
John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9.
Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
The MExiacans had a change in leadership and stability, and when Am sailors were accidentally
captured, Wilson captured Vera Cruz. Then other S. Am. Nations provoked another change in
leadership, and war was stopped until Pancho Villa killed AM soldiers. Instead, Wilson just sent
Pershing after him. When GE started to look ugly, Wilson withdrew all US forces.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know:
Central Powers, Allied Powers
10.
What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
Death of Franz Ferdinand, ten it turned into GE attacking Serbia, then RU started movilizing, and
FR got in as well. GE attacked Fr first and the wwar started.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know:
Kaiser Wilhelm II
11.
What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
Kaiser Wilhelm II, since Am. Didn’t like him. Also, GE’s aggressiveness made them look bad. But
most Am. Didn’t want war.
America Earns Blood Money
Know:
Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12.
How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
Ge’s U-Boats shot down passenger liners with Am. On them, causing international tension.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know:
Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13.
What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
TR didn’t want to run. There was the issue of Wilson’s dealings with GE and MX.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know:
Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
14.
Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
TR not running, because he was a very popular P. , and his not running meant whoever did had a
good shot.