Consciousness: Body
Rhythms and Mental States
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Chapter 5
Consciousness
The awareness of oneself and the
environment
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Can be altered based on sleep, lack of
sleep, hypnosis and drugs
How Do We View Sleep?
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Sleep
 Verb
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 to take the rest
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suspension
of voluntary bodily
functions and the natural suspension,
complete or partial, of consciousness;
cease being awake.
Why We Sleep
 a time-out period for the body
 Eliminate waste from muscles, repair
cells, conserve/replenish
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abilities
 Not enough sleep causes the body to act
abnormally
 issues in muscle development, weaken
immune system
Biorhythms
 a regular fluctuation in a biological system
 Governs hormones, blood pressure and blood
cell responsiveness
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Also known
as
circadian
rhythms
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Best known circadian rhythm - sleep/wake
cycle
Circadian Rhythms
 exist in all living things
 typically basedQuickTime™
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 humans run
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Experimentation
 in order to experiment, subjects must be
removed from sunlight, clocks and all
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 Most subjects have much longer or
shorter “days”
Body Clock
 Light and dark determine when to sleep
 melatonin (sleep hormone) is only produced
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 some people with blindness take melatonin
therapy to assist in regulating their body clock
Internal Desynchronization
 When biological rhythms are not in phase with
each other
 sleep/wake cycles adjust quickly, but hormones take
much longer
 jet lag, night shift, frequent all-nighters
 no cure - circadian rhythms are not perfect and
are affected by illness, stress, fatigue, exercise,
meals, drugs etc
Problems with Circadian Rhythms
 Night owls vs Morning larks
 schools and most professions are not
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 Circadian rhythms can shift with age and
can be very difficult to change
Moods
 long-term cycles
 can be in response to hormone or
seasonal changes
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Moods and Seasons
 Seasonal Affective Disorder
 sadness, lethargy, drowsiness
 usually happens
during winter - less daylight
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 Light therapy helps depression
symptoms
Both for SAD and non-seasonal depression
Simulates dawn
Menstrual Cycle and Moods
 Stereotypes of PMS
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Menstrual Cycle and Moods
 nickname (PMS) started in the 1970’s
 represents the physical and emotional symptoms
experienced by most women
 more women claim to have symptoms than actually do
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 Moods can be attributed to other events
 just happen to coincide
 Cultural Influence - if “they” say so, it must be
true!
 magazine articles, medications
Male PMS
 Now an actual condition
 also known as “Irritable Male Syndrome”
 can be causedQuickTime™
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of
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food etc
 hypersensitivity, frustration, anxiety &
anger
Journal Entry
 How can changes in moods affect your daily
life? Address each of the 4 areas below.
Explain your answer in 2 sentences.
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 Do you interpret/project differently?
 can it affect learning?
 interaction with peers / parents / teachers
 can it affect your sleeping and eating habits?
States of Sleep
Stage 1
-Drifting on edge of consciousness, muscles relax
Stage 2
-Minor noises won’t
wake, begin
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-Breathing & pulse slows, delta waves, don’t respond
to noise or light, hard to wake
Stage 4
-Low delta waves, heart rate, breathing, blood
pressures as low as it gets
Stages of Sleep
-Those 4 stages take about 40 minutes
-Then begin moving back through the stages
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-Instead of reaching wakefulness after stage 1,
body enters REM
REM
 Rapid Eye Movement
 Body is inactive while brain is extremely
active
 Paradoxical sleep
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 vivid dreaming
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 waking dream
 REM and non-REM alternate
 Stage 3 and 4 become shorter, may even disappear
Stages of Sleep
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States of Sleep
 If the body is denied REM it will try to
regain the time lost
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All mammals (except porpoise and
dolphin) experience REM
 No explanation for REM
Sleep Cycles
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Benefits of Sleep
-Memory for a task improves if a subject
experiences uninterrupted REM
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- some of the areas that are activated are
activated later on during REM
-Sleep may also enhance insight and
wisdom (deep sleep only)
Consequences of Sleeplessness
 chronic sleep deprivation increases cortisol
 Stress hormone
 may damage or impair brain cells necessary for
learning or memory
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 new brain cells may
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 lose one night’s sleep - mental flexibility,
attention and creativity suffer
After several days hallucinations and delusions
can occur
What May Cause Sleeplessness
-As a table, pick a
Insomnia
topic.
Sleep Apnea
-Look it up in a
Narcolepsy
dictionary/textbook
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Night Terrors
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Sleep Walking / Talking and how it may
cause sleeplessness
Staying up late
Irregular Schedules
Sleeplessness
2/3 of people do not get the recommended
amount of sleep
Not enough sleep QuickTime™
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to get into traffic
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Less sleep = lower grades
Table Quiz
On a sheet of paper, number 1-6
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As a group answer the questions
Team(s) with the most correct answers will
receive extra credit
Benefits of Sleep
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Dreams
4-5 dreams per night
1-2 hours of our
sleep time
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If awakened
during
REM
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more graphic dreams
Using Dreams
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Dreams as Unconscious Wishes
Freud - provides insight into our
unconscious thoughts
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Manifest content
- surface meaning;
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aspects we consciously experiences
Latent Content - hidden meaning;
wishes & thoughts symbolized
Information Processing
Reprocess information from the day
Problem solving
- reflecting ongoing
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Example: college students and testing
Dreams as Thinking
Extension of the Waking / Daily Life
Pre-sleep activities
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Interpreted Brain Activity
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Interpretation of neural signals triggered
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At this time frontal lobe is not very active,
which is our logical side
Dream Journals
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Hypnosis
 Trancelike state which a person
responds readily to suggestions
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Sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings,
or behavior
Nature of Hypnosis
Responsiveness depends on person being
hypnotized
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Can’t be forced to do things against their will
Actions performed can be performed by
motivated by people without hypnosis
Nature of Hypnosis
Does not increase accuracy of memory
Does not produce literal re-experiencing of longQuickTime™ and a
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Suggestions have been used effectively for
medical & psychological purposes
Conscious-altering drugs
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