Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
What is Anatomy?
• Anatomy is define as the study of the
structure of an organism and the
relationship of its parts.
• Derived from two Greek words
– ana = up
– temos or tomos = cutting
Gross Anatomy
• Gross anatomy is used
to describe the study of
body parts visible to the
naked eye.
• Andreas Vesalius is
considered the founder
of modern anatomy.
Then...
And Now
Cytology and Histology
• Cytology is the microscopic study of cell.
• Histology is the microscopic study of
tissues.
Pathology
• The study of diseased body structures.
What is Physiology
• Physiology is the science that treats the
functions of the living organism and its
parts.
• Derived from two Greek words
– physis = nature
– logos = science or study
Levels of
Organization
Atomic and Molecular Level
Atoms are the smallest
particles of a chemical
element.
When two or more atoms
are joined a molecule is
the result.
Macromolecules are large,
complex chemicals made
of combinations of
molecules.
Organelle Level
An organelle may be
defined as any
structure made of
molecules organized
in such a way that it
can perform a
specific function.
Cellular Level
The smallest and most
numerous structural
units that possess and
exhibit all the basic
characteristics of living
matter.
Cells differentiate to
perform different
functions.
Tissue Level
A group of a great
many similar cells
that all developed
together from the
same part of the
embryo and are all
specialized to
perform a certain
function.
Organ Level
An organ is a
structure that is
made up of several
different kinds of
tissues so arranged
that together, they
can perform a
special function.
System Level
The system level of
organization involves
varying numbers and
kinds of organs so
arranged that,
together they can
perform complex
functions for the
body.
Organism Level
The living human
organism is certainly
more than the sum of
all of its parts.
Overview Of The Eleven
Human
Body Systems
Support and Movement
Integumentary System
• Principal Organs
– Skin
– Hair
– Nails
• Primary Function(s)
– Protects against
pathogens
– Helps regulate body
temperature
– Vitamin D production
Skeletal System
• Principal Organs
–
–
–
–
Bones (joints)
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
• Primary Function(s)
– Provides structure
– Supports and protects
internal organs
Muscular System
• Principal Organs
– Muscles (skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth)
• Primary Function(s)
– Provides structure
– Supports and moves
trunk and limbs
– Helps move
substances through
the body
Communication, Control
and
Integration
Nervous
System
• Principal Organs
–
–
–
–
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Sense organs and
receptors
• Primary Function(s)
– Controls and coordinates
body movements and
senses
– Monitors and maintains
body systems
Endocrine System
• Principal Organs
– Endocrine glands
– Hormones
• Primary Function(s)
– Maintain homeostasis
– Regulates metabolism
– Water and mineral
balance
– Growth and sexual
development
– Reproduction
Transportation
and
Defense
Cardiovascular System
• Principal Organs
– Heart
– Blood vessels
– Blood
• Primary Function(s)
– Transports nutrients
and wastes to and
from all body tissues
Lymphatic System
• Principal Organs
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Lymph vessels
• Primary Function(s)
– Cleans and returns
tissue fluid to the
blood
– Destroys pathogens
that enter the body
(immunity)
Lymph
Vessels and
Nodes
Respiration, Nutrition and
Excretion
Respiratory System
• Principal
– Air passages
– Lungs
• Primary Function(s)
– Supplies blood with
oxygen and carries
away carbon dioxide
– Speech
Digestive System
• Principal Organs
–
–
–
–
–
Mouth and esophogus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Small and Large Intestine
• Primary Function(s)
– Stores and digests food
– Absorbs nutrients
– Eliminates wastes
Excretory System
• Principal Organs
–
–
–
–
–
–
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Skin
Lungs
• Primary Function(s)
– Eliminate waste
– Maintain water and
chemical balance
Reproduction
and
Development
Reproductive System
• Principal Organs
–
–
–
–
Ovaries
Uterus
Mammary glands
Testis
• Primary Function(s)
– Produce gametes and
offspring