Ch. 1 Introduction to the human
body (pp. 3-10)
Study of human body
 Anatomy: study of body structure
 Physiology: study of body function
Anatomy “cutting up”


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Location, what it looks
like
Gross anatomy: study of
body structures visible to
the naked eye
Microanatomy: needs
microscope. Histology is
the study of tissues which
is a type of
microanatomy


Systemic anatomy:
studies body structures
with in a given organ
system like the digestive,
muscular or skeletal
systems
Regional anatomy:
studies all structures with
in a given region of the
body like the head or leg.
Physiology “study of nature”


How does it work
The way the body obtains energy and
manages its use in order to maintain
stability
Directional terms


Anatomical position
(p.6 fig. 1-2) is the
position of a person
standing upright
facing the observer
with arms at sides and
toes and palms turned
forward
Copy table 1-1
Directional terms




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Superior (cranial):
towards head
Inferior (caudal): away
from head
Anterior (ventral):
towards the front or belly
side
Posterior (dorsal):
towards the back side
Medial: towards midline
of body
Lateral: away from
midline


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Superficial (external):
towards surface of body
Deep (internal): inward
from surface
Proximal: towards
structure’s origin to trunk
Distal: away from
structure’s origin to trunk
Directional terms

EX. Look at wrist and
elbow, the elbow is
proximal with
respect to the wrist
because it is closer to
the point of
attachment to the
trunk.

http://www.whitman.
edu/biology/vpd/anar
ef.html
Body planes
Imaginary flat surfaces
Sagittal
 Frontal
 Horizontal

Sagittal Plane

Divides body
into left and
right sides
*midsagittal:
equal left and
right
*parasagittal:
non equal left
and right
Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body
into anterior
(ventral) and
posterior
(dorsal)
Horizontal (Transverse Plane)
Divides body
into superior
and inferior
 Questions
1-30

Structural levels of organization


How the body is
organized from
simple to complex
Atoms  molecules
 cell  tissue 
organs  organ
systems  organism
1. Cells
 Formed from combination
of molecules
 They are the basic
structural and functional
units of life
 Smallest living parts of the
body
 Macromolecules “large”
provide structural
foundation
 *proteins, fats,
carbohydrates and
nucleic acids
2. Tissue
 group of similar cells
combined to perform a
common function. There
are 4 types:
A. epithelial: close
arrangement of cells with
little intercellular
material. Covers body
surface, lines inside of
organs and body cavities,
forms glands.
B. connective:
abundance of
extracellular material
with few cells. Function
in support and binding of
body structures
C. muscle:
specialization to contract
D. nervous: sends
nervous signals
4 Tissue Types
3. Organ


Two or more different
types of tissue which
combine and form a
general function
Organs usually have
distinct shapes
4. System

Organization
of 2 or more
organs and
their
associated
structures
1. Integumentary System


Organs: skin
Function:
protects
underlying
structures and
loss of body
fluid
2. Muscular System
Organs:
Muscles
Function:
movement
3. Skeletal System
Organs: bone
 Function:
support and
protection of
softer body
parts

4. Nervous System


Organs: brain,
nerves, spinal cord
Function: controls
homeostasis by
causing muscles to
contract and glands
to secrete
5. Endocrine System


Organs:
pituitary,thyroid,
adrenal,
pancreas, gonads
Function: release
hormones
6. Cardiovascular System
Organs:heart,
arteries,veins
Function:
transport
materials to and
from body cells
7. Lymphatic System
Organs:spleen,
thymus,
tonsils,vessels
Function:
remove dead
cells and
foreign bodies
8. Respiratory System


Organs:
larynx,trachea,
lungs
Function: gas
exchange between
blood and external
environment
9. Digestive System
Organs:
esophagus,
stomach, small
and large
intestines, liver
Function: break
apart food for
absorption to
blood
10. Urinary System
Organs:kidneys,
ureters, bladder,
urethra
Function: control
water and salt
balance.
11. Reproductive System
Organs:testes,
urethra,penis,
ovaries,uterus,
vagina
Function:
production of
new individuals
5. Complete Organism


Composed of many systems, which
depend on one another to perform.
Survival and reproduction are the goals of
the body’s internal activities.
Questions 31-59