- Because of their geography (The Continental System)
- Because of their natural resources (Coal, Iron)
- Because of their waterways (Convenient Transportation)
- Because of their dramatic increase in population
- Because of their mobile workforce (Enclosure Movement)
- Believed in laissez-faire
- Government regulation does
more harm than good
-Increased profit would lead to
increased prosperity and
quality of life for everyone
Adam Smith
(Liberal)
- Believed government should
take action to solve problems
- Favored labor unions
- Supported the agenda of
those unions
John Stuart Mill
(Democratic Liberal)
- Wanted to create a utopia (or
perfect society)
- Believed that if people were
raised properly and worked
hard they would develop good
character and work for the
good of everyone
- Emphasized education and
hard work
Robert Owen
(Utopian Socialist)
- Wanted to create a society
run by workers
- Saw history as a struggle
between capitalists (business
owners) and the proletariat
(workers)
- Wanted government
ownership of industry to
ensure the equal distribution
of wealth between all people
- Warned that eventually the
proletariat would rise up and
revolt against capitalists
Karl Marx
(Marxist)
- Wanted a society based on the needs
of the many
- Natural law (inherent laws based in
human nature) and natural rights (things
all people are inherently guaranteed) do
not exist; laws must be made to
guarantee rights and protections
- Favored individual and economic
freedom, the separation of church and
state, freedom of expression, equal
rights for women, the end of slavery, the
abolition of physical punishment, the
right to divorce, and the
decriminalization of homosexual acts
Jeremy Bentham
(Utilitarian)
- Pasteurization is a process of making
foods spoil less quickly. The first
pasteurization was done on April 20,
1862
-The basic idea is to kill any harmful
microbes therefore creating a safer
food. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization
is not intended to kill all microorganisms
in the food. It wants to bring their
number down so they are unlikely to
cause disease (assuming the
pasteurized product is kept in the
refrigerator and consumed before its
expiration date)
- In 1927 Pavlov first showed the
concept of classical conditioning
- There is one stimulus which is called
neutral, and there is another, which has
some meaning. If the two stimuli are
often presented together, the organism
learns that they belong together. As a
result, it is enough to show the neutral
stimulus to get a response
- Freud is considered the father of
psychoanalysis, treatment designed to
help people understand themselves
better
- Freud was the first person to study the
unconscious scientifically. Freud
believed the true self was revealed in
the unconscious because it could not be
controlled
- Freud thought sex was the most
important need for human beings after
staying alive. He thought that
sometimes people would do something
they did not really want to do because
the libido made them do it.
- Darwin was the first to propose the
idea of survival of the fittest
- Lamarck had previously proposed the
idea of evolution, but Darwin refined his
concept to what is scientifically
accepted today (natural selection)
- The concept of Social Darwinism
developed out of his ideas
Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata in C
Woodcut illustrating
The Old Woman
in the Wood
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
(Caspar David Friedrich – 1818)
Shipwreck (Joseph Vernet – 1759)
Gordale Scar (James Ward – 1814-1815)
Saturn Devouring His Son
(Francisco Goya – 1819-1823)
Haunted by Nightmares
Woodcut illustrating
The Old Woman in the Wood
A poor servant girl travelled with the family she served
when robbers attacked them. She hid behind a tree, but no
one else survived. She lamented her fate, and a dove
came to her, with a golden key. It told her to unlock a tree,
and she found food. In the evening, it brought her another
key, for a tree with a bed. She lived like this for many days,
when the dove asked her to do something for it. She
agreed. It told her to go to a house and go in. An old
woman would greet her, but she should not answer; she
should open an inner door, which will reveal a room full of
splendid rings, but she should take a plain one.
The old woman was quite angry, but the girl did not heed
her. Then, when she could not see the plain ring, she saw
the old woman trying to carry off a bird cage. She took the
bird cage away from her; it held a bird, which held the
plain ring in its beak. She took it outside and waited
against a tree. Two branches turned into arms about her
as the tree turned into a handsome man who kissed her
and told her that the witch had turned him into a tree, and
for two hours a day, a dove, and she had freed him. All his
attendants turned back from trees as well, and he being a
king's son, they went to his father's kingdom and married.
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
(Caspar David Friedrich – 1818)
Shipwreck (Joseph Vernet – 1759)
Gordale Scar (James Ward – 1814-1815)
Saturn Devouring His Son
(Francisco Goya – 1819-1823)
In Greek myth, Cronus (or Saturn in the Roman
tradition) was told that one day one of his children
would rise up and overthrow him, just as he had
overthrown his father Ouranus (or Uranus is in the
Roman tradition) who ruled the universe before him.
To prevent that, as each of his children (Demeter, Hera,
Hades, Hestia, and Poseidon) was born he ate them
alive. When his last child, Zeus, was born Cronus
was tricked by his mother, Gaia, into devouring a
stone in swaddling clothing instead of Zeus.
After Zeus grew up he poisoned Cronus forcing him to
disgorge everything he had eaten and, together, the
sons and daughters of Cronus overthrew him.
Haunted by Nightmares
The Ideas of Romanticism
• Emphasized inner feelings, emotion, imagination
• Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural; also on the
odd, exotic, and grotesque or horrifying
• Loved the beauties of untamed nature
• Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time
• Glorified heroes and heroic actions
• Cherished folk traditions, music, and stories
• Valued the common people and the individual
• Promoted radical change and democracy
As Beethoven’s life progressed
his music transformed and
became increasingly infused with
the influence of romanticism.
At first, his music was tied to past
tradition. Eventually, he looked to
express the ideas of the
Romantic Movement musically.
Symphony No. 5 – 1804-1808
Symphony No. 9: Ode to Joy – 1824
Goethe first rose to fame for his
epistolary novel (a novel written as a
series of documents) The Sorrows of
Young Werther. Goethe used a series
of love letters to tell the story of
Werther’s unrequited love for Charlotte.
Charlotte is, tragically, already
engaged, and though she loves
Werther, she will not break off the
engagement and ends up marrying her
fiancé Albert. Werther sees but one
option: somebody must die.
Unwilling to commit murder, Werther
sees no alternative but to take his own
life. He writes one final letter to
Charlotte and then shoots himself in
the head, though he takes 12 hours to
finally die.
Though the story is tragic, it made the
idea of suicide (especially for love)
popular (perhaps sexy?) among the
German youth in the late 1700s.
Goethe later turned The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus, a short novel from the 1600s based on a
German folk tale about a doctor on a quest for knowledge through a pact with Satan, into a play.
In Goethe’s Faust, the doctor sells his soul to the Devil for knowledge and the opportunity to
experience everything life had to offer. In Goethe’s version, When the devil tells Faust to sign the
pact with blood to make it official, Faust complains that the devil does not trust Faust's word of
honor. In the end, Satan wins the argument and Faust signs the contract with a drop of his own
blood. Faust has a few excursions and then meets Gretchen. He is attracted to her and with jewelry
and help from a neighbor the devil draws Gretchen into Faust's arms. Faust seduces Gretchen and
they sleep together. Gretchen's mother dies from a sleeping potion, administered by Gretchen to
obtain privacy so that Faust could visit her. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen's brother
condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead at the hands of Faust and the devil. Gretchen
drowns her illegitimate child and is convicted of the murder. Faust tries to save Gretchen from
death by attempting to free her from prison. Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil
flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved, leaving Faust
frustrated and unfulfilled.
During the time of Napoleon, while
Germany was under the influence of the
Continental System, the Brothers Grimm
(and others) went about collecting
German folklore because they felt a need
to preserved their unique culture.
Although everyone wanted to be part of
the glory of France, they also wanted to
maintain their cultural identity.
When the wedding with the prince was to be held, the two false sisters
came, wanting to gain favor with Cinderella and to share her good
fortune. When the bridal couple walked into the church, the older sister
walked on their right side and the younger on their left side, and the
pigeons pecked out one eye from each of them. Afterwards, as they
came out of the church, the older one was on the left side, and the
younger one on the right side, and then the pigeons pecked out the other
eye from each of them. And thus, for their wickedness and falsehood,
they were punished with blindness as long as they lived.
Renaissance Man of the Romantic Era:
poet, author, and illustrator of Faust
The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.
Prudence is a rich ugly old maid courted by Incapacity.
He who desires but acts not, breeds pestilence.
The cut worm forgives the plow.
No bird soars too high if he soars with his own wings.
Prisons are built with stones of Law, Brothels with bring of Religion.
The pride of the peacock is the glory of God.
The lust of the goat is the bounty of God.
The wrath of the lion is the wisdom of God.
The nakedness of women is the work of God.
Excess of sorrow laughs. Excess of joy weeps.
What is now proved was once only imagin'd.
The fox provides for himself, but God provides for the lion.
Think in the morning. Act in the noon. Eat in the evening. Sleep in the night.
The tygers of wrath are wiser than the horses of instruction.
Expect poison from standing water.
The weak in courage is strong in cunning.
Damn braces. Bless relaxes.
Joys laugh not! Sorrows weep not!
The head Sublime, the heart Pathos, the genitals Beauty, the hands and feet Proportion.
Exhuberance is Beauty.
Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse unacted desires.
And remember, before the
Industrial Revolution there was
always work to do. Subsistence
farming… the domestic
system… work, work, work.
Now that the unions have fought
to limit the workday, what are
the people going to do with all of
this free time?
The Dawn
of Mass
Culture
What is Mass Culture Anyway?
• New Recreational Activities
• Rise of Consumer Culture
• Nationwide Advertising Campaigns
EVERYONE IS DOING AND
SEEING THE SAME THINGS
Name That Logo!
Name That Logo!
“A fierce upward rush of air, a wild
grip at a loosening hat, and an instant
later the shock. We were shooting
upward as a billow that breaks against
the cliff; we were curling over as the
wave curls backward; we were darting
down to inevitable annihilation!”
Coney
Island
(1884)
“EIGHT HOURS FOR WORK, EIGHT
HOURS FOR REST, AND EIGHT
HOURS FOR WHAT WE WILL.”
Slogan of the carpenter’s union in Worcester, 1889
The Safety Bicycle
“I think [bicycling] has done more to emancipate
women than anything else in the world. It gives
women a freedom and a self reliance.”
-Susan B. Anthony
Shirt Blouse
Split Skirt
NO MORE CHAPERONES!
Spectator Sports
John L. Sullivan, 1882
Barehanded heavyweight boxer
“[Baseball is] the very
symbol… and the visible
expression of the drive and
push and rush and struggle of
the raging, tearing, booming
nineteenth century.”
-Mark Twain
Just as everyone
dreamed of being
French, after
industrialization
everyone wanted
to be (or be better
than) the British!
Scott Joplin:
The King
Of
Ragtime
The Maple
Leaf Rag!